本研究藉由分析真實個案中之利害關係人對於具有不同條件狀態的各家族企業接班人選的認知與態度等評價，以及與這些內在樣態相應的行為或行為傾向，以辨識出對於利害關係人對家族企業接班人之評價有可觀影響力，而有助於使接班人獲得利害關係人之心理或行動上之支持或偏向的接班人條件。
本研究亦解析所辨識出之具高度影響力的接班人條件的重要性之構成，亦即接班人條件對利害關係人之認知與情感發揮作用的要素與機制，以及此諸相關要素與機制於真實情境中的相互關聯結構。

This study analyzes stakeholders’ cognitions, attitudes, and other components of evaluation of potential family business successors that have different attributes, as well as stakeholders’ behaviors or behavioral tendencies corresponding to those inner states in real case, for the purpose of identifying the successor attributes that have considerable influence on the evaluation that stakeholders make of family business successor, and could contribute to stakeholders’ attitudinal or behavioral support or favouritism towards specific successor.
This study also analyzes what constitute the importance of the identified highly influential attributes of successors, that is to say the relevant factors and mechanisms that could function on stakeholders’ cognition and affection, and the interrelated structure of those relevant factors and mechanisms in real context.

論文審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
第一章 引言 1
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 家族企業 5
第二節 家族企業之接班 7
第三節 企業接班之組織政治層面 10
第四節 企業之利害關係人 12
第五節 利害關係人與家族企業接班 15
第六節 指定接班 17
第七節 指定接班與利害關係人 18
第八節 理想的接班人條件 19
第三章 研究方法 26
第一節 個案研究法 26
第二節 個案選擇 27
第三節 資料蒐集 30
第四節 資料分析 33
第四章 研究分析與發現 42
第一節 主要任職時期差異 42
一、資料分析 42
二、相關概念與機制及其間之關聯結構分析 58
第二節 接班人與創辦人間之相似 69
第五章 結論 91
參考文獻 93
中文文獻 93
英文文獻 96
附錄一、可見接班人選所受支持之資料選錄(含編碼分析) 115
附錄二、可見外資等投資人對各接班人選之支持狀況的資料選錄 123
附錄三、表述接班人與創辦人間之相似之資料選錄 125

中文文獻
Forbes China (2013).中國家族企業(China Family Business 2013). September, 50-87.
Stocker, M. (2016, May 10). 家族企業接班人，你該爭取做自己. Retrieved from http://www.ddg.com.tw/archives/journal/successor
吳景明. (2009). 讓我又愛又怕的老闆. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發 (pp. 215-217). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
呂淑美. (2016, April 27). 長榮航總經理 陳憲弘：要招募1,500位員工. 工商時報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160427000067-260202
呂淑美. (2016, April 27). 傳張國煒陣營大舉收購股票 長榮航股權保衛戰開打. 工商時報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160427000066-260202
呂淑美. (2016, June 4). 大房一統天下局勢更明朗 長榮鋼鐵大買長榮航. 工商時報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160604000067-260202
李承宇. (2016, February 20). 新聞眼／張國煒 為航空夢出手. 聯合報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9483/1513464
汪淑芬. (2016, February 22). 飛安人員看張國煒 熟諳老爸經營哲學. 中央通訊社. Retrieved from http://cnabcbeta.cna.com.tw/news/aall/201602221075.aspx
林省三. (2009). 張總裁其人. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發 (pp. 218-220). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
林超熙. (2016, February 23). 長榮接班之爭 外資委託書是關鍵. 經濟日報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/6/1519185
邱瓊平. (2016, February 19). 長榮集團接班之爭 員工也感無能為力. 聯合晚報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/6/1512937
邱馨儀. (2016, February 19). 長子張國華 去年重回集團上班. 聯合報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9483/1511231
姚惠珍. (2016, February 20). 活在巨人陰影下─富豪之子的痛苦. Retrieved from http://www.storm.mg/article/82488
韋樞. (2016, February 18). 飛行員董事長 張國煒爭氣也得厚愛. 中央通訊社. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201602180516-1.aspx
韋樞. (2016, February 28). 憂長榮無張國煒？ 前輩：優良飛安已內化. 中央社. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201602280103-1.aspx
韋樞. (2016, March 11). 長榮大房海陸空整碗捧走 考驗才開始. 中央社. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201603110476-1.aspx
韋樞. (2016, April 26). 林寶水：飛安是長榮航的命 早已內化. 中央社. Retrieved from http://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201604260379-1.aspx
張晟豪. (2016, February 19). 張榮發遺囑曝光 法人：無礙旗下公司股價. 經濟日報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9483/1511217
張榮發. (2012). 長榮是「罵」出來的. In 吳錦勳(Ed.), 鐵意志與柔軟心：張榮發的 33 個人生態度 (pp. 124-128). 臺北市, 臺灣: 遠見天下文化.
張榮發. (2014). 六分儀到質譜儀：做生意最該精算的是安全性. In 陳俍任(Ed.), 本心：張榮發的心內話與真性情 (pp. 54-63). 臺北市, 臺灣: 遠見天下文化.
陳彥淳. (2016, January 27). 大房的逆襲》長榮下一步，張國煒非唯一接班人. 財訊雙週刊, 495. Retrieved from http://www.wealth.com.tw/article_in.aspx?nid=6904
陳彥淳. (2016, February 2). 「李阿姨」暗助 張國煒飛出自己天空 張榮發順勢鋪排 股權分配藏玄機？ 財訊雙週刊, 495. Retrieved from http://www.wealth.com.tw/article_in.aspx?nid=6928
陳彥淳. (2016, March 23). 張國政王子復仇 下一步重掌長榮航空. 財訊雙週刊, 499. Retrieved from http://www.wealth.com.tw/article_in.aspx?nid=7367
陳雅潔. (2006, December 27). 張國政 執行指令不打折扣. 蘋果日報. Retrieved from http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/finance/20061227/3135749/
陳慜蔚. (2016, February 19). 張國華 最早被欽點接班. 蘋果日報. Retrieved from http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20160219/37069398/
陳瓊如. (2004, December 24). 張國政專責長榮海運董事長/林寶水晉升長航董事長/張國煒升任長航總經理. 中華日報航運電子報. Retrieved from http://www.cdnsp.com.tw/news/newsold/93/9312/nw1224/03.HTM
曾仁凱. (2016, January 21). 張國煒 長榮集團新掌門. 經濟日報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9310/1456435
曾仁凱. (2016, February 19). 老么張國煒 擇善固執最像老爸. 聯合報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9483/1511232
曾仁凱. (2016, February 23). 長榮航 張國煒「不可能退讓的底線」. 聯合報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/9483/1518765
黃訓國. (2009). 做他的部下很累卻很窩心. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發 (pp. 265). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
黃淑惠. (2016, February 2). 張榮發辭世後 集團兄弟分工不分家. 經濟日報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/6/1482235
黃淑惠. (2016, April 26). 林寶水：飛安滴水不漏是長榮航文化. 經濟日報. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/6/1654412
黃琮淵. (2016, March 12). 長榮家變》海空通抓 大阿哥時代來臨. 中國時報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160312000342-260102
黃琮淵. (2016, March 13). 二進二出長榮 拼命「三郎」 跟張榮發最像. 中國時報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160313000260-260102
黃琮淵. (2016, March 13). 明年董監改選 大房「兄弟分工」 三子張國政 可望回鍋長榮航. 中時電子報. Retrieved from http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160313000257-260102
溫春華. (2004, December 30). 沈穩、縝密 掌管航空不辱使命. 自由時報. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/business/paper/15880
萬蓓琳 & 劉俞青. (2007, August 30). 80老人張榮發 孤單領導千億帝國. 今周刊, 558. Retrieved from http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article-content-92751-119676
葉連火. (2009). 真正的造船專家. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發 (pp. 272-273). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
劉煥彥. (2016, March 24). 【航空業競爭】外資：買長榮航就是買張國煒 新董座應踹共. 蘋果日報. Retrieved from http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20160324/823097/
鄧寧. (2016, January 28). 台灣航運霸主 張榮發寫下傳奇：90 歲辭世 簡又新、趙國帥、 簡文秀緬懷永遠的老船長. 今周刊, 997. Retrieved from http://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article-content-80417-139858?page=1
鄭婷方, 吳咏航, & 安川寬之. (2016, April 8). 亞洲財閥掀「繼承人」之爭. 日經中文網. Retrieved from http://zh.cn.nikkei.com/industry/management-strategy/19026-20160408.html
謝明玲. (2016, March 12). 全面接掌長榮集團 張國華是怎樣的人？ 天下雜誌, Web Only. Retrieved from http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5075083

英文文獻
Adams, J. S., Taschian, A., & Shore, T. H. (1996). Ethics in Family and Non‐Family Owned Firms: An Exploratory Study. Family Business Review, 9(2), 157-170.
Allen, M. P., & Panian, S. K. (1982). Power, performance, and succession in the large corporation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27(4), 538-547.
Astrachan, J. H., Klein, S. B., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2002). The F‐PEC scale of family influence: a proposal for solving the family business definition problem. Family Business Review, 15(1), 45-58.
Astrachan, J. H., & Shanker, M. C. (2003). Family businesses’ contribution to the US economy: A closer look. Family Business Review, 16(3), 211-219.
Audia, P. G., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2000). The paradox of success: An archival and a laboratory study of strategic persistence following radical environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 837-853.
Barach, J. A., Gantisky, J., Carson, J. A., & Doochin, B. A. (1988). Entry of the next generation: Strategic challenge for family business. Journal of Small Business Management, 26(2), 49-56.
Barber, B., Lehavy, R., McNichols, M., & Trueman, B. (2001). Can investors profit from the prophets? Security analyst recommendations and stock returns. The Journal of Finance, 56(2), 531-563.
Barnard, C. (1938). The functions of the executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Barnett, T., & Kellermanns, F. W. (2006). Are we family and are we treated as family? Nonfamily employees' perceptions of justice in the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(6), 837-854.
Bednar, M. K. (2012). Watchdog or lapdog? A behavioral view of the media as a corporate governance mechanism. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 131-150.
Bibeault, D. B. (1982). Corporate turnaround. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boeker, W. (1992). Power and Managerial Dismissal: Scapegoating at the Top. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 400-421.
Boeker, W., & Goodstein, J. (1993). Performance and successor choice: The moderating effects of governance and ownership. Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 172-186.
Bornstein, R. F., & Craver-Lemley, C. (2004). 12 Mere exposure effect. In R. F. Phol (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: A handbook on fallacies and biases in thinking, judgement and memory (pp. 215-234). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Brockhaus, R. H. (2004). Family business succession: Suggestions for future research. Family Business Review, 17(2), 165-177.
Bruce, D., & Picard, D. (2006). Making succession a success: Perspectives from Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 306–309.
Bruine de Bruin, W. (2005). Save the last dance for me: Unwanted serial position effects in jury evaluations. Acta psychologica, 118(3), 245-260.
Brun de Pontet, S., Wrosch, C., & Gagne, M. (2007). An exploration of the generational differences in levels of control held among family businesses approaching succession. Family Business Review, 20(4), 337-354.
Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable1. Journal of personality, 30(1), 29-50.
Cable, D. M., & Parsons, C. K. (2001). Socialization tactics and person‐organization fit. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 1-23.
Cabrera-Suárez, K., De Saá-Pérez, P., & García-Almeida, D. (2001). The succession process from a resource-and knowledge-based view of the family firm. Family Business Review, 14(1), 37-46.
Cannella, A. A., & Lubatkin, M. (1993). Succession as a sociopolitical process: Internal impediments to outsider selection. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4), 763-793.
Cannella, A. A., & Shen, W. (2001). So Close and Yet so Far: Promotion versus Exit for CEO Heirs Apparent. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 252–270.
Carpenter, M. A., Geletkanycz, M. A., & Sanders, W. G. (2004). Upper echelons research revisited: Antecedents, elements, and consequences of top management team composition. Journal of Management, 30(6), 749-778.
Center for Family Business of the University of St. Gallen & EY's Global Family Business Center of Excellence. (2015, May). Global Family Business Index. Retrieved from http://familybusinessindex.com/
Cervone, D., & Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 492-501.
Chalus‐Sauvannet, M. C., Deschamps, B., & Cisneros, L. (2016). Unexpected Succession: When Children Return to Take Over the Family Business. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 714-731.
Chatman, J. A. (1991). Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 459–484.
Chirico, F. (2008). Knowledge accumulation in family firms evidence from four case studies. International Small Business Journal, 26(4), 433-462.
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. (1998). Important attributes of successors in family businesses: An exploratory study. Family Business Review, 11(1), 19-34.
Crandall, J. E. (1968). Effects of need for approval and intolerance of ambiguity upon stimulus preference. Journal of Personality, 36(1), 67-83.
Cronshaw, S. F., & Lord, R. G. (1987). Effects of categorization, attribution, and encoding processes on leadership perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(1), 97-106.
Danco, L. (1982). Beyond survival: A guide for the business owner and his family. Cleveland, OH: University Press.
Davis, J. A. (1982). The influence of life stage on father-son work relationships in family companies. Doctoral dissertation, Havard Business School.
De Massis, A., Chua, J. H., & Chrisman, J. J. (2008). Factors preventing intra‐family succession. Family Business Review, 21(2), 183-199.
De Massis, A., & Kotlar, J. (2014). The case study method in family business research: Guidelines for qualitative scholarship. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 15-29.
De Massis A., Sharma P., Chua J. H., Chrisman J. J., & Kotlar J., (2012). State-of-the-art of family business research. In A. De Massis, P. Sharma, J. H. Chua, & J. J. Chrisman (Eds.), Family Business Studies: An annotated bibliography. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
Den Hartog, D. N., House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., & Dorfman, P. W. (1999). Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 219-256.
Denis, D. J., & Denis, D. K. (1995). Performance changes following top management dismissals. The Journal of Finance, 50(4), 1029-1057.
Dickson, M. W., Resick, C. J., & Hanges, P. J. (2006). Systematic variation in organizationally-shared cognitive prototypes of effective leadership based on organizational form. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(5), 487-505.
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65-91.
Duh, M. (2014). Family business succession as knowledge creation process. Kybernetes, 43(5), 699-714.
Duh, M., Belak, J., & Milfelner, B. (2010). Core values, culture and ethical climate as constitutional elements of ethical behavior: Exploring differences between family and non-family enterprises. Journal of Business Ethics, 97(3), 473-489.
Dumas, C., Dupuis, J. P., Richer, F., & St‐Cyr, L. (1995). Factors that influence the next generation's decision to take over the family farm. Family Business Review, 8(2), 99-120.
Durrheim, K., & Foster, D. (1997). Tolerance of ambiguity as a content specific construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(5), 741-750.
Dyer, G. (1986). Cultural Change in Family Firms. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Bourgeois, L. J. (1988). Politics of strategic decision making in high-velocity environments: Toward a midrange theory. Academy of Management Journal, 31(4), 737-770.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32.
Ellsberg, D. (1961). Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 75, 643-669.
Faith, R. L., Higgins, R. S., & Tollison, R. D. (1984). Managerial rents and outside recruitment in the Coasian firm. The American Economic Review, 74(4), 660-672.
Fang, X., Singh, S., & Ahluwalia, R. (2007). An examination of different explanations for the mere exposure effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(1), 97-103.
Fechner, G. T. (1876). Vorschule der Aesthetik. Leipzig, Germany: Breitkopf and Härtel.
Feltham, T. S., Feltham, G., & Barnett, J. J. (2005). The dependence of family businesses on a single decision-maker. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(1), 1-15.
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effects on organizations. St. Paul: West.
Ford, T. E., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1995). Effects of epistemic motivations on the use of accessible constructs in social judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(9), 950-962.
Foti, R. J., & Luch, C. H. (1992). The influence of individual differences on the perception and categorization of leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 3(1), 55-66.
Fortune. (1988). How companies pick new CEOs. January 4, 74-79.
Fredrickson, J. W., Hambrick, D. C., & Baumrin, S. (1988). A model of CEO dismissal. Academy of Management Review, 13(2), 255-270.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.
Friedman, S. D., & Olk, P. (1995). Four ways to choose a CEO: Crown heir, horse race, coup d'etat, and comprehensive search. Human Resource Management, 34(1), 141-164.
Friedman, S. D., & Singh, H. (1989). CEO succession and stockholder reaction: The influence of organizational context and event content. Academy of Management Journal, 32(4), 718-744.
Furnham, A. (1994). A content, correlational and factor analytic study of four tolerance of ambiguity questionnaires. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 403-410.
Furnham, A., & Marks, J. (2013). Tolerance of ambiguity: A review of the recent literature. Psychology, 4(09), 717-728.
Gamson, W. A. (1961). A theory of coalition formation. American Sociological Review, 26(3), 373-382.
Gersick, K., Davis, J., Hampton, M., Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Lifecycles of the family business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Gerstner, C. R., & Day, D. V. (1994). Cross-cultural comparison of leadership prototypes. The Leadership Quarterly, 5(2), 121-134.
Giberson, T. R., Resick, C. J., & Dickson, M. W. (2005). Embedding leader characteristics: an examination of homogeneity of personality and values in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 1002-1010.
Gilens, M. (1996). Race and poverty in America public misperceptions and the American news media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(4), 515-541.
Giorgi, S., Lockwood, C., & Glynn, M. A. (2015). The many faces of culture: Making sense of 30 years of research on culture in organization studies. The Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 1-54.
Goldberg, S. D. (1997). Noren Discount Stores: Death of a family business. Family Business Review, 10(1), 69-93.
Gomulya, D., & Boeker, W. (2014). How firms respond to financial restatement: CEO successors and external reactions. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1759-1785.
Graebner, M. E., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2004). The seller's side of the story: Acquisition as courtship and governance as syndicate in entrepreneurial firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(3), 366-403.
Graffin, S. D., Carpenter, M. A., & Boivie, S. (2011). What's all that (strategic) noise? Anticipatory impression management in CEO succession. Strategic Management Journal, 32(7), 748-770.
Greiner, L., Cummings, T., & Bhambri, A. (2003). When New CEOs Succeed and Fail: 4-D Theory of Strategic Transformation. Organizational Dynamics, 32(1), 1-16.
Griffeth, R. W., Allen, D. G., & Barrett, R. (2006). Integration of family-owned business succession with turnover and life cycle models: Development of a successor retention process model. Human Resource Management Review, 16(4), 490-507.
Grimes, A. (2011). Examining the Mere Exposure Effect in a Marketing Context (Doctoral thesis, The University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, England). Retrieved from https://hydra.hull.ac.uk/assets/hull:4919a/content
Grundström, C., Öberg, C., & Rönnbäck, A. Ö. (2012). Family-owned manufacturing SMEs and innovativeness: A comparison between within-family successions and external takeovers. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 3(3), 162-173.
Grusky, O. (1961). Corporate size, bureaucratization, and managerial succession. American Journal of Sociology, 67(3), 261-269.
Hambrick, D. C. (1994). Top management group: A conceptual integration and reconsideration of the “team” label. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 16, pp. 171-213). Greenwich, CT: JA Press.
Hambrick, D. C., & Brandon, G. L. (1988). Executive values. In D. C. Hambrick (Ed.), The executive effect: Concepts and methods for studying top managers (pp. 3–34). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.
Harmon-Jones, E., & Allen, J. J. (2001). The role of affect in the mere exposure effect: Evidence from psychophysiological and individual differences approaches. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(7), 889-898.
Harris, D., & Helfat, C. (1997). Specificity of CEO human capital and compensation. Strategic Management Journal, 18(11), 895-920.
Hart, H. L. A. (1955). Are there any natural rights? The Philosophical Review, 64(2), 175-191.
Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93(3), 258-268.
Heaton, A. W., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1991). Person perception by introverts and extraverts under time pressure: Effects of need for closure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 161-165.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
Hengartner, L. (2006). Explaining executive pay: The roles of managerial power and complexity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford.
Hino, K., & Aoki, H. (2013). Romance of leadership and evaluation of organizational failure. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(4), 365-377.
Hofer, C. W. (1980). Turnaround strategies: An examination. Journal of Business Strategy, 1(1), 19-31.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
Hofstede, G., & Hofstede, G. J. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (2nd ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hogarth, R. M., & Einhorn, H. J. (1992). Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model. Cognitive Psychology, 24(1), 1-55.
Hong, I. (洪仁杓). (2009). Pragmatism over Theory. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發(Dr. Y. F. Chang: As I Know Him) (pp. 68-72). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Camerer, C. F. (2005). Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making. Science, 310, 1680-1683.
Ip, B., & Jacobs, G. (2006). Business succession planning: A review of the evidence. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(3), 326-350.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). New York: Holt.
Jennings, E. E. (1971). Routes to the executive suite. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.
Jones, T. M., Felps, W., & Bigley, G. A. (2007). Ethical Theory and Stakeholder-Related Decisions: The Role of Stakeholder Culture. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 137–155.
Kansikas, J. (2015). The business elite in Finland: a prosopographical study of family firm executives 1762–2010. Business History, 57(7), 1112-1132.
Kesner, I. F., & Sebora, T. C. (1994). Executive succession: Past, present & future. Journal of Management, 20(2), 327-372.
Kets de Vries, Manfred F. R. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: The good and the bad news. Organizational Dynamics, 21(3), 59-71.
Klein, S. B. (2000). Familienunternehmen: Theoretische und empirische Grundlagen. Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler Verlag.
Klein, S. B., Astrachan, J. H., & Smyrnios, K. X. (2005). The F‐PEC scale of family influence: Construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3), 321-339.
Kluckhohn, C. K. M. (1951). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In T. Parsons & E. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388–433). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kristof, A. L. (1996). Person‐organization fit: An integrative review of its conceptualizations, measurement, and implications. Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 1-49.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 448-468.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1991). Group members' reactions to opinion deviates and conformists at varying degrees of proximity to decision deadline and of environmental noise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 212-225.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind:" Seizing" and" freezing". Psychological Review, 103(2), 263-283.
Lansberg, I. (1988). The succession conspiracy. Family Business Review, 1(2), 119–143.
Lansberg, I., & Astrachan, J. H. (1994). Influence of family relationships on succession planning and training: The importance of mediating factors. Family Business Review, 7(1), 39-59.
Lansberg, I. (2007). The Tests of a Prince. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 92-101.
Lippmann, W. (1922/1960). Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., Harvey, J. L., & Hall, R. J. (2001). Contextual constraints on prototype generation and their multilevel consequences for leadership perceptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(3), 311-338.
Lord, R. G., De Vader, C. L., & Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 402-410.
Lord, R. G., Foti, R. J., & De Vader, C. L. (1984). A test of leadership categorization theory: Internal structure, information processing, and leadership perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34(3), 343-378.
Lord R. G., & Maher, K. J. (1991). Leadership & Information Processing. London: Routledge.
Lumpkin, G. T., Martin, W., & Vaughn, M. (2008). Family orientation: individual‐level influences on family firm outcomes. Family Business Review, 21(2), 127-138.
March, J. G. (1962). The business firm as a political coalition. The Journal of politics, 24(04), 662-678.
Mariotto, F. L., Zanni, P. P., & Moraes, G. H. S. (2014). What is the use of a single-case study in management research? Revista de Administração de Empresas, 54(4), 358-369.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Maslow, A. H. (1937). The influence of familiarization on preference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21(2), 162-180.
McCall, M., Lombardo, M., & Morrison, A. (1988). The lessons of experience. Lexington MA: Lexington Books.
McConaughy, D. L. (2000). Family CEO vs. nonfamily CEOs in the family controlled firm: An examination of the level and sensitivity of pay to performance. Family Business Review, 13(2), 121–131.
McLain, D. L. (1993). The MSTAT-I: A New Measure of an Individual's Tolerance for Ambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1), 183-189.
McLain, D. L. (2009). Evidence of the Properties of an Ambiguity Tolerance Measure: The Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale–II (MSTAT–II). Psychological Reports, 105(3), 975-988.
McLain, D. L., Kefallonitis, E., & Armani, K. (2015). Ambiguity tolerance in organizations: definitional clarification and perspectives on future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-7.
Meindl, J. R., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1987). The romance of leadership and the evaluation of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), 91-109.
Meindl, J. R., Ehrlich, S. B., & Dukerich, J. M. (1985). The romance of leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30(1), 78-102.
Meyerson, D. E., & Martin, J. (1987). Cultural change: An integration of three different views. Journal of Management Studies, 24(6), 623–647.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: A sourcebook of new method. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Miller, N., & Campbell, D. T. (1959). Recency and primacy in persuasion as a function of the timing of speeches and measurements. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(1), 1-9.
Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (1999). The structure and function of collective constructs: Implications for multilevel research and theory development. Academy of Management Review Special Issue, 24(2), 249-265.
Morris, M. H., Williams, R. O., Allen, J. A., & Avila, R. A. (1997). Correlates of success in family business transitions. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 385-401.
Morris, M. H., Williams, R. W., & Nel, D. (1996). Factors influencing family business succession. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2(3), 68-81.
Moscetello, L. (1990). The Pitcairns Want you, Family Business Magazine, February, 3–15.
Motwani, J., Levenburg, N. M., Schwarz, T. V., & Blankson, C. (2006). Succession planning in SMEs an empirical analysis. International Small Business Journal, 24(5), 471-495.
Murnighan, J. K. (1978). Models of coalition behavior: Game theoretic, social psychological, and political perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1130-1153.
Mussolino, D., & Calabrò, A. (2014). Paternalistic leadership in family firms: Types and implications for intergenerational succession. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 197-210.
news agency. (2009, April 8). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 2, 2016, from https://global.britannica.com/topic/news-agency
Nicholson, N. (2005). Meeting the Maasai Messages for Management. Journal of Management Inquiry, 14(3), 255-267.
Nicholson, N. (2008). Evolutionary psychology, organizational culture, and the family firm. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 22(2), 73-84.
Numagami, T. (1998). Perspective—The Infeasibility of Invariant Laws in Management Studies: A Reflective Dialogue in Defense of Case Studies. Organization Science, 9(1), 1-15.
Ocasio, W. (1994). Political dynamics and the circulation of power: CEO succession in US industrial corporations, 1960-1990. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 285-312.
Ocasio, W. (1999). Institutionalized action and corporate governance: The reliance on rules of CEO succession. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 384-416.
Offermann, L. R., Kennedy, J. K., & Wirtz, P. W. (1994).Implicit leadership theories: content structure, and generalizability. Leadership Quarterly, 5(1), 43–55.
Peterson-Withorn, C. M. (2015, April 20). New Report Reveals The 500 Largest Family-Owned Companies In The World. Forbes.com. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2015/04/20/new-report-reveals-the-500-largest-family-owned-companies-in-the-world/#a54cb7722c4f
Pettigrew, A. (1973). The politics of organizational decision making. London: Tavistock.
Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Boston: Pitman.
Phillips, J. S. (1984). The accuracy of leadership ratings: A cognitive categorization perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33(1), 125-138.
Phillips, R. A. (1997). Stakeholder theory and a principle of fairness. Business Ethics Quarterly, 7(01), 51-66.
Phillips, R. (2003). Stakeholder legitimacy. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(01), 25-41.
Pi, L., & Lowe, J. (2011). Can a powerful CEO avoid involuntary replacement—An empirical study from China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(4), 775-805.
Pinfield, L. T. (1995). The operation of internal labor markets: Staffing practices and vacancy chains. New York: Plenum.
Platt, J. (2007). Case study. In W. Outhwaite & S. Turner (Eds.), The sage handbook of social science methodology. London: Sage.
Pollock, T. G., & Rindova, V. P. (2003). Media legitimation effects in the market for initial public offerings. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 631-642.
publication. (2016). In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved October 30, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/publication
publish. (2016). In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved October 30, 2016, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/publish
Puffer, S. M., & Weintrop, J. B. (1991). Corporate performance and CEO turnover: The role of performance expectations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(1), 1-19.
Rao, H. (1994). The social construction of reputation: Certification contests, legitimation, and the survival of organizations in the American automobile industry: 1895–1912. Strategic Management Journal, 15(S1), 29-44.
Rawls, J. (1964). Legal obligation and the duty of fair play. In S. Hook (Ed.), Law and philosophy (pp. 3–18). New York: New York University Press.
Rawls, J. (1971a). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (1971b). Justice as reciprocity. In S. Freeman (Ed.), John Rawls: Collected papers (pp. 190–224). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
recency effect. (2014). A Dictionary of Sociology (4th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Richter, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1998). Seizing on the latest: Motivationally driven recency effects in impression formation. Journal of experimental Social Psychology, 34(4), 313-329.
Roessl, D. (2005). Family businesses and interfirm cooperation. Family Business Review, 18(3), 203-214.
Rohan, M. J. (2000). A rose by any name? The values construct. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(3), 255-277.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 27–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rosenblatt, P. C., de Mik, L., Anderson, R. M., & Johnson, P. A. (1985). The family in business: understanding and dealing with the challenges entrepreneurial families face. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2008). Successor development in family firms. Doctoral thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
Sardeshmukh, S. R., & Corbett, A. C. (2011). The Duality of Internal and External Development of Successors: Opportunity Recognition in Family Firms. Family Business Review, 24(2), 111-125.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational Culture and Leadership (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schlepphorst, S., & Moog, P. (2014). Left in the dark: Family successors’ requirement profiles in the family business succession process. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(4), 358-371.
Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40(3), 437-453.
Schneider, B., Goldstein, H. W., & Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA framework: An update. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 747–773.
Schneider, B., Smith, D. B., Taylor, S., & Fleenor, J. (1998). Personality and organizations: A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 462-470.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45.
Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(1), 23–47.
Schyns, B., & Bligh, M. C. (2007). Introduction to the special issue on the romance of leadership: in memory of James R. Meindl. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 56(4), 501-504.
Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
Sharma, P. (2004). An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1-36.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Gersick, K. E. (2012). 25 years of family business review: reflections on the past and perspectives for the future. Family Business Review, 25(1), 5-15.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Pablo A. L., & Chua, J. H. (2001). Determinants of initial satisfaction with the succession process in family firms: A conceptual model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(3), 17–35.
Sharma, P., Chua, J. H., & Chrisman, J. J. (2000). Perceptions about the extent of succession planning in Canadian family firms. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 17(3), 233-244.
Sharma, P., & Rao, A. S. (2000). Successor attributes in Indian and Canadian family firms: A comparative study. Family Business Review, 13(4), 313-330.
Shaw, J. B. (1990). A cognitive categorization model for the study of intercultural management. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 626-645.
Shen, W., & Cannella, A. A. (2003). Will succession planning increase shareholder wealth? Evidence from investor reactions to relay CEO successions. Strategic Management Journal, 24(2), 191-198.
Shiv, B., & Fedorikhin, A. (1999). Heart and Mind in Conflict: The Interplay of Affect and Cognition in Consumer Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Research, 26(3), 278-292.
Siggelkow, N. (2007). Persuasion with case studies. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 20-24.
Simon, H. A. (1947). Administrative behavior: A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Smith, B. (Ed.). (2008). The people make the place: Dynamic linkages between individuals and organizations. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sonnenfeld, J. (1988). The hero’s farewell: What happens when CEOs retire. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stafford, T., & Grimes, A. (2012). Memory enhances the mere exposure effect. Psychology & Marketing, 29(12), 995-1003.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Starbuck, W. H., Greve, A., & Hedberg, B. L. T. (1978). Responding to crisis. Journal of Business Administration, 9(2), 111-137.
Stavrou, E. T., Kleanthous, T., & Anastasiou, T. (2005). Leadership personality and firm culture during hereditary transitions in family firms: Model development and empirical investigation. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(2), 187-206.
Stevenson, W. B., Pearce, J. L., & Porter, L. W. (1985). The concept of “coalition” in organization theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 10(2), 256-268.
Stickel, S. E. (1992). Reputation and performance among security analysts. The Journal of Finance, 47(5), 1811-1836.
Storey, M. (2009). My Encounter with Dr. Chang. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發(Dr. Y. F. Chang: As I Know Him) (pp. 115-116). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 571-610.
Sund, L. G., Nordqvist, M., & Ljungström, D. (2010, March 26). Transfer of owner-and leadership within the family: The agony of the incumbent. Paper presented at Transfer of Ownership in Private Businesses: European Experiences, Stockholm.
Tagiuri, R., & Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9(2), 199-208.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative analysis: Analysis types and software tools. London, UK: Routledge.
Thompson, E. P., Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Chaiken, S., & Bargh, J. A. (1994). Systematic processing and the debasing of covert primacy effects in impression formation: Unshackling the motivated perceiver from the constraints of accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 474–489.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207-232.
Vallejo-Martos, M. C. (2008). Is the culture of family firms really different? A value-based model for its survival through generations. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 261-279.
Vallejo-Martos, M. C. (2011). The organizational culture of family firms as a key factor of competitiveness. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 12(3), 451-481.
Van Maanen, J. (1991). The smile factory: Work at Disneyland. In P. J. Frost, L. F. Moore, M. R. Louis, C. C. Lundberg, & J. Martin (Eds.), Reframing organizational culture (pp. 58–76). London: Sage Publications.
Vancil, R. F. (1987). Passing the baton: Managing the process of CEO succession. Harvard Business School Press.
Venter, E., Boshoff, C., & Maas, G. (2005). The influence of successor‐related factors on the succession process in small and medium‐sized family businesses. Family Business Review, 18(4), 283-303.
Verhulst, B., Lodge, M., & Lavine, H. (2010). The attractiveness halo: Why some candidates are perceived more favorably than others. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34(2), 111-117.
Verrier, D. B. (2012). Evidence for the influence of the mere-exposure effect on voting in the Eurovision Song Contest. Judgment and Decision Making, 7(5), 639–643.
Vinton, K. L. (1998). Nepotism: An interdisciplinary model. Family Business Review, 11(4), 297-303.
Virany, B., Tushman, M. L., & Romanelli, E. (1992). Executive succession and organization outcomes in turbulent environments: An organization learning approach. Organization Science, 3(1), 72-91.
Walsh, J. P., & Seward, J. K. (1990). On the efficiency of internal and external corporate control mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 15(3), 421-458.
Ward, J. L. (1987). Keeping the Family Business Healthy: How to Plan for Continuing Growth, Profitability, and Family Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Webster, D. M. (1993). Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 261–271.
Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049–1062.
Webster, D. M., Richter, L., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1996). On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32(2), 181–195.
Weisbach, M. S. (1988). Outside directors and CEO turnover. Journal of Financial Economics, 20, 431-460.
Wiersema, M. F., & Zhang, Y. (2011). CEO dismissal: The role of investment analysts. Strategic Management Journal, 32(11), 1161-1182.
Wiesenfeld, B. M., Wurthmann, K. A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2008). The stigmatization and devaluation of elites associated with corporate failures: A process model. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 231-251.
Womack, K. L. (1996). Do brokerage analysts' recommendations have investment value? The Journal of Finance, 51(1), 137-167.
Worrell, D. L., & Davidson, W. N. III. (1987). The effect of CEO succession on stockholder wealth in large firms following the death of the predecessor. Journal of Management, 13(3), 509-515.
Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: design and methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. London, UK: Sage Publication Inc.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case studies: design and methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Zajac, E. J. (1990). CEO selection, succession, compensation and firm performance: A theoretical integration and empirical analysis. Strategic Management Journal, 11(3), 217-230.
Zajac, E. J., & Westphal, J. D. (1995). Accounting for the explanations of CEO compensation: Substance and symbolism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(2), 283-308.
Zajac, E. J., & Westphal, J. D. (1996). Who shall succeed? How CEO/board preferences and power affect the choice of new CEOs. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 64-90.
Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, pt. 2), 1-27.
Zald, M. N. (1965). Who shall rule? A political analysis of succession in a large welfare organization. The Pacific Sociological Review, 8(1), 52-60.
Zavyalova, A., Pfarrer, M. D., Reger, R. K., & Shapiro, D. L. (2012). Managing the message: The effects of firm actions and industry spillovers on media coverage following wrongdoing. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1079-1101.
Zeimetz, F. (2009). A Man with Incredible Vision. In 財團法人張榮發基金會文教部(Ed.), 我所看到的、知道的張榮發(Dr. Y. F. Chang: As I Know Him) (pp. 137-138). 臺北市, 臺灣: 財團法人張榮發基金會.
Zhang, Y., & Rajagopalan, N. (2003). Explaining new CEO origin: Firm versus industry antecedents. Academy of Management Journal, 46(3), 327-338.
Zhang, Y., & Rajagopalan, N. (2004). When the Known Devil Is Better than an Unknown God: An Empirical Study of the Antecedents and Consequences of Relay CEO Successions. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), 483–500.