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論文名稱 Title |
虎皮楠科之系統分類學研究 Systematics of the Daphniphyllaceae |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
238 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2013-01-08 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2013-01-31 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
不孕性雄蕊、柱頭、葉脈型式、葉部解剖、虎皮楠屬、譜系研究 Daphniphyllum, phylogeny, leaf anatomy, stigma, leaf venation, staminode |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5788 次,被下載 65 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5788 times, has been downloaded 65 times. |
中文摘要 |
虎皮楠科 (Daphniphyllaceae) 為一單屬科,主要分布於東亞至東南亞熱帶到亞熱帶地區,目前已知約有30種。本科植物生殖器官的形態特徵少,葉形的變異大,使得物種的界定和鑑定相當困難,對系統分類有很大的阻礙,因而,尋求較多的好特徵顯得極為重要。 虎皮楠科自建立以來就爭論不斷,曾經分別被不同的學者認為與本科關係相近緣的科包含大戟科 (Euphorbiaceae)、黃楊科 (Buxaceae)、海桐科 (Pittosporaceae)、金縷梅科 (Hamamelidaceae)、連香樹科 (Cercidiphyllaceae)、芍藥科 (Paeoniaceae) 和圍盤樹科 (Peridiscaceae)。這些不同的意見根據的是花的構造、花粉形態、木材解剖和DNA序列等證據產生的,而葉部解剖和表皮細胞的特徵則很少提供做為系統分類研究。本研究嘗試以 nrITS、葉綠體中的trnL-trnF和psbA-trnH spacer 等分子序列來分析本科的譜系,期望了解科間和種間的譜系關係,以及詳細葉部微細特徵和表皮特性的觀察,比較各類群植物在結構上的異同,進而解決本科植物的分類問題。 分子譜系分析的結果皆顯示,本科為一單源群,和金縷梅科或連香樹科較近緣。另外,譜系分析的結果尚無法解決本科屬內的譜系關係以及本科的譜系關係中最近緣的姊妹群為何?因此,本科譜系關係的探討還待進一步研究。形態和解剖特徵觀察的結果顯示,雌花和葉脈的形態是本科植物分類上最重要的特徵,葉的上下表皮細胞、果和葉痕的形態則是區分分類群的輔助特徵。根據研究結果,將本屬植物區分成28種及4變種。 |
Abstract |
Daphniphyllaceae is a monogeneric family with a main distributional range from tropical to subtropical South East or East Asia. Totally, Daphniphyllum consists of about 30 species in the world. Only a few morphological characters can be used because of the reduced reproductive organs and the variable leaves, which has led to difficulties in intrageneric classification and species identification. To find out more good and diagnostic characters for the delineation of species in the family becomes important and necessary. The dispute concerning the phylogeny of the family is always present since it was established. The families Euphorbiaceae, Buxaceae, Pittosporaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Paeoniaceae and Peridiscaceae have been separately considered as most closely related family by many authors. The characters which the authors used for analysis included floral structure, pollen morphology, wood anatomy and DNA sequence. However, those micro-morphologies of leaf anatomy and epidermal characteristics which may provide detailed information have been seldom evidenced. This study attempts to utilize the molecular evidences (nrITS, psbA-trnH spacer, trnL intron of chloroplast DNA) for phylogenetic analysis and to evaluate the comparative morphological characters of leaves in identification of species for taxonomy. The results of molecular analysis reveal that Daphniphyllaceae is monophyletic and close relationship with Cercidiphyllaceae or Hamamelidaceae. The phylogenetic relationship among the species and the sister group of Daphniphyllaceac have not yet been resolved. The results of morphology and anatomy show that the main characters for taxonomy were female flowers and leaf venation. The features of leaf epidermis, fruit or leaf scar are helpful in distinguishing taxa. Totally, 28 species and 4 varieties are here recognized in the genus. |
目次 Table of Contents |
論文審定書 ii 誌謝 iii 中文摘要 v 英文摘要 vi 壹、前 言 1 一、虎皮楠科的分類研究簡史 1 二、虎皮楠科與其他科譜系關係的爭議 5 三、分子序列應用於系統分類學 9 四、葉的比較解剖學應用於系統分類學 11 貳、材料和研究方法 14 一、分類群的選擇 (Taxon sampling) 14 1.外群 (Outgroup) 選擇 14 2.內群 (Ingroup) 選擇 14 二、材料的收集 15 1. 葉片材料的收集 15 2. 抽取DNA材料的收集 15 三、DNA抽取製備與分析 15 四、形態研究方法 17 1. 外部形態觀察 17 2. 葉片透明法 17 3. 埋臘切片法 18 4. 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Scanning Electron Microscope;SEM) 18 5. 葉脈標本 18 6. 術語 18 7. 引證虎皮楠標本典藏之標本館 18 參、結 果 21 一、分子譜系分析的結果 23 1. 基於trnL intron序列分析的虎皮楠科譜系研究 24 2.基於psbA-trnH spacer序列分析的虎皮楠科譜系研究 26 3.基於nrITS序列分析的虎皮楠科譜系研究 29 4.結合nrITS, psbA-trnH spacer和trnL intron序列分析的虎皮楠科譜系研究 32 二、形態特徵的結果 35 1. 葉部特徵 35 (1) 葉脈 (Venation) 35 (2) 網眼 (Veinlet) 41 (3) 葉的表皮細胞 (Epidermis) 43 (4) 氣孔 (Stomata) 52 (5) 葉肉組織 (Mesophyll) 52 2. 雄花特徵 52 3. 雌花特徵 53 (1) 柱頭 (Stigma) 54 (2) 不孕性雄蕊 (Staminode) 55 (3) 花萼 (Calyx) 57 4. 果實特徵 58 5. 莖的特徵 59 肆、討 論 61 一、分子譜系 61 二、形態特徵 63 伍、分類處理 66 陸、參考文獻 185 柒、附 錄 196 |
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