Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0824104-165522 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0824104-165522
論文名稱
Title
台灣西南海域沉積物中底棲性有孔蟲的分佈
Living (Rose Bengal Stained) Benthic Foraminifera in Sediments off the Southwest Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
93
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2004-06-15
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2004-08-24
關鍵字
Keywords
高屏峽谷、底棲性有孔蟲、染色、群落分析
stained, Kao-ping Submarine Canyon, Clusters analysis, benthic foraminifera
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5789 次,被下載 2403
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5789 times, has been downloaded 2403 times.
中文摘要
本論文研究目的係藉由有孔蟲細胞質的染色處理,針對台灣西南海域的沉積物樣品,探討現生底棲性有孔蟲種屬組合與當地沉積環境的關係。
高屏峽谷附近表層沉積物中底棲性有孔蟲現生種屬和總殼體數量與採樣站位的水深及表層沉積物的TOC含量沒有明顯的相關性。經由底棲性有孔蟲的L/T ratio計算,顯示高屏峽谷內部的底棲性有孔蟲組合並不是長久以來持續棲息於當地的種屬。而利用群落分析方法將高屏峽谷附近的底棲性有孔蟲分佈趨勢分為兩種分佈型態:一為淺內生種-深內生種種屬組合,分佈於高屏外海及南邊陸棚;其二為與表生種-淺內生種種屬組合,大多分佈在近岸的站位,且峽谷內部的種屬和峽谷南北兩側的大陸棚區相似,說明高屏峽谷內部的底棲性有孔蟲很有可能是受外力影響被動的搬運而來。同時高屏峽谷南北兩坡的歧異度均有向外海遞減的趨勢,相對於近岸的站位較高的歧異度量化指數,峽谷內部的歧異度與種屬均勻度呈現較低,顯示當地環境的變化不利於底棲生物的生存。經由多種不同方式的比較與討論均顯示,高屏峽谷內部的底棲性有孔蟲有可能是受到峽谷內部複雜的潮汐與流相互作用的影響而遷移。離高屏峽谷最遠的深水站位有許多較大的有孔蟲殼體、陳舊的殼體、大型顆粒以及破片,沉積物可能來自高屏溪口經由高屏峽谷往外海輸送;也有可能是來自其他地區,隨著海流的傳輸而來。
利用沉積物中超量210Pb定年結果配合有孔蟲豐度變化,估計約在30年前(1973年)底棲性有孔蟲Ammonia豐度明顯減少,是否是受到沉積物中環境污染的影響則需藉進一步的分析確認。
Abstract
The objective for this study was to provide the insight into the link between benthic foraminiferal assemblages and the surrounding environment. Stained sediment samples were collected from the continental shelf and slope off the southwest Taiwan, including the Kao-ping Submarine Canyon. In addition to faunal census, total organic carbon (TOC), carbonate, and coarse fraction of the sediments were also measured. Nevertheless, the downcore record of the excess 210Pb from selected sites offers the constraint for stratigraphy time frame for discussion.
The benthic foraminiferal assemblages were analyzed by statistics. Clusters analysis shows that all species present in this study could be divided into two groupings. One is those distributed in outer shelf and the other is those found in the inner shelf of the southwest Taiwan. Different from previous studies, the spatial distribution of stained benthic foraminifera seems not to be related with TOC contents in the sediment and water depth. Both the diversity index and Eqitability show that sites inside of the canyon have lower values. The higher Living/Total ratios and lower dead tests at the head of Kao-ping Submarine Canyon than adjacent area might be the effect of migration. Furthermore, the species within the canyon are similar to the southern and northern continental shelf. These findings indicate that the spatial distribution of benthic forams within canyon might be the effect of transport, which could result from the complex interaction between tides and currents.
Augmented with the profiles of excess 210Pb, the temporal variation of benthic foraminifera was revealed. Generally there is a progressive decrease in the abundance of Ammonia sp.. It is possible that the diminishing trend was caused by the increase of anthropogenic activity for the last 30 years.
目次 Table of Contents
目錄
誌謝…………………….…………….…………………………...…….Ⅰ
中文摘要…………………….…………….…………………………....Ⅱ
英文摘要..……………………….………………...……………………Ⅲ
目錄…………………………………….………..……………………...Ⅳ
圖目錄………………………………………….……………….……....Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………….…………..……………...Ⅵ
壹、緒論……………………………….………..….……………………1
1-1 前言……………………………………………………………1
1-2 研究區域………………………………………………………6
1-3 前人研究………………………………………………………8
貳、研究料與方法…………………………………………………..…13
2-1 研究材料…………………………………………………..…13
2-2分析方法………………………………………………………16
2-2-1粗顆粒含量分析…………………………………….16
2-2-2總碳、總有機碳及碳酸鈣含量分析..…………………17
2-2-3種屬鑑定與計算豐度……………………………...…18
2-2-4鉛-210活性分析……………………………..………18
2-2-5沉積速率………………………………………………23
參、實驗結果………………………………………..…………………25
3-1各項參數分析結果……………………………………………25
3-1-1粗顆粒含量與總碳、總有機碳及碳酸鈣含量分析…25
3-1-2種屬鑑定與豐度………………………………………32
3-2 L/T ratio計算………………………………………………..37
3-3 群落分析…………………...….………………………….…44
3-3-1 與前人研究比較………………..……………………50
3-4 歧異度………………………………………..………………52
3-5 鉛-210活性分析與計算沉積速率…………………..…......60
肆、討論……………………………………………………...…..……66
4-1 底棲性有孔蟲種屬空間分佈與傳輸方向………………..…66
4-2底棲性有孔蟲隨時間的變化………..………………….…....72
伍、結論…………………………………………………………….….76
陸、參考文獻……………………………………...…..………………78
中文部分……………………...……….……...…..……………...78
英文部分……………………...…………………..………………79
附錄一 各站位底棲性有孔蟲個別種屬鑑定與豐度計屬結果…...…88
圖目錄
圖一 底棲性有孔蟲在沉積物中的垂直分佈與沉積物中的有機碳含量和溶氧之間的關係圖……………………………………………..4
圖二 染色底棲性有孔蟲L/T ratio與總殼體數量分佈趨勢…………..6
圖三 高屏峽谷地理位置圖……………………………………………..7
圖四 高屏峽谷表層流場經由數值模式與現場觀測結果……………..9
圖五 高屏峽谷主軸上及附近海域能量傳輸示意圖………………...10
圖六 研究區域採樣位置圖……………………………………….…14
圖七 沉積物中210Pb理想垂直剖面圖……………………………….22
圖八 各站表層沉積物的參數比較……………………………….…28
圖九 總碳、總有機碳及碳酸鈣含量隨沉積物深度變化結果…….….30
圖十 各站位的染色有孔蟲殼體與總殼體數量、表層沉積物TOC含
量與L/T ratio比較圖…..………………………………………..33
圖十一 底棲性有孔蟲的豐度與沉積物中TOC含量關係圖….…….34
圖十二 各站位表層沉積物中染色底棲性有孔蟲個別種屬與豐度計
算結果3D立體圖…………………………………………….35
圖十三 各站位表層沉積物中染色底棲性有孔蟲個別種屬與豐度計
算結果平面圖…..………………………………….………….36
圖十四 高屏峽谷主軸上底棲性有孔蟲個別種屬的L/T ratio與總殼
體數量關係圖………………………………………..………38
圖十五 底棲性有孔蟲個別種屬的L/T ratio與總殼體數量關係圖..40
圖十六 染色樣品群落分析的結果,大致上可將所有樣品分為3個
群落……………………………………………………………45
圖十七 總樣品群落分析的結果,將所有樣品分為5個群落………..48
圖十八 底棲性有孔蟲的豐度與採樣站位水深的關係圖……………53
圖十九 各站位染色樣品的H’與Equitability分析結果……………57
圖二十 各站位所有樣品的H’與Equitability分析結果………...……59
圖二十一 210Pb活度分析站位圖…………………………….....……61
圖二十二 KP3站、S1站、N2站及TA2站沉積物中超量210Pb活
度垂直分佈圖……………………………..………………62
圖二十三 (a)N3站沉積物中超量210Pb活度垂直分佈圖(b)N3站
ln 210Pb對深度作圖………..……………………………63
圖二十四 N2站與TA2站ln 210Pb對深度作圖………………………64
圖二十五 利用染色群落分析結果,各站位的表生種-淺內生種與淺
內生種-深內生種比例分佈圖…………….…………..67
圖二十六 KP5站的>63
參考文獻 References
中文部份:
汪中和,1992,地質溫度計─氧同位素與古氣候,科學月刊,23(1),第16-19頁。
林洺秀,1991,台灣西南海域重金屬之陸源輸入及其沉積通量,國立中山大學海洋地質及化學研究所博士論文,共75頁。
洪國瑋,2000,台灣東北海域陸坡區之沉降顆粒:通量、粒徑分佈及鉛釙不平衡,國立中山大學海洋地質及化學研究所博士論文,共212頁。
張育嘉,2000,高屏峽谷及附近海域之流場觀測,國立中山大學海洋資源學系研究所碩士論文,共91頁。
張婉琪,1993,台灣東北海域沉積物鈾釷系列核種之地球化學,國立中山大學海洋地質研究所碩士論文,共85頁。
張慧貞,2002,南海北部海域之沉降顆粒及沉積物:顆粒通量與鉛-210之分佈,國立中山大學海洋地質及化學研究所碩士論文,共64頁。
蔡守文,1989,台灣海峽沉積物鉛-210定年法之應用,國立中山大學海洋地質研究所碩士論文,共81頁。
謝英宗,1984,南灣地區海濱和附近海域沈積物之研究,中國文化大學海洋研究所碩士論文,共345頁。
魏國彥,2003,小化石記錄大氣候,科學發展,369,第6-11頁。
樊文川,1991,台灣西南海域現代沈積物中底棲性有孔蟲之分佈研究,國立台灣大學地質研究所碩士論文,共108頁。
英文部分:
Akimoto, K., T. Tanaka, M. Hattori and H. Hotta, 1994. Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the cold seep Communities-a contribution to the methane gas indicator. In: Tsuchi, R. (Ed.), Pacific Neogene Events in Time and Space. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 11-25.
Alve, E., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution: An overview. J. Foraminifera Res., 25, 190-203.
Anderson, R.F. and S.L. Schiff, 1987. Determining sediment accumulation and mixing rates using 210Pb, 137Cs, and other tracers: Problems due to postdepositional mobility or coring artifacts. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44, 231-250.
Banerji, R.K. 1992. Heavy metals and benthic foraminiferal distribution along Bombay coast, India. Benthos ’90, Sendai, Studies in Benthic Foraminifera, Tokai University Press, 151-158.
Bernhard, J.M., K.R. Buck and J.P. Barry, 2001. Monterey Bay cold-seep biota: Assemblages, abundance, and ultrastructure of living foraminifera. Deep-Sea Res. I, 48, 2233–2249.
Billups K. and D.P. Schrag, 2002. Paleotemperatures and ice volume of the past 27 Myr revisited with paired Mg/Ca and 18O/16O measurements on benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography, 17, 3, 1-11.
Burke, S.K., W.H. Berger, W.T. Coulbourn and E. Vincent, 1993. Benthic foraminifera in box core ERDC112, Ontong Java Plateau. J. Foraminifera Res., 23(1), 19-39.
Corliss, B.H., 1985. Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments. Nature, 314, 435-438.
Corliss, B.H., 1991. Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Micropaleontol., 17, 195-236.
Corliss B.H. and S. Emerson, 1990. Distribution of Rose Bengal stained deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Nova Scotian continental margin and Gulf of Maine. Dee-Sea Res., 37, 381-400.
Culver, S.J. and F.T. Banner, 1978. Foraminifera assemblages as Flandrian palaeoenvironmental indicators. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 24, 53-72.
Den Dulk, M., G.J. Reichart, W.J. Zachariasse and G.J. Van der Zwaan, 2000. Benthic foraminifera as proxies of organic matter flux and bottom water oxygenation? A case history from the northern Arabian Sea. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 161, 337–359.
De Stigter H.C., F.J. Jorissen and G.J. Van der Zwaan, 1998. Bathymetric distribution and microhabitat partitioning of live (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera along a shelf to deep sea transect in the southern Adriatic Sea. J. Foraminifera Res., 28, 40-65.
Gooday, A.J., 1986. Meiofaunal foraminiferans from the bathyal Porcupie Seabight (northeast Atlantic): size structure, stand stock, taxonomic composition, species diversity and vertical distribution in the sediment. Dee-Sea Res., 33, 1345-1373.
Hammer, O., 2002. Palaeontological community and diversity analysis– brief notes. http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/
Hammer, O., D.A.T. Harper and P.D. Ryan, 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica, 4(1), 9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001.
Heinz, P. and Ch. Hemleben, 2003. Regional and seasonal variations of recent benthic deep-sea foraminifera in the Arabian Sea. Dee-Sea Res. I, 50, 435-447.
Heinz, P., Ch. Hemleben and H. Kitazato, 2002. Time-response of cultured deep-sea benthic foraminifera to different algal diets. Deep Sea Res. I, 49, 3, 517-537.
Herguera, J.C., 2000. Last glacial paleoproductivity patterns in the eastern equatorial Pacific: benthic foraminifera records. Mar. Micropaleontol. 40, 259-275.
Herguera, J.C. and W.H. Berger, 1991. Paleoproductivity from benthic foraminifera abundance: Glacial to postglacial change in the west-equatorial Pacific. Geology, 19, 1173-1176.
Hess, S. and W. Kuhnt, 1996. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal recolonization of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo ash layer in the South China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol., 28, 171-197.
Hess, S., W. Kuhnt, S. Hill, M.A. Kaminski, A.E. Holbourn and M. De Leon, 2001. Monitoring the recolonization of the Mt Pinatubo 1991 ash layer by benthic foraminifera. Mar. Micropaleontol., 43, 119-142.
Huang B., J. Zhimin, X. Cheng and P. Wang, 2002. Foraminiferal responses to upwelling variations in the South China Sea over the last 220, 000 years. Marine Micropaleontology, 47, 1-15.
Huang, T., 1961. Small Foraminifera from the beach sands at Tanmenkang, Pacho-Tao, Penghu: Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 4, 83-90.
Huang, T., 1967. Late Tertiary planktonic foraminifera from southern Taiwan. Sci. Rept. Tohoku. Univ., 2nd Ser., 38, 165-192.
Huang, T., 1971a. Foraminiferal trands in the surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait. ECAFE CCOP Techn. Bull., 4, 23-61.
Huang, T., 1971b. Some foraminiferal lineages in Taiwan. Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 14, 76-85.
Huang, T., 1972. Species diversity of benthonic foraminifers in the Taiwan Strait, Taiwan, China. Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 15, 99-110.
Huang, T., 1983. Foraminiferal biofacies of the Taiwan Strait, ROC. Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 22, 1-2, 151-177.
Hueni, C.M., J. Anepohl and R. Casey, 1978. Distribution of living benthonic foraminifera as indicators of oceanographic processes of the South Texas outer continental shelf. Transaction of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Society, 28, 193-200.
Javaux, E.J. and B.S. David, 2003. Illustration of Modern Benthic Foraminifera from Bermuda and Remarks on Distribution in Other Subtropical/tropical Areas. Palaeontologia Electronica, 6(4), 29, http://palaeo-electronica.org/paleo/2003_1/benthic/issue1_03.htm
Jian, Z., L. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin and P. Wang, 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40, 000 years. Mar. Geol., 156, 159-186.
John, A.W.G., 1987. The regular occurrence of Reophax scottii Chaster, a benthic foraminiferan, in plankton samples from the North Sea. J. Paleontol., 24, 6-12.
Jorissen, F.J., I. Wittling, J.P. Peypouquet, C. Rabouille and J.C. Relexans, 1998. Live benthic foraminiferal faunas off Cape Blanc, NW-Africa: Community structure and microhabitats. Dee-Sea Res. I, 45, 2157-2188.
Jorissen, F.J. and I. Wittling, 1999. Ecological evidence from live–dead comparisons of benthic foraminiferal faunas off Cape Blanc (Northwest Africa). Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 149,151-170.
Jorissen, F.J., H.C. De Stigter and J.G.V. Widmark, 1995. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Mar. Micropaleontol., 22, 3-15.
Kennett, J.P., 1982. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Marine Geology., 813pp.
Koide, M., A. Soutar and E.D. Goldberg, 1972. Marine geochronology with Pb-210. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 14, 442-446.
Krishnaswami, S., D. Lal, J.M. Martin and M. Meybeck, 1971. Geochronology of lake sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 11, 407-414.
Kurbjeweit, F., G. Schmiedl, R. Schiebel, Ch. Hemleben, O. Pfannkuche, K. Wallmann and P. Schäfer, , 2000. Distribution, biomass and diversity of benthic foraminifera in relation to sediment geochemistry in the Arabian Sea. Dee-Sea Res. II, 47, 2913-2955.
Lidz, L., 1966. Planktonic foraminifera in the water column of the mainland shelf off Newport beach, California. Limnol. and Oceanogr., 11, 257-263.
Lin, H.-L., J.T. Liu, and G.-W. Hung, 2004. Foraminiferal Shells in Sediment Traps: Implications of Biogenic Particle Transport in the Kao-ping Submarine Canyon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., (Submitted)
Liu, J.T., K.-j. Liu and J.C. Huang, 2002. The influence of a submarine canyon on river sediment dispersal and inner shelf sediment movements: a perspective from grain-size distributions. Mar. Geol., 181, 357-386.
Loubere, P., 1991. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage response to a surface ocean productivity gradient: a test. Paleoceanography, 6(2), 193-204.
Loose, T., 1970. Turbulent transport benthonic foraminifera. Contributions from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research, 21, 161-166.
Loubere, P., 1999. A multiproxy reconstruction of biological productivity and oceanography in the eastern equatorial Pacific for the past 30 000 years. Mar. Micropaleontol., 37, 173-198.
Lutze, G.F. and W.T. Coulbourn, 1983. Recent benthic foraminifera from the continental margin of northwest Africa: community structures and distribution. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8, 361-401.
Mackensen, A. and R.G. Douglas, 1989. Down-core distribution of live and dead deep-water benthic foraminifera in box cores from the Weddell Sea and the California continental borderland. Dee-Sea Res., 36, 879-900.
McCorkle, D.C., B.H. Corliss and C.A. Farnham, 1997. Vertical distributions and stable isotopic compositions of live (stained) benthic foraminifera from the North Carolina and California continental margin. Dee-Sea Res. Ι, 44, 983-1024.
Moodley, L. and C. Hess, 1992. Tolerance of infaunal benthic foraminifera for low and high oxygen concentrations. Biological Bulletin, 183, 94-98.
Murray, J.W., 1965. Significance of benthic foraminiferids in plankton samples. J. Paleontol., 39, 156-157.
Murray, J.W., 1980. The foraminifera of the Exe Estuary. Essays on the Exe Estuary, Devonshire Association Special Volume, 2, 89-115.
Murray, J.W. and A.B. Hawkins, 1976. Sediment transport in the Severn Estuary during the past 8000-9000 years. Journal of the Geological Society London, 132, 385-398.
Murray, J.W., S. Sturrock and J.F. Weston, 1982. Suspendend load transport of foraminiferal tests in the tide- and wave-swept sea. J. Foraminifera Res., 12, 51-65.
Nittrouer, C.A., D.J. DeMaster, B.A. McKee, N.H. Cutshall and I.L. Larsen, 1983/1984. The effect of sediment mixing on the Pb-210 accumulation rates for the Washington continental shelf. Mar. Geol., 54: 201-221.
Rathburn A.E. and B.H. Corliss, 1994. The ecology of living (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Sulu Sea. Paleoceanography, 9, 87-150.
Rathburn, A.E., B.H. Corliss, K.D. Tappa and K.C. Lohmann, 1996. Comparisons of the ecology and stable isotopic compositions of living (stained) benthic foraminifera from the Sulu and South China Seas. Dee-Sea Res. I, 43, 1617-1646.
Rathburn, A.E., L.A. Levin, Z. Held and K.C. Lohmann, 2000. Benthic foraminifera associated with cold methane seeps on the northern California margin: ecology and stable isotopic composition. Mar. Micropaleontol., 38, 247-266.
Ross,C.R. and J.P. Kenneth, 1983. Late Quaternary paleoceanography as recorded by benthic foraminifera in Strait of Sicily sediment sequences. Mar. Micropaleontol., 8, 315-326.
Samir, A.M. and A.B. El-Din, 2001. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages and morphological abnormalities as pollution proxies in two Egyptian bays. Mar. Micropaleontol., 41, 193-227.
Sen Gupta B.K., 1999. Modern Foraminifera. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 371pp.
Sen Gupta, B.K., E. Platon, J.M. Bernhard and P. Aharon, 1997. Foraminiferal colonization of hydrocarbon-seep bacterial mats and underlying sediment, Gulf of Mexico slope. J. Foraminifera Res., 27, 292–300.
Severin, K.P., S.J. Culvers and C. Blanpied, 1982. Burrows and trails produced by Quinqueloculina impressa Reuss, a benthic foraminifer, in fine-grained sediment. Sedimentol., 29, 897-901.
Spivack A. J., C.F. You, and H. J. Smith, 1993. Foraminiferal boron isotope ratios as a proxy for surface ocean pH over the past 21 Myr, Nature, 363, 149-151.
Thomas, E., T. Gapotchenko, J.C. Varekamp, E.L. Mecray and M.R. Buchholtz ten Brink, 2000. Benthic foraminifera and environmental changes in Long Island Sound, Journal of Coastal Res., 16, 641-655.
Thompson, P.R., A.W.H. Bé, J.-C. Duplessy and N. J. Shackleton, 1979. Disappearance of pink-pigmented Globigerinoides ruber at 120, 000 yr. BP in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Nature, 280, 554-558.
Van der Zwaan, G.J., I.A.P. Duijnstee, M. Den Dulk, S.R. Ernst, N.T. Jannink and T.J. Kouwenhoven, 1999. Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? a review of paleocological concepts. Earth Sci. Rev., 46, 213-236.
Yang, H.S., Y. Nozaki, H. Sakai, Y. Nagaya and K. Nakamura, 1986. Natural and man-made radionuclide distributions in Northwest Pacific deep-sea sediments: rate of sedimentation, bioturbation and Ra-226 migration. Geochem. J., 20, 29-40.
Yu, H.S., P.J. Auster and R.A. Cooper, 1993. Surface geology and biology at the head of Kao-ping canyon off southeastern Taiwan. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 4, 441-455.
Yu, H.S., C.S. Huang and J.W. Ku, 1991. Morphology and possible origin of the Kao-ping submarine canyon head off southeast Taiwan. Acta Oceanogr. Taiwanica, 27, 40-50.
Wang, P. and J.W. Murray, 1983. The use of foraminifera as indicators of tidal effects in estuarine deposits. Mar. Geol., 51, 239-250.
Watanabe, S., 1982. Foraminiferos bentonicos en muestras de plankton. Physis, A41, 43-44.
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外完全公開 unrestricted
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code