本研究建立一個符合航空產業票務銷售模式的簡單模型，用以描述航空產業藉由票務代理銷售模式進行移轉訂價之行為，並進一步分析影響該移轉訂價之可能因素。由模型推導結果發現，航空產業利用銷售佣金比率進行移轉訂價時，會同時對稅負及營收產生影響，且兩者的影響效果可以藉由其關係式轉換。再者，由分量迴歸實證結果發現，2001Q1～2012Q4期間，兩岸航空產業會藉由票務代理銷售模式進行移轉訂價，並達到擴增營收及減輕稅負的雙重效果，且在稅負較高時移轉訂價的效益會較顯著。最後，本研究發現，航空公司係以預收票款、認列應付關係人款項之方式，將票務代理銷售模式的部分營收轉移給關係人或關係企業，且當關係人交易占營業費用比重愈大、公司模愈大時，表示航空公司愈有可能藉由票務代理銷售模式進行移轉訂價行為。

This study seeks to establish a model for the ticket agents sales in the airline industry; the model will describe the transfer pricing behavior of airlines by leveraging the ticket agent system, in order to further analyze the possible factors that influence transfer pricing. The model inference shows that the TP behavior by airlines in the format of sales commission simultaneously impacts revenues and taxations. Meanwhile, the effects on both factors can be converted via relationship functions. The empirical findings suggest that from the 2001Q4~ 2012Q4, the airline industries in Taiwan and China were engaged in TP via the ticket agent sales, in order to expand revenues and reduce the tax burdens. In fact, the benefits of TP are more pronounced when the tax burdens are high. Finally, this study contends that airlines transfer part of the revenues generated by ticket agents through recognizing prepaid tickets and payable to affiliates. The larger the percentage of revenues from affiliated parties and the bigger the company size, the more likely airlines will be involved in TP via the ticket agent system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
致謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Chapter One: Introduction 1
1.1. Research Background and Motives 1
1.2. Research Purposes 5
1.3. Research Structure and Flows 6
Chapter Two: Literature Review 7
2.1. Content of TP 7
2.1.1. Definitions of TP 7
2.1.2. Purposes of TP 8
2.2. Related Research 10
2.2.1 TP Strategies Vary as a Result of Different Factors 10
2.2.2. Data are unique and difficult to be obtained 11
2.2.3. Previous Empirical Studies 12
2.2.4. Related studies in Taiwan 13
2.3. Research Methods and Main Contributions in This Study 18
Chapter Three: Empirical Model and Estimation 19
3.1. Introduction of Empirical Models 20
3.1.1. TP of Airlines 20
3.1.2. Hypothesis 27
3.1.3. Factors That Influence the TP of Airlines 28
3.1.4. Estimation Methods and Procedures 31
3.2. Estimation 33
3.2.1. TP Behavior 37
3.2.2. Factors that Influence TP 37
Chapter Four: Empirical Results and Analysis 38
4.1. Data Source & Characteristics 38
4.2. Validation of the TP Behavior of Airlines 40
4.2.1. Individual Airlines 40
4.2.2. Aviation Industry in Taiwan 41
4.2.3. Aviation Industry in China 43
4.2.4. Individual Airlines (with TR & TE) 45
4.2.5. Aviation Industry in Taiwan (with TR & TE) 46
4.2.6. Aviation Industry in China (with TR & TE) 47
4.3. Factors that Influence the TP Behavior of Airlines 48
4.3.1. Individual Airline 49
4.3.2. Aviation Industry in Taiwan 51
4.3.3. Aviation Industry in China 53
Chapter Five: Research Conclusions and Suggestions 55
5.1. Research Conclusions 55
5.1.1. TP Model 55
5.1.2. TP Behavior 55
5.1.3. Factors that Influence TP Behavior 56
5.2. Policy Suggestions 56
5.3. Suggestions for Future Studies 57
Reference 58
Appendix 1: Article 43-1 of the Income Tax Act 65
Appendix 2: The Arm's Length Price 68
Appendix 3: The Impact of IFRS and GAAP on Empirical Results 71

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