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博碩士論文 etd-0123106-144921 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0123106-144921
論文名稱
Title
框架效應之去偏誤化研究-以網路採購為例
Debiasing the framing effect-with examples of Internet purchasing
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
126
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2005-12-23
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2006-01-23
關鍵字
Keywords
決策制定、去偏誤化、框架效應
debias, decision making, framing effect
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
行為學派的決策研究認為,環境的複雜性加上人類本身資訊處理能力的限制,決策者只能依賴一些經驗法則來將複雜的問題簡化成較簡單的判斷處理。這些經驗法則雖然很有用,卻經常會導致系統性的決策偏誤。偏誤的種類很多,其中一個廣受討論的是框架效應(framing effect)。它指的是當相同資訊以不同描述方式(例如:正面或負面)呈現時,會使人們的決策產生差異的現象。針對某一目標產品的屬性,以正面或負面方式進行產品描述,而使人們對於該目標產品的偏好(preference)及評估(evaluation)有所差異的情況,稱為屬性框架效應。
本研究嘗試以一個廣泛且整體的架構,回顧過去決策偏誤的相關文獻,針對屬性框架可能發生的因素,包括決策者本身(內部資訊)、外部資訊與決策者努力不足等三個主要面向,分別進行框架效應去偏誤化的探討。
在決策者個人方面,本研究針對決策者的個人差異(individual difference)變數,找出可能影響屬性框架效應的調節變數,包括受試者對目標產品的知識程度(主觀與客觀知識),以及受試者付出努力處理資訊的傾向(認知需求;need for cognition)程度為探討重點。此外,針對因外部資訊或決策者努力不足之面向,本研究嘗試設計四種去偏誤化(debias)策略,探討各種策略對於去除框架效應的效果。這四種去框架化策略包括決策問題的資訊完整性、產品屬性量、決策過程中之警告訊息提示(微弱與強烈兩種程度),以及誘發受試者進行思考(正向與反向思考)等。由於考慮上述不同去偏誤化策略之操弄可能互相干擾或產生學習效果,本研究設計四個實驗,分別用以瞭解決策者個人差異,以及四種去偏誤化策略對於屬性框架效應之影響。
其中,實驗一探討受試者對產品的主觀、客觀知識程度與認知需求程度等個人差異變數對屬性框架效應之影響。實驗二則針對因外部資訊所造成之框架效應,探討資訊完整性與屬性量對屬性框架效應之影響。實驗三著重於因決策者努力不足所造成之框架效應,探討在受試者決策過程中給予警告訊息提示是否會影響屬性框架效應之發生,同時也分析警告訊息提示與認知需求之交互作用對框架效應之影響。實驗四亦針對決策者努力不足所造成之框架效應,探討誘發決策者進行正向或反向思考是否會影響框架效應,並分析誘發思考與決策者認知需求之交互作用對框架效應之影響。
實驗結果發現,受試者的三種個人差異變數對框架效應皆無調節效果,無論受試者的知識程度或決策者是否傾向付出心力處理資訊,都無法避免框架效應的發生,顯示屬性框架訊息可能在無形中對決策者產生影響,與知識程度或認知需求的程度無關。其次,實驗二的結果發現以完整資訊(同時呈現正�負面訊息)來描述產品時,框架效應消失,這可能是因為同時呈現兩種框架訊息時,能夠讓決策者注意到一體的兩面,因此決策者的偏好與購買意願較偏向中立。
此外,產品屬性量多寡則不會影響框架效應-無論屬性量有幾個,框架效應都會存在。換言之,只要一個屬性就足以造成框架效應,但屬性量愈多框架效應未必愈強,本研究發現,受試者的態度與負面屬性量呈倒U的關係,只有一個負面屬性時,決策者完全以此一屬性描述作為判斷的基礎,因此對目標產品的評價受到此一屬性的影響而非常低,當負面屬性量增加至三個時,可能因為功能數增加而提高受試者的偏好,此時受試者對產品的偏好是最高的,但若五個屬性全以負面方式描述時,受試者對目標產品的評價又會往下調降。
至於在警告訊息提示的去框架化效果方面,本研究結果顯示微弱與強烈警告訊息雖然都可以減弱框架效應,但無法使其完全消失。此外,以微弱警告訊息提示即可幫助高認知需求者避免發生框架效應,但低認知需求者則需以強烈警告訊息提示才可達到去框架化的效果。
最後,誘發受試者對自己的決策提供理由(正向思考),或是提供不支持其決策的理由(反向思考)皆能有效去除框架效應,效果最佳。此外,誘發思考的去偏誤化效果與決策者的認知需求程度並無絶對關聯,無論決策者的認知需求程度高低,誘發思考皆能達到去框架化的效果。
Abstract
With limited information processing capacity, people often rely on heuristics, or rule of thumb, to make decisions. In most situations, these heuristics are useful, however, it is possible to result in systematic biases. One of the biases is framing effect, which refers to the phenomenon that the framing message significantly affects how decision maker infer meaning and hence understand the situation. When a specific attribute is framed in positive or negative terms and result in different decision outome, the attribute framing effect occurs.
Although a large amount of studies on framing effect has been cumulated, related works on debiasing the framing effect is limited. Based on past literatures, this study proposed a comprehensive framework to suggest and investigate the effect of debiasing strategies, which were developed in terms of sources of bias including individual difference, imcomplete external information and insufficient cognitive effort of decision makers.
Four experitmts were conducted in this study. First, the subjective knowledge, objective knowledge and need for cognition are considered as the possible moderator of attribute framing effect. The second experiment aimed to understand that whether the completeness of decision problem and amounts of attributes affect the phemenon of attribute framing effect. The debiasing effect of warning and elaboration were examind in the third and fourth experiments respectively.
The results suggested that both subjective and objective knowledge as well as participants’ need for cognition did not moderate the attribute framing effect. Specifically, the attribute framing effect is observed in all groups regardless of the individual differences. Second, the attribute framing effect disappeared when subjects were provided with positive and negative messages simultaneously.
Third, attribute framing effect occurred for subjects in one attribute, three and five attribute conditions. That is, one attribute is sufficient for the framing effect to be observed. Moreover, there is an inverted U relationship between subjects’ attitude and the amount of negative attributes.
The framing effect was weakened but is not eliminated when the participants were provided with warnings. In addition, weak warning can prevent subjects of high level need for cognition from framing effect, whereas strong warning can eliminate subjects’ framing effect successfully for group of low level need for cognition. Finally, elaboration is the most effective debiasing strategy in this study to eliminate the framing effect.
目次 Table of Contents
誌謝 VII
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 框架效應 6
第二節 認知偏誤的種類及成因 8
第三節 去偏誤化策略及相關研究 10
第三章 研究設計 31
第一節 研究流程 31
第二節 整體研究架構 32
第三節 選擇目標產品 34
第四節 實驗一 36
第五節 實驗二 45
第六節 實驗三 51
第七節 實驗四 55
第四章 資料分析 59
第一節 實驗一 59
第二節 實驗二 67
第三節 實驗三 74
第四節 實驗四 80
第五節 假說驗證結果 86
第五章 結論與討論 93
第一節 結論 93
第二節 學術貢獻 96
第三節 實務貢獻 98
第四節 研究限制 99
第五節 未來研究方向 100
參考文獻 101
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