家族企業來於世界經濟扮演重要角色，此外，家族企業因所有權、經營權、家族三要素合而為一，使其相關管理議題更為複雜，有鑑於上述影響力及議題複雜度，家族企業相關研究日漸受到學術研究重視，然而，研究顯示約七成家族企業無法成功傳承第二代，繼承成為家族企業延續一重要議題。
本研究採質化方法，針對台灣四家已完成繼承或繼承者現處核心領導職之企業進行訪談，企圖探討家族企業創立者態度對繼承過程之影響及其角色調整、繼承者個人興趣、能力、發展與繼承者挑選條件之重要性；研究結果顯示，家族企業創立者大多提名繼承者但無繼承計劃，於退休或交出經營權後常以諮詢顧問角色存於企業中；繼承者的挑選以子為優先，個人興趣與企業經營相符有助於繼承；在訓練、發展上，無明確訓練、發展計劃，以做中學為主並依賴創立者傳授相關人脈和知識，以建立繼承者繼承正當性並取得利害關係人之信任；華人「家庭」價值有助於繼承。

Family businesses have been a majority in the stage of world economy, and whose combination of ownership, management and family make relevant management issues even more complex. The significance and complexity of family businesses have incrementally attracted more scholar attention. Literature indicates that only one-thirds of family businesses can be passed on to second generation. Succession, therefore, becomes an important issue in the continuity of family business.
This study, in adoption of qualitative approach, aims at exploring how the attitude of founders in the family business towards succession can influence the succession process and how they adjust roles in the business during the succession process, and the importance of successors’ level of interests, abilities and development and the criteria of successor selection. Four case companies were interviewed. The results are as follows: 1). Founders in the family business usually nominate their desired successors, but do not have further succession plan, and moreover, remain their influences or statues in the business as consultants once they retire or transfer leadership. 2). Preferences in male siblings are demonstrated. 3). In terms of training and development, successors rely on on-the-job trainings and founders to pass their connections and relevant industrial knowledge, by that successors are likely to build up their legitimacy and gain trust from stakeholders. 4). Successors’ personal interests that are accommodated by succeeding the business is positive for succession. 5). The value of family in the Chinese context is positive for succession.

Chapter I: Introduction……….............................................1
1-1 Research Background and motivation.....................1
1-2 Research Objectives……............................................3
1-3 Research Procedure………........................................4

Chapter II: Literature Review………….............................6
2-1 Family Business...........................................................6
2-2 Family Business Succession.....………….............13
2-2-1 Founder.....................................................................15
2-3 Successor’s Relationship with Family Members
and founders/Incumbents…...........................................18
2-4 Successor Selection………......................................25
2-5 Successor Development…………..........................27

Chapter III: Research Methodology.......……………….29
3-1 Qualitative Studies……….........................................29
3-2 Data Collection…………….......................................31
3-2-1 Data…………………………...................................31
3-2-2 Informants……………………………....................32
3-2-3 Procedures………………………...........................36
3-3 Term Definitions…………………….........................38
3-3-1 Family Business and Succession……...............38
3-3-2 Initiation of Succession Planning…….................40
3-3-3 Successor Development and Successor’s Relationship with Founders or
Incumbents and Family Members..................................41
3-4 Conceptual Research Framework……………......43

Chapter IV Case Analyses and Findings……………..44
4-1 Case Company Profile…..........................................44
4-2 Analyses and Findings……......................................55
4-3 Research Framework Revision…...........................65

Chapter V Conclusions and Implications……….........66
5-1 Conclusions………………………............................66
5-2 Managerial Implications………………....................69
5-3 General Limitations…………...................................71
5-4 Suggestions for Future Research….......................72


References……….............................................................74
Appendix I……………........................................................89

References in English
Argyris, C. 1973. Some limits of rational man organizational theory. Public Administration Review, 33: 253-267.

Alcorn, P. B. 1982. Success and survival in the family-owned firm. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Aronoff, C. E., & Ward, J. L. 1995. Family-owned businesses: A thing of the past or the model for the future. Family Business Review, 8(2): 121-130.

Astrachan, J. H. 2003. Commentary on the special Issue: The emergence of a field. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 567-572.

Astrachan, J. H., Allen, I. E., & Spinelli, S. 2002. Mass mutual/Raymond institute American family business Survey. Springfield, MA: Mass Mutual Financial Group.

Astrachan, J. H., Klein, S. B., & Smyrnios, K. X. 2002. The F-PEC scale of family influence: A proposal for aolving the family business definition problem. Family Business Review, 15(1): 45-58.

Astrachan, J. H., & Shanker, M. C. 2003. Family businesses’ contribution to the U.S. economy: A closer look. Family Business Review, 16(3): 211-219.

Ayres, G. R. 1990. Rough family justice: Equity in family business succession planning. Family Business Review, 3(1): 3-22.

Barach, J. A. & Ganitsky, J. B. 1995. Successful succession in family business. Family Business Review, 8(2): 131-155.

Barnes, L. B. 1988. Incongruent hierarchies: Daughters and younger sons as company CEOs. Family Business Review, 1(1): 9-21.

Barnes, L. B., & Hershon, S. A. 1976. Transferring power in the family business. Harvard Business Review, 54(4): 105-114.

Barry, B. 1975. The development of organization structure in the family firm. Journal of General Management, 3:42-60.

Beckhard, R., & Burke, W. 1983. Preface. Organizational Dynamics, 12:12.

Beckhard, R., & Dyer, W. 1983. Managing continuity in the family-owned business. Organizational Dynamics, 12:5-12.

Benson, B. 1990. A success guide for growth and survival. Homewood, Ill: Dow Jones-Irwin.

Bird, B., Welsch, H., Astrachan, J. H., & Pistrui, D. 2002. Family business research: The evolution of an academic field. Family Business Review, 15(4): 337-350.

Birley, S. 1986. Succession in the family firm: The inheritor’s view. Journal of Small Business Management, July: 36-43.

Boles, J. S. 1996. Influences of work-family conflict on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and quitting Intentions among business owners: The case of family operated businesses. Family Business Review, 9(1): 61-74.

Brockhaus, R. H. 2004. Family business succession: Suggestions for future research. Family Business Review, 17(2): 165-177.

Bryman, A. 1989. Research methods and organization studies. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd.

Cadieux, L., Lorrain, J., & Hugron, P. 2002. Succession in women owned family businsses: A case study. Family Business Review, 15(1): 17-30.

Calder, G. H. 1961. The peculiar problems of a family business. Business Horizon, 4: 93-102.

Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Litz, R. A. 2003. Commentary: A unified perspective of family firm performance: An extension and integration. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 467-472.
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., & Sharma, P. 1998. Important attributes of successors in family businesses: An exploratory study. Family Business Review, 11(1): 19-34.

Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. & Sharma, P. 2003. Current trends and future directions in family businesses management studies: Toward a theory of the family firm. Written as part of Coleman foundation white paper series. Available at ＜http://www.usasbe.org/knowledge/whitepapers/index.asp＞.

Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. & Steier, L. 2003. Editorial: An introduction to theories of family businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 441-448.

Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. 1999. Defining the family business by nehavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4): 19-39.

Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. 2003. Succession and non-succession concerns of family firms and agency relationships with non-family managers. Family Business Review, 16(2): 89-107.

Churchill, N. C., & Hatten, K. J. 1987. Non-market-based transfers of wealth and power: A research framework of small businesses. American Journal of Small Business. 11(3): 51-64.

Churchill, N. C., & Lewis, V. L. 1983. The five stages of small growth. Harvard Business Review, May-June: 30-51.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. 1990. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128-152.

Cole, P. M. 1997. Women in family business. Family Business Review, 10(4): 353-371.

Coleman, S., & Carsky, M. 1999. Sources of capital for small family owned businesses: Evidence from the national survey of small business finances. Family Business Review, 12(1): 73-85.

Collins, O. F., Moore, D. G., & Unwalla, D. B. 1964. The enterprising man. East Lansing: Bureau of Business and Economics research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Michigan State University.

Correll, R. W. 1989. Facing up to moving forward: A third-generation successor’s reflections. Family Business Review, 2(1): 17-29.

Danco, L. A. 1980. Inside the family business. Cleveland: The University Press.

Danco, L. A. 1982. Beyond survival: A guide for the business owner and his family. Cleveland, OH: University Press.

Danes, S. M., & Olson, P. D. 2003. Women’s role involvement in family businesses, business tensions, and business success. Family Business Review, 16(1): 53-68.

Danes, S. M., Reuter, M. A., Kwan, H., & Doherty, W. 2002. Family FIRO model: An application to family business. Family Business Review, 15(1): 31-43.

Davis, J. A., & Taguiri, R. 1989. The influence of life-stage on father-son work relationships in family companies. Family Business Review, 2(1): 46-74.

Davis, P. 1983. Realizing the potential of the family business. Organizational Dynamics, 12(1): 47-56.

Davis, P. 1986. Family Business: Perspectives on changes. Agency Sales Magazine, June: 9-16.

Davis, P., & Harveston, P. D. 1998. The influence of family on the family business succession process: A multi-generational perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22(3): 31-53.

Davis, P., & Stern, D. 1980. Adaption, survival, and growth of the family business: An integrative business perspective. Human Relations, 30(4): 207-224.

Donnelley, R. 1964. The family business. Harvard Business Review, 42(4):94-105.

Drozdow, N. 1989. Thinking that is intuitive to the boss must be chartered for the next generation. Business Week Newsletter for Family-Owned Businesses, 1(19).

Dyer Jr., W. G. 1986. Cultural changes in family firms: Anticipating and managing business and family transitions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dyer Jr., W. G. 1998. Culture and continuity in family firms. Family Business Review, 1(1): 37-50.

Dyer Jr., W. G. 2003. The family: The missing variable in organizational research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4): 401-416.

Dyer Jr., W. G., & Sanchez, M. 1998. Current state of family business theory and practice as reflected in Family Business Review 1988-1997. Family Business Review, 11(4): 287-295.

Gallo, M. A., & Sveen, J. 1991. Internationalizing the family business: Facilitating and restraining factors. Family Business Review, 4(2): 181-190.

Gersick K., Davis, J., Hampton, M., & Lansberg, I. 1997. Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Goldberg, S. D., & Woolridge, B. 1992. Succession: From the other end of the telescope. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting. Las Vegas, NV.

Gomez-Mejia, L., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Gutierrez, I. 2001. The role of family ties in agency contract. Academy of Management Journal, 44: 81-95.

Greiner, L. W. 1972. Evolutions and revolutions as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, July-August: 37-46.

Grote, J. 2003. Conflicting generations: A new theory of family business rivalry. Family Business Review, 16(2): 113-124.

Haberman, H., & Danes, S. M. 2007. Father-daughter and father-son family business management transfer comparison: Family FIRO model application. Family Business Review, 20(2): 163-184.

Handler, W. C. 1989a. Methodological issues and considerations in studying family businesses. Family Business Review, 2(3): 257-276.

Handler, W. C. 1989b. Managing the family firm succession process: The next generation family members’ experience. Doctoral dissertation, School of Management, Boston University.

Handler, W. C. 1992. The succession experience of the next-generation. Family Business Review, 5(3): 283-307.

Handler, W. C. 1994. Succession in family businesses: A review of the research. Family Business Review, 7(2): 133-157.

Harveston, P. D., Davis, P. S., & Lynden, J. A. 1997. Succession planning in family business: The impact of owner Gender. Family Business Review, 10(4): 373-396.

Heck, R. K. Z., & Stafford, K. 2001. The vital institution of family businesses: Economic benefits hidden in plain sight. In G. K. McCann & N. Upton (Eds.). Destroying myth and creating value in family business. Deland, FL: Stetson University.

Hollander, B. S., & Elman, N. S. 1988. Family-owned businesses: An emerging field of inquiry. Family Business Review, 1(2): 145-164.

Hoover, E. A., & Hoover, C. L. 1999. Getting along in family business: The relationship intelligence handbook. New York: Routledge.

Horton, T. P. 1982. The baton of succession. Management Review, 71: 2-3.

Hoy, F., & Verser, T. 1994. Emerging business, emerging field: Entrepreneurship
and the family firm. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 19(1): 9–23.

Hubler, T. 1999. Ten most prevalent obstacles to family-business succession planning. Family Business Review, 12(2): 117-121.

Ibrahim, A. B., Soufani, K., & Lam, J. 2001. A study of succession in a family firm. Family Business Review,14(3): 245-258.

Iannarelli, C. L. 1992. The socialization of leaders: A study of gender in family business. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.

Kaplan, R. 1987. Helping succession succeed – With high-powered development. Paper presented at meetings of the Academy of Management. New Orleans, LA. `

Kaye, K. 1992. The kid brother. Family Business Review, 5(3): 237-256.

Kaye, K. 1996. When the family business is a sickness. Family Business Review, (4): 347-368.

Kaye, K. 1999. Mate selection and family business success. Family Business Review, 11(2): 107-115.

Keating, N. C., & Little, H. M. 1997. Choosing the successor in New Zealand family firms. Family Business Review, 10(2): 157-171.

Kets de Vries, M. F. R. 1985. The dark side of entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Reivew, November-December: 160-167.

Keynon-Rouvinez, D. 2001. Patterns in serial business families: Theory building through global case studies. Family Business Review, 14(3): 175-187.

Klein, S. B. 2000. Family businesses in Germany: Significance and structure. Family Business Review, 13(3): 157-181.

Kotter, J. P. 1973. The psychological contract: Managing the joining-up process. California Management Review, 15(3): 91-98.

Krasnow, H. C. 2002. What to do when talking fails: Strategies for minority owners to turn stock certificates into money. Family Business Review, 15(4): 259-268.

Langley, A. 1999. Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management Review, 24(4): 691-710.

Lansberg, I., & Astrachan, J. H. 1994. Influence of family relationships on succession planning and training: The importance of mediating factors. Family Business Review, 7(1): 39-59.

Lansberg, I. 1988. The succession conspiracy. Family Business Review, 1(2): 119-143.

Lansberg, I. 1999. Succeeding generations: Realizing the dream of families. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Lansberg, I., Perrow, E. L., & Rogolsky, S. 1988. Family business as an emerging field. Family Business Review, 1(1): 1-8.

Lee, D. S., Lim, G. H., & Lim, W. S. 2003. Family business succession: Appropriation risk and choice of successor. Academy of Management Review, 28(4): 657-666.

Lee, M., & Rogoff, E. G. 1996. Comparison of small businesses with family participation versus small businesses without family participation: An investigation of differences in goals, attitudes, and family/business conflicts. Family Business Review, 9(4): 423-437.

Levinson, D. 1978. The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine Books.

Levinson, H. 1962. Men, management, and mental health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Levinson, H. 1971. Conflicts that plague the family business. Harvard Business Review, March-April: 53-62.

Levinson, H. 1974. Don’t choose your own successor. Harvard Business Review, 52:53-62.

Lindblom, C. E., & Cohen, D. K. 1979. Usable knowledge: Social science and social problem solving. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.

Litz, R. A. 1995. The family business: Toward definitional clarity. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Academy of Management.

Litz, R. A., & Kleysen, R. F. 2001. Your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: Toward a theory of family firm innovation with help from the Brubeck family. Family Business Review, 14(4): 139-161.

Longenecker, J. G., & Schoen, J. E. 1978. Management succession in the family business. Journal of Small Business Management, 16: 1-6.

Low, M. B., & MacMillan, I. C. 1988. Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14(2): 139-161.

Malone, S. C., & Jenster, P. V. 1992. The problem of plateaued owner manager. Family Business Review, 5(1): 21-41.

McCann, G. 2003. Where do we go from here? Strategic answers for university-based family business programs. Family Business Review, 16(2): 125-144.

McConaughy, D. L. 2000. Family CEO vs. non-family CEOs in the family controlled firm: An examination of the level and sensitivity of pay to performance. Family Business Review, 13(2): 121-131.

McGregor, D. 1960. The human side of the enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.

McKinley, W., Mone, M. A., & Moon, G. 1999. Determinants and development of schools in organizational theory. Academy of Management Review, 24: 634-648.

Miller, D. 1996. Configurations revisited. Strategic Management Journal, 17: 505-512.

Miller, D., Steier, L., & Le Breton-Miller, I. 2003. Lost in time: Intergenerational succession, change and failure in family business. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 513-551.

Miller, E. J., & Rice, A. K. 1988. The family business in contemporary society. Family Business Review, 1(2): 193-210.

Mitchell, R. K., Morse, E. A., & Sharma, P. 2003. The transacting cognitions of non-family employees in the family businesses setting. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 533-551.

Mohr, L. B. 1982. Explaining organizational behavior. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Moore Jr., B. 1962. Political power and social theory. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.

Morck, R., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. 1988. Management ownership and market valuation: An empirical analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 20: 293-316.

Morck, R., & Yeung, B. 2003. Agency problems in large family business groups. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4): 367-382.

Murphy, D. L., & Murphy, J. E. 2001. Protecting the limited liability feature of your family business: Evidence from the US court system. Family Business Review, 14(4): 325-334.

Murray, B. 2003. The succession transition process: A longitudinal perspective. Family Business Review, 16(1): 17-33.

Mustakallio, M., Autio, E., & Zahra, S. A. 2003. Relational and contractual governance in family firms: Effects on strategic decisions making. Family Business Review, 15(3): 205-222.

Myers, S. 1977. The determinants of borrowing. Journal of Financial Economics, 5:147-175.

Nelton, S. 1986. Making sure your business outlasts you. Nations Business, January: 32-38.

Olson, P. D., Zuiker, V. S., Danes, S. M., Stafford, K., Heck, R. K. Z., & Duncan, K. A. 2003. Impact of family and business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 639-666.

Pitts, G. 2001. In the blood: Battles to succeed in Canada’s family businesses. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Trade Paperback.

Poza, E. J., & Messer, T. 2001. Spousal leadership and continuity in the family firm. Family Business Review, 14(1): 25-36.

Romano, C. A., Tanewski, G. A., & Smyrnios, K. X. 2000. Capital structure decision making: A model for family business. Family Business Review, 16: 285-310.

Rosenblatt, P. C., de Mik, L., Anderson, R. M., & Johnson, P. A. 1985. The family in business: Understanding and dealing with the challenges entrepreneurial families face. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Royer, S., Simons, R., Boyd, B., & Rafferty, A. 2008. Promoting family: A contingency model of family business succession. Family Business Review, 21(1): 15-30.

Santiago, A. L. 2000. Succession experience in Philippine family businesses. Family Business Review, 13(1): 15-35.

Schein, E. H. 1983. The role of the founder in the creation of organizational culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12:13-28.

Schein, E. H. 1985. Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.

Sharma, P. 2002. Stakeholder mapping technique: Toward the development of a family firm typology. Paper presented at the Academy of Management meetings. Denver, CO.

Sharma, P. 2004. An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17(1): 1-36.
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. 1997. Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1): 1-35.

Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. 2003a. Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 667-687.

Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. 2003b. Succession planning as planned behavior: Some empirical results. Family Business Review, 16(1): 1-15.

Sharma, P., & Rao, S. A. 2000. Successor attributes in Indian and Canadian family firms: A comparative study. Family Business Review, 13(4): 313-330.

Silverman, D. 2000. Doing qualitative research: a practical handbook. London: Sage Publications.

Sirmon, D. G., & Hitt, M. A. 2003. Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4): 339-358.

Smyrnios, K. X., Romano, C. A., Tanewski, G. A., Karofsky, P. I., Millen, R., & Yilmaz, M. R. 2003. Work-family conflict: A study of American and Australian family businesses. Family Business Review, 16(1): 35-51.

Sonnenfeld, J. 1987. Chief executives as the heroes or villains of the executive process. Paper presented at the meetings of the Academy of Management. New Orleans, LA.

Sonnenfeld, J. 1988. The hero’s farewell. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sonfield, M. C. & Lussier, R. N. 2004. First-, second-, and third-generation family firms: A comparison. Family Business Review, 16(3): 189-202.

Sorenson, R. L. 1999. Conflict management strategies used in successful family businesses. Family Business Review, 12(2): 133-146.

Sorenson, R. L. 2000. The contribution of leadership style and practices to family and business success. Family Business Review, 13(3): 183-200.

Stafford, K., Duncan, K. A., Dane, S., & Winter, M. 1999. A research model of sustainable family businesses. Family Business Review, 12(3): 197-208.

Stavrou, E. T. 1998. A four factor model: a guide to planning next generation involvement in the family firm. Family Business Review, 11(2): 135-142.

Stavrou, E. T. 1999. Succession in family businesses: Exploring the effects of demographic factors on offspring intentions to join and take over the business. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(3): 43-61.

Steier, L. 2001. Next-generation entrepreneurs and succession: An exploratory study of modes and means of managing social capital. Family Business Review, 14(3): 259-276.

Steier, L. 2003. Variants of agency contracts in family financed ventures as a continuum of familial altruistic and market rationalities. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(5): 597-618.

Stern, M. H. 1986. Inside the family-held business. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Stewart, A. 2003. Help one another, use one another: Toward an anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4): 383-396.

Sutton, R. I., & Staw, B. M. 1995. What theory is not. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40: 371-384.

Swartz, S. 1989. The challenges of multi-disciplinary consulting to family-owned businesses. Family Business Review, 2(4): 329-339.

Szulanski, G. 1989. Unpacking stickiness: An empirical investigation of the barriers to transfer best practice inside the firm. Academy of Management Journal, 38: 437-441.

Szulanski, G. 2000. The process of knowledge transfer: A diachronic analysis of stickiness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1): 9-27.

Todd, E. 1985. The explanation of ideology, family structures, and social systems. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.

Tsang, E. W. K. 2002. Learning from overseas venturing experience: The case of Chinese family businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 17:21-40.

Ward. J. L. 1987. Keeping the family business healthy: How to plan for continued growth, profitability, and family leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ward, J. L. 1997. Growing the family business: Special challenges and best practices. Family Business Review, 10(4): 323-338.

Warner, W. L., & Abegglen, J. C. 1955. Big business leaders in America. New York: HarperCollins.

Westhead, P., & Cowling, M. 1998. Family firm research: The need for a methodology rethink. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall: 31-56.

Westhead, P., Cowling, M., & Howorth, C. 2001. The development of family companies: Management and ownership imperatives. Family Business Review, 14(4): 369-385.

Whetten, D. A. 1989. What consitutues a theoretical contribution?. Academy of Management Review, 14: 490-495.

Winter, M., Firzgerald, M. A., Heck, R. K. Z., Hayes, G. W., & Danes, S. M. 1998. Revisiting the study of family businesses: Methodological challenges, dilemmas, and alternative approaches. Family Business Review, 11(3): 239-252.

Wortman Jr., M. S. 1994. Theoretical foundations for family-owned businesses: A conceptual and research based paradigm. Family Business Review, 7(1): 3-27.

Yan, J. & Sorenson, R. 2006. The effect of Confucian values on succession in family businesses. Family Business Review, 14(3): 235-250.

Yin, R. K. 2003a. Case study research design and methods(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Yin, R. K. 2003b. Applications of case study research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Zaleznik, A., & Kets de Vries, M. F. R. 1985. Power and the corporate mind. Chicago, IL: Bonus.

Zahra, S. A. 2003. International expansion of US manufacturing family businesses: The effect of ownership and involvement. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4): 495-512.

Zahra, S. A., & George, G. 2002. Abosrptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2): 185-203.

II.References in Chinese
1. 彭懷真(1989)。台灣企業業主關係及其改變：一個社會學的分析。東海大學社會學研究所博士論文。
2. 林穎芬。「台灣上市公司控管機制之研究-探討家族與非家族企業高階主管薪酬與離職的控管效果」。中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國88年。
3. 徐慶雲。「家族企業的繼承問題－國內家族企業繼承人的培育」。台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，民國76年。
4. 張介穗。「台灣家族企業組織內共識與非正式群體關係之研究」。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國82年。
5. 陳慧娥。「臺灣家族企業傳承之研究－第二代企業主與第一代專業經理人之互動分析」。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國82年。
6. 陳彥君。「家族企業繼任與組織、策略變革及其績效之關係」。台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，民國86年。
7. 操禮芹。「臺灣大型家族企業接班過程的網絡分析」。中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國86年7月。
8. 蘇靜怡。「台灣家族型態之中小企業接班門題的探討」。交通大學管理學院國際經貿學程碩士論文，民國95年。
9. 蘇承桂。「台灣家族企業傳承之研究－第二代企業主傳承條件與組織類型之關係」。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，民國82年。