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博碩士論文 etd-0903107-200352 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0903107-200352
論文名稱
Title
「道歉」語言行為研究:言談情境填充問卷及言談情境角色扮演之比較
Studying Apologies: A Comparison of DCT and Role-play Data
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
209
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2007-05-25
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2007-09-03
關鍵字
Keywords
道歉、言談情境填充問卷、語言行為、言談情境角色扮演
internal modification, role play, DCT, apology strategy, apology, speech act
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 6011 times, has been downloaded 3434 times.
中文摘要
在中介語語用學 (Interlanguage Pragmatics) 領域裡,過去文獻已廣泛討論由不同語料收集工具所收集的語料之效度。本研究透過語言行為 (speech act) 領域中二種最普遍的研究方法,亦即,言談情境填充問卷 (Discourse Completion Task) 及言談情境角色扮演 (role play),收集道歉語言行為之語料並比較道歉策略 (apology strategies) 及內在修飾語 (internal modification) 之使用。六十名以中文為母語的台灣大學生及六十名學習英語為第二語言之台灣大學生填寫言談情境填充問卷;二十四名以中文為母語的台灣大學生及四十名學習英語為第二語言之台灣大學生參與言談情境角色扮演。研究結果顯示,無論是在言談情境填充問卷亦或在言談情境角色扮演裡,受試者者們傾向使用直接道歉策略 (Direct Expression of Apology)、承認錯誤 (Acknowledge Responsibility) 及提出補償措施 (Offer of Repairs) 做為他們主要的道歉策略。此外,受試者在此二種研究方法中,也都傾向使用增強道歉程度的修飾語 (MAXIMIZERs) 多於降低冒犯程度的修飾語(MINIMIZERs) 。然而,進一步分析道歉策略及內在修飾語之使用頻率及分佈,結果發現二種研究方法之間存在些許不同之處。相較於言談情境填充問卷,受試者在言談情境角色扮演中使用較多道歉策略及較多的內在修飾語。此外,受試者在填寫言談情境填充問卷時,也使用較少類別的道歉策略及較少類別的內在修飾。另外,由於英語能力較低落,以及對於面對面的互動較沒把握 (Rintell and Mitchell, 1989),學習英語為第二外語的非外文系學生,使用較多的「無爭議性策略」(‘play-it-safe’ strategy) (Faerch and Kasper, 1989; Trosborg, 1987)。換句話說,學習英語為第二外語的非外文系學生使用較多的直接道歉,並在所有的道歉情境下使用增強道歉程度的特徵(MAXIMIZERs)多於降低冒犯程度的特徵(MINIMIZERs)。除此之外,若將以中文為母語的台灣大學生再劃分成二組不同的組別:英語系學生及非英語系學生,結果顯示出一些群體內的差異。例如,在言談情境角色扮演的語料上顯示,英語系學生及非英語系學生之道歉策略的喜好順序不同。另外,英語系學生也比非英語系學生使用較多的中文語氣詞,「啊」、「吧」、及「呢」。研究結果意味,將台灣大學生依照其教育背景,另外分成不同組別是必要的。本研究也另外指出,傳統上,根據英語系統所分類的內在修飾模式可能無法完整解釋中文的道歉語言行為。中文的語氣助詞在英文中沒有可相對應之詞 (Tang and Tang, 1997),然而回顧以往道歉語言行為之研究,內在修式模式的分類卻都將中文語氣詞忽略了。因此,本研究藉由將中文語氣詞「啊」、「吧」、及「呢」列入內在修式語的分類中,修改了傳統上對於道歉語言中的內在修式語的分類 (Blum-Kulka & Kasper, 1989; Lin and Ho, 2006; Trosborg, 1995)。結果指出,雖然先前關於道歉語言內在修飾模式的研究 (Lin and Ho, 2006) 顯示英語母語人士較中文母語人士使用較多的內在修飾語,然而,若將中文語氣詞列入內在修飾語的分類之中,結果卻顯示中文母語人士較英文母語人士更常修飾其言語的語氣。此結果暗指中文語氣詞對於中文母語人士在表達說話時的態度的重要性。最後,為了提高語料的效度,未來相關研究應收集真實語境之語料並分析言談情境填充問卷及言談情境角色扮演是否皆能代表真實言語。此外,為了針對跨文化及中介語做更進一步分析,未來研究也應收集中文母語人士、英語母語人士、學習英文為第二外語的學生之語料。
Abstract
The validity of the speech act data obtained from different types of elicitation instruments has been widely debated in the Interlanguage Pragmatics literature. This study compared the use of apology strategies and modality markers from apology speech act data collected from two most popular speech act elicitation tasks, namely, Discourse Completion Task (DCT) and role plays. Sixty native speakers of Chinese (NS-C) and sixty EFL learners responded to DCT. Twenty four NS-C and forty EFL learners participated in role plays. Results show that subjects tended to use Direct Expression of Apology, Acknowledge Responsibility and Offer of Repairs as their main strategies in apology situations both on DCT and in role plays. In addition, participants tended to exploit MAXIMIZERs more than MINIMIZERs in both methods. However, differences between two approaches were revealed when frequencies and distributions of apology strategies and modality markers were examined. Role plays elicited overall more apology strategies and modality markers than DCT did. Participants were also found to employ a narrower range of strategies and modality markers on DCT. Because of the feeling of insecurity in face-to-face encounters (Rintell and Mitchell, 1989), EFL-L exhibited more ‘play-it-safe’ strategies (Faerch and Kasper, 1989; Trosborg, 1987) by giving more direct apologies, and exploiting more MAXIMIZERs than MINIMIZERs across four situations. When dividing NS-C into two separate groups: English majors (NS-C-EM) and non-English (NS-C-NEM), some in-group differences were revealed. For instance, in role-play data, the preference order for apology strategy choice was different between NS-C-EM and NS-C-NEM. Also, NS-C-EM tended to exploit overall more Chinese particles, a, ba, and ne, than their NS-C-NEM counterparts. The finding suggests that it is necessary to divide NS-C into different groups based on their educational background such as English majors and non-English majors. The present study also pointed out that traditional categorization of apology internal modification which was based on the language system of English may fail to fully capture Chinese apology behaviors. Chinese modal particles which have no English equivalent (Tang and Tang, 1997) have been ignored in the categorization of apology internal modifications in the literature. Thus, a modified coding system which included Chinese particles, namely, “A” (啊), “BA” (吧), and “NE” (呢), was proposed based on traditional categorization of apology internal modification developed in the previous studies (Blum-Kulka & Kasper, 1989; Lin and Ho, 2006; Trosborg, 1995). The result indicates that while the previous study (Lin and Ho, 2006) on apology internal modification which excluded Chinese particles has revealed that NS-C exploited less modality markers than their native speakers of English (NS-E) counterparts, the result in the present showed an opposite pattern in that by tagging Chinese particles at the end of the utterances, NS-C were found to modulate their tone more often than NS-E. This might imply the importance of the Chinese particles for NS-C in conveying attitude. Finally, in order to increase the validity of data elicitation methods, further studies addressed to the methodological issue should include the analysis of the responses obtained from naturally occurring data and examine whether both data obtained from DCT and role plays are representative of ‘natural speech’ . Also, in order to have cross-cultural and cross-linguistic comparison, speech acts data produced by NS-E, NS-C, and EFL learners collected through DCT, role plays, and naturally occurring data are needed for future researches.
目次 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI
LIST OF TABLES X
LIST OF FIGURES XII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN INTERLANGAGE STUDIES 1
1.2 APOLOGY SPEECH ACT STUDY AND MOTIVATION 3
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 DATA COLLECTION IN SPEECH ACTS AND INTERLANGUAGE PRAGMATICS STUDIES 8
2.1.1 Methods Eliciting Perception Data 9
2.1.1.1 Multiple Choice Questionnaire 10
2.1.1.2 Rating Scales 11
2.1.1.3 Stimulated Recall 12
2.1.2 Methods Eliciting Production Data 13
2.1.2.1 Authentic Discourse 13
2.1.2.2 Discourse Completion Tasks 14
2.1.2.3 Role play 17
2.2 THE USE OF MULTIPLE APPROACHES IN SPEECH ACT PRODUCTION 20
2.3 COMPARING DIFFERENT MEASURES IN SPEECH ACT BEHAVIORS 21
2.4 THE SPEECH ACT OF APOLOGY 28
2.4.1 Definition 28
2.4.2 Apology Strategies 30
2.4.3 Previous Studies on the Speech Act of Apology 39
2.4.3.1 L1 Studies 40
2.4.3.2 Cross-cultural and Interlanguage Studies 41
CHAPTER 3 METHOD 45
3.1 INFORMANTS 45
3.2 INSTRUMENT 47
3.3 PROCEDURES 51
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND TRANSCRIPTION 52
3.5 CODING SYSTEM 53
3.5.1 APOLOGY STRATEGIES 53
3.5.2 INTERNAL MODIFICATIONS 66
3.5.2.1 MAXIMINZERs vs. MINIMIZERs 66
3.5.2.2 Chinese Particles: A, BA, and, NE 70
CHPATER 4 RESUTLS AND DISCUSSION 77
4.1 DISTRIBUTION OF APOLOGY STRATEGIES 77
4.1.1 Overall Pattern of Apology Strategies Used on DCTs and in Role plays 77
4.1.2 Apology Strategy Preference Order on the DCT and in role plays 80
4.1.3 Apology Strategies Used Among the Four Groups 90
4.1.4 TASK INFLUENCES ON APOLOGY STRATEGIES 95
4.1.4.1 Response Differences between DCT and Role Plays for NS-C-EM 95
4.1.4.2 Responses Differences between DCT and Role Plays for NS-C-N 104
4.1.4.3 Responses Differences between DCT and Role Plays for EFL-H 113
4.1.4.4 Responses Differences between DCT and Role Plays for EFL-L 118
4.2 Effect of L2 Proficiency: Pragmalinguistic Transfer 126
4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF MODALITY MARKERS ON DCT AND ROLE PLAY 132
4.3.1 Overall Use of Modality Markers 132
4.3.2 MAXIMIZERs vs. MINIMIZERs 137
4.3.3 MINIMIZING Upgraders vs. Downgraders 140
4.3.4 Chinese Particles: A, BA, and NE 144
4.3.5 Preference of Modality Markers 148
4.3.6 MAXIMIZERs vs. MINIMIZERs Across Four Situations 155
4.3.7 Problems Resulted from Traditional Apology Internal Modifications 158
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 161
5.1 SUMMARY 161
5.2 IMPLICATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCHES 164
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE: CHINESE VERSION FOR NS-C 178
APPENDIX B: Questionnaire: English Version for EFL 186
APPENDIX C: ROLE PLAY SITUATIONS: CHINESE VERSION FOR NS-C 194
APPENDIX D: ROLE PLAY SITUATIONS: ENGLISH VERSION FOR EFL 195
APPENDIX E: ROLE PLAY TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS 196
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