Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0630112-214943 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0630112-214943
論文名稱
Title
文化智商對知識分享與創新行為之影響
Cultural Intelligence:Its Influence on Knowledge Sharing and Innovative Behavior
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
128
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2012-06-18
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2012-06-30
關鍵字
Keywords
文化智商、知識分享、跨文化環境、創新行為
cross-cultural environment, innovative behavior, knowledge sharing, cultural intelligence
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5836 次,被下載 427
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5836 times, has been downloaded 427 times.
中文摘要
現今社會,人力資源管理引導企業走向全球化,而全球化的趨勢則又趨使企業因應改變其對於人力資源之管理。因此,鑒於企業尋求培養外國專業人員在跨文化工作環境中競爭優勢因素的重要性,這項研究將探討文化智商和與知識分享如何影響個人之創新行為,以進一步促進創新流程,提升工作績效。

經由來自國內外131位外國專業人員的工作經驗調查中發現,具有較高文化智商者能夠更高度展現其創新行為。相對應地,擁有較高的後設認知文化智商、 認知文化智商和動機文化智商者,將引發更多知識分享行為。而知識分享也對創新行為有正面影響。除此之外,透過知識分享的中介效果,在認知文化智商對於創新行為的關係上有顯著影響。
Abstract
Nowadays, human resource management transforms the business into globalization, and globalization trend changes the management of human resource as well. Therefore, given the importance for enterprises to figure out the factors to cultivate competitive advantages among foreign professionals in a cross-cultural working environment and improve the innovation process and work performance in advance, this research will discuss how cultural intelligence and knowledge sharing impact individuals’ innovative behavior.

Consequently, from an empirical investigation with 131 foreign professionals supported the notion that with higher cultural intelligence perceived higher innovative behavior. Correspondingly, higher metacognitive CQ, motivational CQ and motivational CQ lead to higher knowledge sharing. In addition, knowledge sharing has positive impact on innovative behavior. Furthermore, the relationships between cognitive CQ and innovative behavior were mediated through knowledge sharing.
目次 Table of Contents
CONTENT i
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF TABLES v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Research Objectives 4
1.3 Expected Contribution 5
1.4 Research Procedure 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Cultural Intelligence 8
2.1.1 Culture 8
2.1.2 Concept of Cultural Intelligence 9
2.2Innovative Behavior 12
2.2.1 Innovation 12
2.2.2 Concept of Innovative Behavior 13
2.2.3 CQ and Innovative Behavior 15
2.3 Knowledge Sharing 18
2.3.1 Knowledge 18
2.3.2 Concept of Knowledge Sharing 19
2.3.3 Knowledge Sharing and Other Constructs 20
CHAPTER 3 METHOD 31
3.1 Theoretical Framework 31
3.2 Hypotheses 33
3.3 Instrument and Measurement 38
3.3.1 Cultural Intelligence 38
3.3.2 Knowledge Sharing 40
3.3.3 Innovative Behavior 41
3.4 Sampling 43
3.5 Data Analysis 44
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 47
4.1 Sampling Description 47
4.2 Research Dimension Identification 52
4.2.1 Reliability Analysis 52
4.2.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 53
4.3 Correlation between Research Dimension 60
4.4 Interrelationship between Research Variables 61
4.5 Summary 80
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 84
5.1 Research Conclusion 84
5.2 Practical Implication 89
5.3 Limitation and Future Research 93
REFERENCE 96
APPENDIX 110


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Research procedures 7
Figure 3.1 Theoretical framework 31
Figure 4.1 CFA of cultural intelligence 55
Figure 4.2 CFA of knowledge sharing 57
Figure 4.3 CFA of innovative behavior 59

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Questionnaire items of cultural intelligence 39
Table 3.2 Questionnaire items of knowledge sharing 40
Table 3.3 Questionnaire items of innovative behavior 42
Table 4.1 Descriptive data 49
Table 4.2 Reliability analysis 53
Table 4.3 Convergent validity of cultural intelligence 55
Table 4.4 Convergent validity of knowledge sharing 58
Table 4.5 Convergent validity of innovative behavior 59
Table4.6 Mean, standard deviation and correlation matrix of all variables 61
Table 4.7 Regression results of cultural intelligence on innovative behavior 63
Table 4.8 Regression results of four dimensions of CQ on intentional creation 63
Table 4.9 Regression results of four dimensions of CQ on introduction 64
Table 4.10 Regression results of four dimensions of CQ on application 64
Table 4.11 Regression results of cultural intelligence on knowledge sharing 66
Table 4.12 Regression results of four dimensions of CQ on knowledge donating 66
Table 4.13 Regression results of four dimensions of CQ on knowledge collecting 66
Table 4.14 Regression results of knowledge sharing on innovative behavior 68
Table 4.15 Regression results of knowledge donating and knowledge collecting on intentional creation 68
Table 4.16 Regression results of knowledge donating and knowledge collecting on introduction 69
Table 4.17 Regression results of knowledge donating and knowledge collecting on application 69
Table 4.18 Mediation effect of knowledge sharing to cultural intelligence on innovative behavior 71
Table 4.19 Mediation effect of KSD to meta CQ and cog CQ on intentional creation 72
Table 4.20 Mediation effect of KSD to moti CQ on intentional creation 72
Table 4.21 Mediation effect of KSC to meta CQ and cog CQ on intentional creation 73
Table 4.22 Mediation effect of KSC to moti CQ on intentional creation 73
Table 4.23 Mediation effect of KSD to meta CQ and cog CQ on introduction 75
Table 4.24 Mediation effect of KSD to moti CQ on introduction 75
Table 4.25 Mediation effect of KSC to meta CQ and cog CQ on introduction 76
Table 4.26 Mediation effect of KSC to moti CQ on introduction 76
Table 4.27 Mediation effect of KSD to meta CQ and cog CQ on application 78
Table 4.28 Mediation effect of KSD to moti CQ on application 78
Table 4.29 Mediation effect of KSC to meta CQ and cog CQ on application 79
Table 4.30 Mediation effect of KSC to moti CQ on application 79
Table 4.31 Results of hypotheses 80
參考文獻 References
  Amabile, T.M. (1983).The Social Psychology of Creativity, New York:Springer Verlag.
  Amiri, A. N., Moghimi, S. M., & Kazemi, M. (2010). Studying the relationship between cultural intelligence and employees' performance. European Journal of Scientific Research, 42, 432- 441.
  Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C.,&Ng, K. Y. (2004). The measurement of cultural intelligence, Paper presented at the August 2004 Academy of Management Meetings Symposium on Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century, New Orleans, LA.
  Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., Templar, K.J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N.A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance, Management and Organization Review 3(3): 335- 371
  Ang, S., &Van Dyne, L.(Eds).(2008a). Handbook on cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
  Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L.,( 2008b). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (Eds.), Handbook on cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement and applications: 3- 15. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
  Ajmal, M. M., Kekäle, T. and Takala, J. (2009). Cultural impacts on knowledge management and learning in project-based firms, VINE: The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 39( 4) , 339-352
  Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179- 211.
  Afuah, A. (2003). Innovation Management, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
  Ardichvili, A., Maurer, M., Li, W., Wentling, T. & Stuedemann, R. (2006). Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice, Journal of Knowledge Management, 10(1), 94-107.
  Ardichvili, A., Page, V. & Wentling, T. (2003). Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge-sharing communities of practice, Journal of Knowledge Management, 7 (1), 64-77
  Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000). Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in fi rms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82, 150- 169.
  Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action : A social cognitive theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
  Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269- 290.
  Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
  Barachini, F. (2009). Cultural and social issues for knowledge sharing, Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(1), 98-110
  Barney, J. B.( 1986). Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review, 11, 656- 665.
  Barnouw, Victor. (1963). Culture and Personality, The Dorsey Press, Homewood, IL
  Bart van den Hooff & Femke de Leeuw van Weenen,(2004). Committed to share: commitment and CMC use as antecedents of knowledge sharing, Knowledge and Process Management, 11(1), 13- 24
  Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A. ,Shaffer, M. A. ,& Luk, D.M.(2005). Input-based and time-based model of international adjustment : Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 257- 281.
  Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
  Bouthillier, F., & Shearer, K. (2002). Understanding knowledge management and information management: The need for an empirical perspective, Information Research, 8(1). available at http://informationr.net/ir/8-1/paper141.html/.
  Brdley, F. (1991). International marketing management strategy, Prentice-Hall, New York, NY.
  Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people's goals. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 40-55.
  Carole, A. C., & Doreen, J. G. (2011). Cultural intelligence and global business competencies: A framework for organizational effectiveness in the global marketplace, International Journal of Management & Information Systems, 15(4), 141-146
  Chow, C., Deng, F. & Ho, J. (2000). The openness of knowledge sharing within organizations: a comparative study in the United States and the People’s Republic of China, Journal of Management Accounting Research, 12, 65-95.
  Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128- 153.
  Conner, K.R., & Prahalad, C.K.( 1996). A resource-based theory of the firm: knowledge versus opportunism. Organization Science 7(5), 477- 501.
  Darroch, J.,& McNaughton, R. (2002). Examining the link between knowledge management practices and types of innovation, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(3), 210- 222
  Davenport, T.H., & Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Harvard Business School Press: Boston.
  Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS Quarterly, 13 (3), 319- 340.
  Deci, E.L.,&Ryan,R.M.(1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York:Plenum.
  Drucker, P. F. ( 1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. London: Heinemann.
  Drucker, P.F. (1985). The discipline of innovation, Harvard Business Review, May-June, 111- 127.
  Drucker P.( 1993). The Post-Capitalist Society. Butterworth- Heineman: Oxford.
  Earley, P. C. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. In B.M. Shaw and R.M. Kramer (Eds) Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 271-299.
  Earley, P.C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
  Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (2002), Multinational work teams: A new perspective, Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  Earley, P.C., & Mosakowski, E. (2004). Cultural Intelligence, Harvard Business Review:82(10), 139- 146.
  Earley, P. C., & Peterson, R. S. (2004). The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3, 100- 115.
  Eccles, J.S.,& Wigfield, A.(2002).Motivational beliefs, values, andgoals .In: Fiske, S.T. DSchacter, D. L. & Zahn-Waxle r, C. (Eds), Annual review of psychology, 53,109- 132, Palo Alto, CA : AnnualReviews.
  Elenkov, D., & Manev, I. (2009). Senior expatriate leadership’s effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44, 357- 369.
  Fan, C., & Mak, A. S. (1998). Measuring social self-efficacy in a culturally diverse student population. Social Behavior and Personality, 26 (2), 131-144
  Fishbein, N., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
  Foss, N.J,, Minbaeva D.B., T. Pedersen & Reinholt, M. (2009). Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: how job design matters. Human Resource Management, 48(6), 871- 893
  Galbraith, J. R.( 1982). Designing the innovating organization. Organizational Dynamics, 10, 5- 25.
  Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
  Grant, R.M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 17, 109- 122.
  Gudykunst,W.B., & Kim,Y.Y. (1984). Communicating with strangers. Anapproach to intercultural communication. NewYork: Random House.
  Hair. Jr.J., Black,.W., Barbin. B.J., Andersion, R.E.,& Tatham R.L., (2006). Multivariate data analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
  Hall, E.T.(1959). The silent language. NewYork : Doubleday.
  Hall, E. (1976). Beyond Culture, Anchor Press, Garden City, NY.
  Hargadon, A. & Sutton, R. (1997). Technology brokering and innovation in a product development firm, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 716- 749.
  Harrison, K. J., Chadwick, M., & Scales, M. (1996). The relationship between cross cultural adjustment and personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 167- 188.
  Flavell, J.H. (1979). Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive developmental Inquiry, American Psychologist, 34, 906–911.
  Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39- 50.
  Hansen, M., Nohria, N., &Tierney T. (1999). What’s your strategy for managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review, March–April, 106- 116.
  Hodgette, Richard, M., & Fred Luthans (1991). International management, New York: McGniw Hill.
  Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity organizational practices and theories, Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), 75- 89.
  Imai, L., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). The culturally intelligent negotiator: The impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 112(2), 83- 98.
  Jackson, S., Chuang, C., Harden, E., & Jiang, Y. (2006). Toward developing human resource management systems for knowledge-intensive teamwork. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 25, 27- 70.
  Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 287- 302
  Janssen, O., Van de Vliert, E. & West, M. (2004). The bright and dark sides of individual and group innovation: a special issue introduction, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 129- 145.
  Jantunen, A. (2005). Knowledge-processing capabilities and innovative performance: An empirical study, European Journal of Innovation Management, 8(3), 336-349.
  Jaw, B.S., Ling,,Y. H., Christina Y.P., & Chang, W. C.( 2007). The impact of culture on Chinese employees’ work value. Personnel Review, 36(5), 763-780.
  Kanter, R. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom: structural, collective, and social conditions for innovation in organizations, in Staw, B.M. and Cummings, L.L. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 169-211
  Kogut, B., & Zander U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3, 383–397.
  Kumar, R. & Uzkurt, C. (2010). Investigating the effects of self efficacy on innovativeness and the moderating impact of cultural dimensions, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, in press
  Lane, H. W. , Distefano, J. J., & Meznevski, M. L. (2000). International Management Behavior: Text, Readings & Cases, Maiden, MA: Blackwell.
  Linton, Ralph (1945). The Cultural Background of Personality. New York/London. Appleton-Century
  Mannor, M.J.(2008). Top executives and global leadership: At intersection of cultural intelligence and strategic leadership theory. In S. ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications, 91-106. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
  Mendenhall, M.,& Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: Areview. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39–47.
  Messarra, L., Karkoulian, S. & Younes, A. (2008). Four facets of cultural intelligence predictors of knowledge sharing intentions. Review of Bussiness Research, 8(5), 126-131.
  Mumford, M.D. & Gustafson, S.B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: integration, application, and innovation, Psychological Bulleting, 103, 27-43.
  Nahapiet J,& Ghoshal S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 40(2), 242 - 266.
  Ng, K. Y., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8, 511 – 526.
  Nilakanta, S., Miller, L.L. & Zhu, D. (2006). Organizational memory management:
technological and research issues, Journal of Database Management, 17(1),85-95.
Oldenkamp J. (2001). Knowledge, breaking down the barriers to knowledge management.,Utrecht, Netherlands: Lemma.
  Pettigrew, A., & Whipp, R.(1993). Managing change for competitive success. Blackwell: Cambridge, MA.
  Reid, F. (2003). Creating a knowledge sharing culture among diverse business units, Employment Relations Today, 30(3), 43- 49.
  Reza, A. A. & Bagherzadeh, H.M.(2012) Analysis the effects of Cultural Intelligence on Knowledge Management, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(10), 633- 649
  Schein, E. H. (1985). How culture forms, develops and changes, in R. H. Kilmann & M. J. Saxton, In R. Serpa (eds.): Gaining control of the corporate culture, San Francisco, USA: Jossey Bass
  Scott, S.G. & Bruce, R.A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: a path model of individual innovation in the workplace, Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580- 607.
  Shaffer, M. A, Harrison, D. A.,Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., &Ferzandi, L. A. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9, 109 - 125.
  Shane, S., Venkataraman, S. & Macmillan, I. (1995). Cultural differences in innovation championing strategies, Journal of Management, 21, 931- 952.
  S.h. Liao, W.C. Fei, & C.C. Chen, (2007). Knowledge sharing, absorptive capacity, and innovation capability: an empirical study of Taiwan's knowledge-intensive industries, Journal of Information
  Simonin, B. L.(1999), Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal, 20(7), 595 - 623.
  Sternberg, R.J. & Detterman, D.K. (1986). What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
  Storey, C. & Kelly, D. (2002). Innovation in services: the need for knowledge management, Australasian Marketing Journal, 10 (1), 59-70.
  Thomas, D. C., & Inkson, K. (2004). Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business. San Francisco: Berrett Koehler Publishers.
  Thomas, D.C, Stahl, G., Ravlin, E.C, Poelmans. S, Pekerti A., Maznevski, M, Lazarova, M.B, Elron, E, Ekelund, B.Z, Cerdin, J.L, Brislin, R., Aycan, Z, & Au, K. (2008). Cultural Intelligence: Domain and Assessment. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 8, 123-143.
  Thomas, D.C. (2006). Domain and development of cultural intelligence: The importance of mindfulness. Group and Organization Management, 31, 78- 99
  Triandis, H. C.( 1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw Hill.
  Tsui, A. S., & Gutek, B. (1999). Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. New York: Lexington Books/Macmillan.
  Tylor, E.B. (1877). Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art and custom,1, New York: Henry Holt
  Van Den Hooff, B. & De Ridder, J.A. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: the influence of organizational commitment, communication climate and CMC usage on knowledge sharing”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117-130.
  Van Dyne, L.,& Ang, S.(2005). Cultural intelligence: An Essential Capability for Individuals in Contemporary Organizations,; Globaledge: Featured Insight www.globaledge.msu.edu.
  Van Dyne, L.,& Ang, S. (2006). Getting more than you expect: Global leader initiative to span structural holes and reputation effectiveness. In W. H. Mobley & E.Weldon (Eds.), Advances in Global Leadership, 4, 101–122.
  Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Livermore, D. (2010). Cultural intelligence: A pathway for leading in a rapidly globalizing world. In K.M. Hannum. B. McFeeters, & L. Booysen (Eds.), Leading across differences: Cases and perspectives, 131-138, San Francisco, CQ: Pfeiffer.
  Voelpel, S.C., Eckhoff, R.A. and Forster, J. (2005). David against Goliath? Group size and bystander effects in virtual knowledge sharing, Human Relations, 61(2), 271- 295.
  Weggeman, M. (2000). Knowledge Management: Practice, Schiedam: Scriptum Management.
  West, M.A. & Farr, J.L. (1989). Innovation at work: psychological perspectives, Social Behavior, 4, 15-30.
  Woodman, R.W., Sawyer, J.E. & Griffin, R.W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity, Academy of Management Review, 18, 293-321.
  West, M. A., & Farr, J. L.(1989). Innovation at work: Psychological perspectives. Social Behavior, 4, 15–30.
  Williams, K., & O’Reilly, C. (1998). The complexity of diversity: A review of forty years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 77–140
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:自定論文開放時間 user define
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code