過往創業研究大多屬於靜態、片面、單一層次的分析，研究方法也多以邏輯實證論為主，無法呈現創業行為本身的動態歷程。本研究嘗試在研究觀點上，採用複雜科學理論的動態觀點，將創業視為一種歷程加以詮釋；在研究方法上，使用敘說探究與生命故事法來撰寫OPA的創業故事；由於創業者即為研究者本人，在歷經大量的文本撰寫與對話後，產生了以配適度景觀為主要概念的創業敘說故事－「不斷更新的故事」，同時於此一主軸下，發展出創業者的特質－「遠離現狀的勇氣」、創業管理的方法－「碰撞而來的機會」、「即興演出的混搭」以及創業者的角色－「啦啦隊隊長」、「麻煩製造者」等五段創業敘說故事。。
本研究透過複雜科學理論的隱喻（登山）來詮釋創業歷程，發現成功的創業並非來自完善的創業營運計畫書或創業機會，而是創業家如何讓自己遠離均衡狀態踏出第一步，並不斷透過與周邊互動碰撞來產生機會（登山路徑），並在機會產生時，即興混合與搭配手邊的資源與能力，進而解決創業歷程中不斷面對的問題與挑戰，而在這樣的過程中，創業者要扮演的並不是Mintzberg的管理者十大角色，而是要時而扮演鼓舞團隊的啦啦隊隊長或是促使團隊突破現況的麻煩製造者。對創業者來說，唯有持續登山才是確保創業存續的生存之道，本研究希望透過這些創業的敘說故事，讓有心創業的人士能理解「創業如何逐步發生」，並善用複雜科學理論所帶來的隱喻與啟示，增加創業成功的可能並能使創業行為持續下去。

none

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究內容 6
第二章 文獻探討－我對創業研究的理解 8
第一節 創業研究的回顧 8
第二節 創業研究的新理論視角－複雜理論 14
第三章 研究方法與流程 18
第一節 質化研究方法 18
第二節 敘說探究 21
第三節 研究產業與公司簡介 29
第四節 研究過程的敘說 33
第四章 敘說創業故事 73
第一節 不斷更新的地圖 73
第二節 特質：遠離現狀的勇氣 82
第三節 方法：碰撞而來的機會 88
第四節 方法：即興演出的混搭 94
第五節 角色：啦啦隊隊長 97
第六節 角色：麻煩製造者 101
第五章 討論與建議 107
第一節 敘說故事的討論 107
第二節 研究限制 120
第三節 未來研究建議 122
參考文獻 124

附件 133
附件一 133
附件二 143
附件三 171

圖目錄
圖2-1、配適度景觀概念圖 16
圖5-1、本研究彙整架構 108

中文
1. Clandinin & Connelly, 蔡敏玲、徐曉雯譯，2003，敘說探究：質性研究中的經驗與故事，台北：心理
2.Lieblich, A., R. Tuval-Mashiach, and Tamar Zilber, 吳芝儀譯，2008，敘事研究─閱讀、分析與詮釋，嘉義：濤石文化。
3. Morgan, G., 戴文年譯，1997，組織意象，台北：五南
4. Neuman, W.L., 1997, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Allyn & Bacon.. 朱若柔譯，2000，社會研究方法：質化與量化取向，台北：揚智文化
5. Strauss, A. & J. Corbin, 1990, Basics of Qualtative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Sage Publications, Inc.. 徐宗國譯，1997，質性研究概論，台北：巨流圖書
6. 李政、趙都敏，2007，經濟學中的創業研究︰一個歷史性的回顧，創業管理研究，2卷1期：89-110。
7. 蔡敦浩、藍紫堂，2004，新興產業發展的複雜調適系統觀點—以台灣E-learning產業為例，管理學報，21(6)，頁717-734
8. 蔡敦浩、利尚仁、林韶怡，2007，複雜性科學典範下的創業研究，創業管理研究，2(1), pp.31-60
9. 劉常勇、謝如梅，2006，「創業管理學術研究之回顧與展望：理論與模式之建立」，創業管理研究，1卷1期：1-44。

英文
1. Acs Z. J. and Audretsch D. B., 2003, “Introduction to the Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research”, Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (eds),　Kluwer Academic Publishers, 3-20.
2. Aldrich, H. E. and Martinez, M. A., 2001, “Many Are Called, But Few Are Chosen:　An Evolutionary Perspective for the Study of Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship　Theory and Practice, Vol. 25(4), 41-56.
3. Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2001, “Value Creation in E-Business”, Strategic Management　Journal, Vol. 22, 493-520.
4. Anderson, P., 1999, “Complexity Theory and Organization Science”, Organization　Science, Vol.10 (3), 216-232.
5. Arthur, W. B., 1994, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy,　Ann Arbor, MI.: University of Michigan Press.
6. Ashby, W. R., 1962, “Principle of self-organizing dynamic system”, In H. von Foerster　and G.W. Zopf (eds.), Principles of self-organization, Pergamon Press, 255-278.
7. Baker, Ted, Anne S. Miner & Dale Eesley. 2003. Improvising Firms: Bricolage, Retrospective Interpretation and Improvisational Competencies in the Founding Process, Research Policy, 32: 255-276.
8.Baker, Ted & Reed E. Nelson. 2005. Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage, Administrative Science Quarterly, 50:329-366.
9.Baron, R. A., 1998, “Cognitive Mechanisms in Entrepreneurship: Why and When　Entrepreneurs Think Differently Than Other People”, Journal of Business Venturing,　275-294.
10. Begley, T.M. & Boyd, D.P., 1987, “Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firm and small businesses”, Journal of Business Venturing, 2, 79-83
11. Beinhocker,Eric D, 1999, Robust adaptive strategies ,Sloan Management Review; Cambridge; Spring 1999;p95-106
12.Benyamin M. Bergmann Lichtenstein, Candida G. Brush, 2001, How Do "Resource Bundles" Develop and Change in New Ventures? A Dynamic Model and Longitudinal Exploration, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 25(
13. Bernice, C., 1997, The Edge of Chaos, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
14. Bouchikhi, H., 1993, “A Constructivist Framework for Understanding　Entrepreneurship Performance”, Organization Studies, Vol. 14(4), 549–570.
15. Brown, S. and Eisenhardt, K., 1997, “The Art of Continuous Change: Linking　Complexity Theory and Time-Based Evolution in Relentlessly Shifting Organizations”,Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, 1-34.　
16. Brown, S. L. and Eisenhardt K. M., 1998, Competing On the Edge: Strategy As　Structured Chaos, Harvard Business School Press.
17. Bruner, J., 1990, Acts of meaning, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
18. Bruner, J., 1991, “The narrative construction of reality”, Critical Inquiry, 18, 1-21.
19. Bruner, J., 1996, The culture of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20. Buckley, W., 1967, Sociology and Modern Systems Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:　Prentice-Hall.
21.Burt, R., 2000,The Network Stucture of Social Captial, Research in Organizational Behavior, 22:345-423.
21. Busenitz L. W., West III G..P., Shepherd D., Nelson T., Chandler G. N., and　Zacharakis A., 2003, “Entrepreneurship Research in Emergence: Past Trends and　Future Directions”, Journal of Management, Vol. 29(3), 285-308.
22. Busentiz, L. W., Spencer, J. W. and Gomez, C., 2000, “Country Institutional Profiles:　Unlocking Entrepreneurial Phenomena”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.　43(5), 994-1003.


23. Bygrave, W. D., and Hofer, C. W., 1991, “Theorizing About Entrepreneurship”,　Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 16(2), 13-23.
24. Capra, F., 1982, The Turning Point: Science, Society and The Rising Culture, New　York: Simon and Schuster.
25. Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., Boulton, W. R., & Carland. J. AC. 1984, Differentiating entrepreneurs from small business owners, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 354-359.
26. Carter, Nancy M.; Williams, Mary; Reynolds, Paul D, 1997, Discontinuance among new firms in retail: the influence of initial resources, strategy, and gender, Journal of Business Venturing, 12(2), 125-145
27. Casson, M., 2005, “Entrepreneurship and the Theory of the Firm”, Journal of　Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 58, 327-348.
28. Chowdhury, Sanjib, 2005, “Demographic diversity for building an effective entrepreneurial team: is it important?”, Journal of Business Venturing, 20( 6),727-746
29. Davidsson, P., Low, M., & Wright, M. 2001. “Editor’s introduction: Low and MacMillan Ten Years on: Achievements and Future Directions for Entrepreneurship Research.”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(4), 5-16.
30. Davidsson, P., and Wiklund, J., 2001, “Levels of Analysis in Entrepreneurship　Research: Current Research Practice and Suggests for the Future, Entrepreneurship　Theory and Practice, Vol. 25(4), 81-100.
31. Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.)., 1994, Handbook of qualitative research, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32. Dodd, Sarah Drakopoulou, 2002, “Metaphors and meaning: A grounded cultural model of us entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing , 17(5):519-535
33. Dooley, K. J., 1997, ”A Complex Adaptive Systems Model of Organization Change”,　Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Science, Vol. 1(1).
34. Drucker, P., 1993, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principals, New　York: Harper Business.
35.Duchesneau, D. A. & Gartner, W. B. ,1990, A profile of new venture success
and failure in an emerging industry, Journal of Business Venturing, 5 (5): 297-312.
36. Eckhardt, Jonathan T. and Scott A. Shane, Opportunities and Entrepreneurship, 2003, Journal of Management, 29(3) 333–349.
37. Elfring T. and Hulsink W., 2003, “Networks in Entrepreneurship: The Case of　High-technology Firms”, Small Business Economics, Vol. 21, 409-422.
38. Fiet, J.O.; Busenitz, L.W.; Moesel, D.D.; Barney, J.B, 1997, “Complementary theoretical perspectives on the dismissal of new venture team members”, Journal of Business Venturing Volume, 12(5), 347-366
39. Fisher-Rosenthal, W., 1995, “The problem with identity: Biography as solution to some (post) modernist dilemmas”, Comenius, Utrecht, 3, 250-265.
40. Foss, Nicolai J. and Peter G. Klein, 2008, Entrepreneurship: From Opportunity Discovery to Judgment , SMG Working Paper No. 5/, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.cfm
41.Fuller, T. and L. Warren, 2006, Entrepreneurship as Foresight: A Complex Social Network Perspective on Organisational Foresight, Futures, 38, 959-971
42. Gartner, W. B., 1985, “A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of　New Venture Creation”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10(4), 696-707.
43. Gartner, W. B., 2001, “Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions　in Theory Development”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 25(4), 27-40
44.Gergen, K. J., 1994b, Mind, text and society: Self memory in social context. In U. Neisser & R. Fivush (Eds.), The remembering self (pp. 78-104). New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Gergen, K. J., & Gergen, M. M., 1986, Narrative form and the construction of psychological science. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), “Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct” (pp.22-24). New York: Praeger.
46. Gideon D. Markman, Robert A. Baron, Person, 2003, “entrepreneurship fit: why some people are moresuccessful as entrepreneurs than others”, Human Resource Management Review,13, 281–301
47. Goldstein, J., 1999, “Emergence as a Construct: History and Issues”, Emergence, Vol.　1(1), 49-72.
48.Grandi, Alessandro and Rosa Grimaldi, 2003, Exploring the Networking Characteristics of New Venture Founding Teams: A Stdy of Italian Academic Spin-off, Small Business Economics, 21(4):329-341.
49. Haken, H., 1983, Synergetics: An introduction, Berlin: Springer.
50. Hamilton, E., 2002, “One lifetime is not enough: stories of intergenerational influence and succession in family business”, paper presented at the 25th ISBA National Small Firms Policy & Research Conference, Brighton, 13-15 Nov.
51. Hamilton, E., 2006, “Whose story is it anyway? Narrative accounts of the role of women in founding and establishing family business”, International Small Business Journal, 24(3), pp.253-271
52. Hansen, H., 2006, ”The ethnonarrative approach”, Human Relations, 59(8), pp. 1049-1075
53. Hatch, M.J., 1997, Organization Theory: Modern, Symbolic, and Postmodern Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press
54. Hayek, F. A., 1945, “The Use of Knowledge in Society”, American Economic　Review, Vol. 35(4), 519-530.
55.Hayek, F. A. 1948. Individualism and Economic Order, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
56. Hermans, H. J. M., Rijks. T. I., Harry, J. G., & Kempen, H. J. G., 1993, “Imaginal dialogue in the self: Theory and method”, Journal of Personality, 61(2), 207-236.
57. Hoang, H. and Antoncic, B., 2003, “Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A　Critical Review”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, 165-187.
58. Holland, J. H., 1995, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Reading,　MA: Addison-Wesley.
59.Jacobson, R. 1992. The ‘Austrian’ school of strategy, Academy of Management Review, 17 (4):782-807.
60.Johannisson, Bengt, 1990Community entrepreneurship - cases and conceptualization, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 2(1):71 - 88
61. Johansson, A.W., 2004, “Narrating the entrepreneur”, International Small Business Journal, 22(3), pp.273-293
62. Josselson, R., 1987, Finding herself: Pathways to identity development in women, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
63. Josselson, R., 1992, The space between us: Exploring the dimensions of human relationship, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
64. Josselson, R. (Ed.)., 1996a, The narrative study of lives: Vol. 4. Ethics and process, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
65. Josselson, R., 1986b, Revising herself: The story of women’s identity from college to mid-life, New York: Oxford University Press.
66.Kamm, J. B., Shuman, J. C., Seeger, J. A., & Nurick, A. J., 1990,Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation: a research agenda, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.
67. Kauffman, S. A., 1991, “Antichaos and Adaptation”, Scientific American, 64-70.
68. Kauffman, S. A., 1995, At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of　Complexity, London: Viking Press.
69. Kihlstrom, R.E. & Laffont, J.J., 1979, “A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion”, Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 719-748
70. Kirzner, I., 1997, “Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An　Austrian Approach”, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35, 60-85.
71. Krueger, Jr. N. F., 2003, “The Cognitive Psychology of Entrepreneurship”, Handbook　of Entrepreneurship Research (eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 105-140.
72. Landström, Hans; Johannisson, Bengt, 2001, Theoretical foundations of Swedish entrepreneurship and small-business research, Scandinavian Journal of Management ,17(2). 225-248
73.Levinthal D.; Warglien M. ,1999, Landscape design. Designing for local action in complex worlds, Organization Science, 10( 3): 342-357.
74. Levy, A., 1986, “Second order planned change: Definition and conceptualization”,　Organization Dynamics, Vol. 15(1), 5-20.
75. Levy, D., 1994, Chaos theory and strategy: theory, application, and managerial implications, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, pp. 167-178.
76. Lichtenstein, Benyamin, and Bergmann, M., 2000, “Emergence as a Process of　Self-Organizing: New Assumptions and Insights from the Study of Non-Linear　Dynamic Systems”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 13(6),　526-546.
77. Low, M.B., and MacMillan, I. C., 1988, “Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future　Challenges”, Journal of Management, Vol. 14(2), 139-161.
78. Mandelbrot, B. B., 1977, Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, San Francisco:　W.H. Freeman and Co.　
79. Mark F. P. and Mark R. M., 2001, ”Cuban-American Entrepreneurs: Chance,　Complexity and Chaos”, Organization Studies, Vol. 22(1), 31-57.
80. Markman, Gideon D.; Baron, Robert A., 2003, Person–entrepreneurship fit: why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others , Human Resource Management Review, 13(2): 281-301
81. McAdams, D. P., 1993, The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self, New York: William Morrow.
82. McClelland, D.C., 1961, “The achievement motives in economic growth”, in Entrepreneurship Development , NY: Free Press
83. McKelvey, B., 2004, “Toward a Complexity Science of Entrepreneurship”, Journal of　Business Venturing, 313–341.
84.Malecki, E., 1994. Entrepreneurship in regional and local development. Int. Rev. Reg. Sci. 16 (1–2), 119–153
85. Michael, Steven C.,First mover advantage through franchising, Journal of Business Venturing, 2003, 18(1), 61-80
86. Mihata, K., 1997, The persistence of emergence In R. A. Eve, S. Horsfall, & M. E.Lee (eds.), Chaos, Complexity, and Sociology: Myths, Models, and Theories, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 30-39.
87.Mitchell, R.K., B. Smith, L.W. Seawright, & E.A. Morse, 2000, “Cross-cultural Cognitions andThe Venture Creation Decision.” Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5): 974–993.
88. Mishler, E. G., 1986a, The analysis of interview-narrative. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 233-255). New York: Praeger.
89. Mishler, E. G., 1986b, Research interviewing: Context and narrative, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
90. Mintzberg, H., 1973, The Nature of Managerial Work, NY: Harper
91. Mitchell, R. K., Busenitz, L., Lant, T., McDougall, P. P., Morse, E. A. and Smith, J.B.,　2002, “Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of　Entrepreneurship Research”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 93-104.
92. O'Connor, E., 2002, “Talking us into it: storytelling, legitimacy building, and venturing”, paper presented at the second Movements of Entrepreneurship Workshop organized by Esbri, Stockholm, Sweden, 23-6 May.
93. Pascale, R.T., 1999, “Surfing the Edge of Chaos”, Sloan Management Review, Vol.　40(3), 83.
94. Pitcher, P., 1993, “Balancing personality types at the top”, Business Quality, 58(Winter), pp.47-57
95.Polkinghorne, D.E. (1988). “Narrative knowing and the human sciences”. Albany: State University of New York Press.
96. Polkinghorne, D.E., 1991, “Narrative and self concept. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1”, 135-154.
97.Politis,Diamanto, 2005,The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,.29(4):
98. Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I., 1984, Order out of chaos: Man's New Dialogue with　Nature, New York: Bantam Books.
99. Rae, D., 2004, “Entrepreneurial learning: a practical model from the creative industries”, Education + Training, 46(8/9), pp.492-500
100. Riessman, C.K. (1993). Narrative analysis (Qualitative Research Methods Series, Vol. 30) Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
101. Ripsas, S., 1998, “Towards an interdisciplinary of entrepreneurship”, Small Business Economics, 10, 103-115
102. Robbie, K.,& Wright, M.1996, Magement buy-ins: Active investors and corporate restructuring, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
103. Rosenthal, G., 1993, “Reconstruction of life stories: Principles of selection in generating stories for narrative biographical interview”, Narrative Study of Lives, 1, 55-91.
104. Rosenthal, G., 1997, “National identity or multicultural autobiography”, Narrative Study of Lives, 5, 1-20.
105. Ruelle, D. and Takens, F., 1971, “On the Nature of Turbulence”, Commun. Math.　phys., Vol. 20, 167-192.
106. Sarbin, T. R. (Ed.)., 1986, Life histories andpsychobiography: Explorations in theory and method, New York: Oxford University Press.
107. Salaff, Janet W.; Greve, Arent, 2004, “Can women's social networks migrate?”, Women's Studies International Forum, 27( 2). 149-162
108. Schroeder, M. R., 1991, Fractals, Chaos, Power Laws: Minutes from an Infinite　Paradise. New York: Freeman.
109. Schumpeter, J. A., 1934, The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge:　Harvard University Press. (Schumpeter, J. A. 1942. Capitalism, socialism, and　democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers).
110. Sexton, D.L., & Bowman, N.B., 1986, Validation of a personality index: comparative psychological characteristics analysis of female entrepreneurs, managers, entrepreneurship students, and business students. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research ( pp. 513–528). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
111Shane, Scott A.,2000 ,"Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities," Organization Science, April, p. 448-469.
112. Shane, S., and Venkataraman, S., 2000, “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of　Research”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, 217-226.
113. Smith, C., and Gemmill, G., 1991, “Change in the Small Group: A Dissipative　Structure Perspective”, Human Relations, Vol. 44, 697-716.
114. Spence, D. P., 1982, Narrative truth and historical truth: Meaning and interpretation in psychoanalysis, New York: Norton.
115. Spence, D. P., 1986, Narrative smoothing and clinical wisdom. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp.211-232). New York: Praeger.
116. Stacey, R. D., 1995, “The Science of Complexity: An Alternative Perspective for　Strategic Change Processes”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, 477-495.
117. Stacey, R. D., 1996, Complexity and Creativity in Organizations, Berrett-Koehler　Publishers, San Francisco.
118. Stevenson, H. H., & Gumpert, D. E., 1985, “The heart of entrepreneurship”, Harvard Business Review, 63(2):85-94.
119. Suchman, M. C., 1995, “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional　Approaches”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, 571-610.
120.Timmons, J.A. ,1999, New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, Singapore, McGrawHill Book Co.
121.Thomas A. S. And Mueller S. L.,2000, A Case for Comparative Entrepreneurship: Assessing the Relevance of Culture, Journal of International Business Studies, 31:287-301.
122. Ucbasaran, D., P.Westhead, and M. W right, 2001, “The Focus of Entrepreneurial　Research: Contextual and Process Issues”, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice,　26(2): 57-80.
123. Vesper, K. H., 1980, New Venture Strategies, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
124. Waldrop, M. M., 1992, Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order　and Chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster.
125. Webster’s Third International Dictionary, 1966, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
126.Wright, Sewall ,1932, "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution", Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Genet. 1: 356–366.
127. Zahra, Shaker A., 2007, Contextualizing theory building in entrepreneurship research, Journal of Business Venturing, 22(3): 443-452