本實驗室之前在水產養殖場中分離出17 株多重抗藥性菌株，其中達82% (14/17) 屬弧菌族群，在水產養殖業中弧菌為主要的微生物病原，會造成魚體體表潰瘍出血與腸胃道腫脹病徵，稱為弧菌症 (vibriosis)，致死率最高為100%。為了利用噬菌體來殺死抗藥菌，本研究利用腸炎弧菌 (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) 與溶藻弧菌 (Vibrio alginolyticus) 篩選出兩株弧菌噬菌體 (vibriophage)，腸炎弧菌噬菌體φVP2 與溶藻弧菌噬菌體φVA2。由電子顯微鏡觀察φVP2 為頭部略長的有尾噬菌體並具有6 條尾絲，而φVA2 具有一短尾部，頭部呈現二十面體。在基因體DNA 電泳中φVA2 與φVP2 可觀察到各具有一17.8K bp 的片段，而φVA2 DNA 能由限制酶酵素EcoR I 與Xba I作用，得到數個特定限制酶切割片段，推算其基因體大小約為40K bp。在宿主範圍中φVP2 能感染腸炎弧菌與溶藻弧菌，而φVA2 則只能感染溶藻弧菌。在噬菌體的熱穩定性分析中，φVA2 能存活於65°C以下，而φVP2 在63°C 下仍能存活。為生產大量的弧菌噬菌體在φVA2 增值生產中以隔夜培養宿主做為菌種，並立即以MOI= 10-6 感染噬菌體，以MSWYE 培養基做為營養來源，為最佳化的增殖條件。而增殖φVP2 時，除MOI 須提高至10-4 來立即感染隔夜宿主外，並培養在MSWYE 培養基中，就能增值最多的弧菌噬菌體。

Seventeen strains of multi drug-resistant strains were isolated from aquaculture farms in previous study, and 82% (14/17) of these strains are belong to Vibrio species, which is one of the major pathogens in the aquaculture farms. Vibrio disease (vibriosis) which caused by the Vibrio will cause the fish skin ulcer with bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms such as swelling. The highest mortality rate of Vibrio infected marine fish is up to 100%. Two vibriophages, Vibrio parahaemolyticus vibriophage φVP2 and Vibrio alginolyticus vibriophage φVA2, were isolated from aquaculture environments in this study. The morphology of vibriophage was examined by electron microscopy. The φVP2 phage has an oval head with a tail and six tail fibers. As φVA2, an icosarhedral head with an short tail is observed. In the DNA electrophoresis analysis, a fragment at 17.8k bp was observed in both φVA2 and φVP2 sample. Restriction endonuclease digestion pattern revealed that the φVA2 vibriophage DNA can be cut into various small size of DNA fragments by EcoR I and Xba I endonuclease. In the host-range analysis, φVP2 can infect Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus, while φVA2 and φVP2 cannot infect other Vibrio spp., Pasteurella, E. Coli, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from aquaculture farms. φVA2 and φVP2 can survive at the temperature below 65°C and 63°C, respectively. To obtain the maximum proliferation of vibriophage, different conditions were tested, including infection time point, host bacteria age, MOI (multiplicity of infection) and various mediums. Vibriophage φVA2 was proliferated under following conditions: (1) phage was add to the medium with host seed together; (2) the overnight cultured host bacteria was used as seed; (3) the host cells were infected at MOI= 10-6; (4) MSWYE media was used as culture media. Vibriophage φVP2 was proliferated following φVA2 conditions but MOI values was 10-4.

謝誌................................................................................................... I
摘要................................................................................................... II
Abstract.............................................................................................. II
目錄................................................................................................... IV
表目錄............................................................................................... VI
圖目錄............................................................................................... VII
壹、前言
一、水產養殖的威脅.................................................................................. 1
二、弧菌引起魚類疾病.............................................................................. 2
三、噬菌體的簡介...................................................................................... 11
1. 噬菌體的分類................................................................................ 15
2. 噬菌體的生命週期........................................................................ 19
四、弧菌噬菌體相關研究.......................................................................... 21
五、研究目的............................................................................................. 29
貳、材料與方法
一、樣品採集.............................................................................................. 30
二、宿主細菌培養...................................................................................... 30
三、特殊培養基TCBS 培養基檢測........................................................ 31
四、噬菌體的篩選..................................................................................... 31
五、噬菌體效價之測定 (phage titer)....................................................... 32
六、單株噬菌體的分離............................................................................. 33
七、噬菌體與菌種保存法......................................................................... 33
八、弧菌生長曲線測試.............................................................................. 34
九、宿主溶裂曲線測試............................................................................. 34
十、噬菌體感染時間對弧菌噬菌體增殖的影響..................................... 34
十一、宿主菌齡對弧菌噬菌體增殖的影響.............................................. 35
十二、Multiplicity of infection (MOI) 對弧菌噬菌體增殖的影響......... 36
十三、培養基對弧菌噬菌體增殖的影響................................................. 36
十四、噬菌體之增殖 (amplification)....................................................... 37
十五、NaCl-PEG8000 噬菌體純化方法................................................... 37
十六、PEG/NaCl 噬菌體純化方法........................................................... 38
十七、超高速離心噬菌體純化方法.......................................................... 38
十八、流式光度計分析.............................................................................. 39
十九、穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察負染色弧菌噬菌體樣本......................... 40
二十、噬菌體宿主交叉測試..................................................................... 40
二十一、噬菌體與宿主熱穩定性分析...................................................... 41
二十二、噬菌體核酸萃取.......................................................................... 41
二十三、DNA 電泳製備與分析（DNA agarose gel electrophoresis）...... 42
二十四、噬菌體與宿主熱穩定性分析...................................................... 43
二十五、最大可能菌數檢測法 (Most Probable Number, MPN method) 43
參、結果
一、篩選噬菌體........................................................................................... 45
二、弧菌噬菌體 (vibriophage) 型態分析................................................ 47
三、弧菌噬菌體基因體 DNA (genomic DNA) 分析................................ 48
四、弧菌噬菌體之宿主範圍....................................................................... 49
五、弧菌噬菌體增殖條件.......................................................................... 50
六、弧菌噬菌體純化方式.......................................................................... 58
七、弧菌噬菌體與宿主之熱穩定性.......................................................... 60
肆、討論
一、弧菌噬菌體的篩選.............................................................................. 63
二、弧菌噬菌體分類.................................................................................. 64
三、弧菌噬菌體的增殖最佳化.................................................................. 67
四、弧菌噬菌體的純化.............................................................................. 71
五、弧菌噬菌體熱穩定性.......................................................................... 73
六、未來展望.............................................................................................. 74
伍、參考文獻.................................................................................... 75
陸、附錄
附錄A 噬菌體分科總表............................................................................. 121
附錄B MPN index and 95% confidence limits for various combinations
of positive results when five tubes are used per dilution (10 ml,
1ml, 0.1 ml)...................................................................................... 122

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