| 摘要(英) |
Abstract
The combinations of four temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35℃) and six salinities (5, 10, 15, 20 ,25, 30psu ) were employed to study the effects of environmental factors on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of hard clam Meretrix lusoria and purple clam Sanguinolaria rostrata. The results show that, at the same salinities, the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of M. lusoria increased with increasing temperature and reached the maximum at 30℃, but declined at 35℃. In contrast , the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of S. rostrata increased with increasing temperature, and the maximum was at 35℃. S. rostrata can adapt to higher temperature than M. lusoria does. At the same temperature, the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of two bivalves increased with increasing salinity, reaching its maximum at 15~25psu, and declining at higher salinity ranges. These two bivalves like to live in estuaries.
The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of M. lusoria occurred at 30℃, 20 psu (1.23 cm/min and 1.78 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.5 and 2.8, respectively. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of S. rostrata were at 35℃, 25 psu (1.64 cm/min and 1.45 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 4.0 and 5.8, respectively. Temperature and salinity had more remarkable effects on S. rostrata than on M. lusoria.
In another experiment, the combinations of four temperatures (20 ,25 ,30 ,35℃) and three salinities (10, 20, 30 psu) were employed to study the effects on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of small M. lusoria and small S. rostrata. The results show that the effects of all temperature-salinity combination on the speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the oxygen consumption of the small bivalves were similar to that of the large ones. The physiological conditions of the small bivalves were similar to that of the large ones. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of small M. lusoria were at 30℃, 20 psu (1.31 cm/min and 5.56 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.5 and 3.0, respectively. The maximal speed of ciliary movement of the gill and the maximal oxygen consumption of small S. rostrata were at 35℃, 20 psu (1.67 cm/min and 3.96 mgO2/hr/g, respectively). The ratio of the maximun to the minimun were 2.9 and 7.1, respectively. Temperature and salinity had more remarkable effects on small S. rostrata than small M. lusoria.
Our results also show that the oxygen consumption is positively correlated with the speed of ciliary movement of the gill in both bivalves (R2﹥0.94). The speed of ciliary movement of the gill can be regarded as an physiological indicator. The speed of ciliary movement of the gill of M. lusoria changed very significantly when the temperature was suddenly changed 5℃ or when the salinity was suddenly changed 10psu. The condition then stabilized only gradually. The speed of ciliary movement of the gill showed no pronounced variations after 50~70 minutes. We found that when the temperature or salinity was changed suddenly, the physiological condition of M. lusoria was disturbed and became stable after 70 minutes.
M. lusoria died at 5psu (35℃), but S. rostrata didn’t. S. rostrata can adapt to higher temperature and lower salinity. The cultivation of S. rostrata is easier than M. lusoria. The effects of temperature changes were more significant than those of salinity. Temperature variations were more important than salinity variations on cultivation of M. lusoria and S. rostrata. |
| 參考文獻 |
山元憲一、田中 實、田中直樹、神園真人、秋本恆基(1993) Effects of hypoxia and water temperature on the crawling speed of the gill piece of three bivalvia specieses, Crassostrea gigas, Scapharca globosa ursuss, and Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata.水產增殖41卷4號，第435-438頁。(日文)
山元憲一、田中 實、曾我部知德、渡邊英悅(1994) Effects of salinity, water temperature and hypoxia on ciliary movement of the gills and oxygen consumption in a freshwater bivalve, Corbicula leana.水產增殖42卷2號，第329-334頁。(日文)
山元憲一、半田岳志、中村真敏、田村晃一、韓青溪(1998) Effects of hypoxia on respiration in the green mussel, Perna viridis (Mytilidae, Bivalvia). 水產增殖46卷4號，第523-527頁。(日文)
山元憲一、安達 智、河邊 博(1999) Effects of hypoxia on respiration in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii. 水產增殖47卷4號，第539-544頁。(日文)
山元憲一(2000) Effect of water temperature on respiration in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii. 水產增殖48卷1號，第47-52頁。(日文)
井上 明(1938)гЗヲэソ鰓ソ纖毛運動シ溫度シソ關係。日本水產學會誌第7卷第1號，第24頁。
丁雲源(1973)文蛤之養殖。漁牧科學第1卷第7期，第71-76頁。
丁雲源(1974)血蚶攝餌量及濾水量之研究。台灣省水產學會第3卷第2期，第61-65頁。
王曉萍(1992)台灣西施舌養殖概況。國立中山大學漁業推廣工作專刊第8期，第40-42頁。
台灣地區民國八十八年漁業年報(1999)台灣省行政院農委會漁業暑刊行。
台灣地區民國八十九年漁業年報(2000)台灣省行政院農委會漁業暑刊行。
李慶玲(1993)以Benzalkonium Chloride (BKC)處理浮游植物時之水質變化。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。
李榮涼、丁雲源(1996)草蝦與西刀舌循環水養殖模式之研究。農委會漁業特刊第58號，第135-148頁。
何雲達、吳純衡(1985)文蛤苗人工大量繁殖種貝採卵模式之改進。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第39號，第15-31頁。
何雲達(1988)文蛤池底質調查與試驗。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第45號，第45-56頁。
巫文隆(1980)台灣重要食用雙殼貝類研究。貝類學報第7期，第101-114頁。
巫文隆、劉秀平(1989)文蛤資源研究II.本省文蛤研究的回顧與展望。貝類學報第14期，第49-61頁。
周宏農(1993)麻痺性貝毒與下痢性貝毒的檢驗。中國水產月刊第488期，第7-15頁。
胡興華(1973)台灣西南淺海養殖貝類斃死調查研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第23號，第1-20頁。
郭世榮、丁雲源(1991)台灣西南部草蝦池水質之研究。農委會漁業特刊第28號，第135-172頁。
陳弘成、秦宗顯(1994)氯化汞對文蛤Meretrix lusoria濾食率之影響。台灣水產學會刊第21卷第4期，第339-346頁。
陳致中、劉莉蓮(1992)文蛤養殖經營管理。國立中山大學漁業推廣工作專刊第8期，第10-16頁。
陳治宇、周宏農(1997)西施貝與麻痺性貝毒。中國水產月刊第531期，第35-42頁。
陳弘成、趙國孝(1980)石蚌之氧氣消耗量研究。貝類學報第7期，第87-100頁。
陳慧琦(1996)溫度、鹽度及藻類對牡蠣、文蛤濾食影響之研究。國立中山大學海洋資源研究所碩士論文。
陳麗貞(1992)臺灣養殖文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)的遺傳變異。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。
曾文陽(1974)本省貝類養殖大量斃死調查與研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第24號，第25-34頁。
曾文陽(1976)台灣西南沿海養殖貝類大量死亡原因之研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第26號，第1- 35頁。
曾文陽、陳世欽(1974)鹿港區養殖文蛤成長之初步研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第24號，第35-54頁。
黃哲崇(1997)浮油之水溶性部分對文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)濾食、呼吸以及潛沙行為的影響。國立台灣大學海洋研究所碩士論文。
楊維德(1981)文蛤生理生態試驗—I文蛤形質測定和生態之生存界限及其數學模式。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第33號，第669-676頁。
楊鴻禧、丁雲源(1984)文蛤人工繁殖之研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第36號，第99-111頁。
楊鴻禧、丁雲源(1985)西施舌人工繁殖之研究。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第38號，第123-135頁。
廖一久、蘇茂森、蘇惠美(1988)有毒渦鞭毛藻生長及貝毒之研究。台灣省水產試驗所七十七年度試驗工作報告，第282-287頁。
鄭豐洲、陳章波(1998)文蛤耗氧率及行為關係之研究。生物科學第41卷，第1期，第11-20頁。
蔡英亞、張英、魏若飛(1997)軟體動物貝類學概論。水產出版社。第216-221，244-248頁。
賴順安(1984)西施舌稚貝之培育研究。中國文化大學海洋研究所資源組碩士論文。
賴仲謀、周賢鏘(1984)殺草劑對虱目魚、吳郭魚、文蛤、牡蠣之急速毒性。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第37號，第129-132頁。
賴仲謀(1986)常用農葯對虱目魚、草蝦、文蛤之急速毒性。台灣省水產試驗所試驗報告第41號，第87-91頁。
賴戚光(1994)密度處理對文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)生長之影響。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。
謝易翰(1997)密度效應中樣區面積的大小(patch size)對文蛤(Meretrix lusoria)生長之影響。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。
Bayne, B.L.,1965. Growth and delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of Mytilus edulis, L. Ophelia, 2(1)：1-47.
Bayne, B.L., 1971. Oxygen consumption by three species of lamellibranch mollusc in declining ambient oxygen tension. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 40A：955-970.
Bayne, B., 1973. The responses of three species of bivalve mollusc to declining oxygen tension at reduced salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 45A：793-806.
Bougrier, S., Hawkins, A.J.S. and Héral, M.,1997. Preingestive selection of different microalgal mixtures in Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis, analysed by flow cytometry. Aquaculture, 150：123-134.
Bricelj, V.M. and Malouf, R.E., 1984. Influence of algal and suspended sediment concentrations on the feeding physiology of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Mar. Biol., 84：155-165.
Cucci, T.L., Shumway, S.E., Newell, R.C., Selvin, R., Guillard, R.R.L. and Yentsch, C.M.,1985. Flow cytometry：a new method for characterization of differential ingestion, digestion and egestion by suspension feeders. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 24：201-204.
Davenport, J., 1988. Oxygen consumption and ventilation rate at low temperatures in the antarctic protobranch bivalve mollusc Yoldia (=Aequiyoldia) eightsi (Courthouy). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 90A：511-513.
DeVooys, C.G.N.,1976.The influence of temperature and time of year on the oxygen uptake of the sea mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol., 36：25-30.
Defossez, J.M., Hawkins, A.J.S., 1997. Selective feeding in shellfish: size-dependent rejection of large particles within pseudofaeces from Mytilus edulis, Ruditapes philippinarum and Tapes decussatus. Mar. Biol., 129：139-147.
Foe, C. and Knight, A., 1987. Assessment of thebiological impact of point source discharges employing asiatic clams. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 16：39-51.
Grizzle, R.E., Langan, R. and Howell, W.H., 1992. Growth responses of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs to changes in water flow：differences between siphonate and nonsiphonate taxa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 162：213-228.
Hamburger, K., Møhlenberg, F., Randløv, A. and Riisgard, H.U., 1983. Size, oxygen consumption and growth in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol., 75：303-306.
Haure, J., Penisson, C., Bougrier, S. and Baud, J.P., 1998. Influence of temperature on clearance and oxygen consumption rate of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis：determination of allometric coefficients. Aquaculture, 169：211-224.
Iglesias, J.I.P., Urrutia, M.B., Navarro, E. and Ibarrola, I., 1998. Measuring feeding and absorption in suspension-feeding bivalves： an appraisal of the biodeposition method. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 219：71-86.
Jonathan, G. and Bruce, T.,1991. Effects of suspended sediment on growth, respiration, and excretion of the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria). Con. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 48：1285-1291.
Jørgensen, C.B., 1981. Feeding and cleaning mechanisms in the suspension feeding bivalve Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol.,65：159-163.
Jørgensen, C.B., 1982. Fluid mechanics of the mussel gill: the lateral cilia. Mar. Biol., 70：275-281.
Kamermans, P., 1994. Similarity in food source and timing of feeding in deposit- and suspension-feeding bivalves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 104：63-75.
Kinne, O., 1964. The effects of temperature and salinity on marine and brackish water animals. II. Salinity and temperature-salinity combinations. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. A. Rev., 2：281-339.
Kingston, P., 1974. Some observations on the effects of temperature and salinity upon the growth of Cardium edule and Cardium glaucum larvae in the laboratory. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 54：309-317.
Kiørboe, T., Møhlenberg, F., 1981. Particle selection in suspension-feeding bivalves. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 5：291-296.
Malanga, C.J., Wenger, G.R. and Aiello, E.L., 1972. Endogenous dopamine in bivalve gills. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 43A：825-830.
Moore, H.J., 1971. The structure of the latero-frontal cirri on the gills of certain lamellibranch molluscs and their role in suspension feeding. Mar. Biol., 11：23-27.
Sharp, J.W., Sitts, R.M. and Knight, A.W., 1978. Effects of kelthane and temperature on the respiration of Crangon franciscorum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 59C：75-79.
Shumway, S.E., Cucci, T.L., Newell, R.C. and Yentsch, C.M., 1985. Particle selection, ingestion, and absorption in filter-feeding bivalves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 91：77-92.
Sidari, L., Nihetto, P., Cok, S., Sosa, S., Tubaro, A., Honsell, G. and Loggia, R.D., 1998. Phytoplankton selection by mussels, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Mar. Biol., 131：103-111.
Sindermann, C.J., 1988. Biological indicators and biological effects of estuarine coastal pollution. Wat. Rsources Bull., 24：931-939.
Smaal, A.C., Twisk, F., 1997. Filtration and absorption of Phaeocystis cf. globosa by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol., 209：33-46.
Taylor, A.C. and Brand, A.R., 1975a. A comparative study of the respiratory responses of the bivalves Arctica islandica (L.) and Mytilus edulis L. to declining oxygen tension. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 190：443-456.
Taylor, A.C. and Brand, A.R., 1975b. Effects of hypoxia and body size on the oxygen consumption of bivalae Arctica islandica (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 19：187-196.
Vahl, O., 1973. Pumping and oxygen consumption rates of Mytilus edulis L. of different sizes. Ophelia, 12：45-52.
Ward, J.E., Targett, N.M., 1989. Influence of marine microalgal metabolites on the feeding behavior of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol., 101：313-321.
Ward, J.E., MacDonald, B.A., and Thompson, R.J., 1993. Mechanisms of suspension feeding in bivalves: Resolution of current controversies by means of endoscopy. Limnol. Oceanogr., 38 (2)：265-272.
Widdows, J. 1973. Effect of temperature and food on the heart beat, ventilation rate and oxygen uptake of Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol., 20：269-276.
Winkle, W.V., 1975. Oxyconformers and oxyregulators：A quantitative index. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 17：103-110. |
