於2010年到2013年，台灣多處海域出現白棘三列海膽雄性偏比的現象，地點包括了墾丁後壁湖、台東、貢寮 (東北角) 及澎湖本島，且在後壁湖地區發現海膽的雄性比例會隨體型增長有增高的趨勢。本研究測驗捕食者、掩蔽行為、先天基因、雄性生長率較雌性高及先天死亡率雌性較高(完全沒有接觸環境生態因子之條件) 等假說，來探討造成白棘三列海膽性別比例偏向雄性的因素。當中 (1) 因為性比會隨者時間的推移而變化，所以否定了因為先天基因造成海膽性偏比的假說。(2) 收集同一年出生的海膽族群性比及體殼長，發現兩性間體殼長的生長速率並沒顯著的差異，所以也否定了因為雄性生長速率較雌性快的假說。(3) 觀察兩性在自然環境中掩蓋行為的差異，結果未發現白棘三列海膽兩性在掩蔽能力上的差異，所以不支持雌性躲藏的較好，導致採樣時只採到雄性的假說。(4) 養殖人工繁殖的海膽並和澎湖當地野外的海膽做比較，發現在養殖池長大的海膽性比和野外的海膽性比有顯著差異，且養殖場內的海膽性比沒有偏離一比一，這表示兩性在先天死亡率上並沒有顯著性差異，加上養殖池內並沒有大型捕食者的存在，而野外和養殖池的差異只差大型捕食者，所以造成白棘三列海膽雄性偏比的因素，據目前的證據似乎都指向了是大型捕食者的挑選性別所為。再藉由分析月份間的性比變化，推算出在自然環境下雌性海膽的相對死亡率較雄性海膽高，澎湖地區在1.7個月內，雌性海膽的最低死亡率為34%，後壁湖地區在1.3個月內雌性的最低死亡率為32%。

A male-biased sex ratio was observed in the sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla, Linnaeus) around Taiwan between 2010 and 2013. In Kenting, south Taiwan, more biased sex ratios were found among larger individuals. Here, we tested the hypotheses of predators, genetic,and sampling biase. We discovered that sex ratio would vary with season, this falsifies the hypothesis of genetics. The external shapes, as compared by height-diameter ratios, and the masking behavior, carrying objects on their aboral surface, were not different between males and females.
No biase in sex ratio was found in an artificial culture facility whereas field collection indicated a male-biased phenomenon in Penghu in Jul 21 2013. All these evidence are compatible only with the predator hypothesis in which selective predators preferentially feed on females. Based on change of sex ratios, we estimate that the lowest mortality rate was 34% per 1.7 months at Penghu, and was 32% per 1.3 months at Houbihu during the spawning season.

目次 頁數
論文審定書 I
謝辭 II
摘要 1
Abstract 2
壹、前言 7
貳、材料方法 12
参、結果 16
肆、討論 19
參考文獻 25
附錄 46
圖次 頁數
圖一、白棘三列海膽性別判定 29
圖二、白棘三列海膽體殼長測量範圍 30
圖三、後壁湖保護區白棘三列海膽雄性比例和時間的關係 31
圖四、澎湖地區白棘三列海膽雄性比例和時間的關係 32
圖五、後壁湖保護區2010到2012年之白棘三列雄性比例和海膽體殼長的關係 33
圖六、澎湖地區雌雄海膽死亡率關係式 34
圖七、後壁湖保護區雌雄海膽死亡率關係式 35
圖八、白棘三列海膽不同性別間殼長殼高比和體殼長的多變異分析 36
圖九、白棘三列海膽雄性和雌性被覆蓋物所覆蓋的面積百分比比較 37
圖十、澎湖地區白棘三列海膽在兩性體殼長的分佈 38
圖十一、白棘三列海膽兩性在不同體殼長的頻度分佈 39
表次 頁數
表一、白棘三列海膽不同地點、時間的性比 43
表二、白棘三列海膽雄性偏比現像假說驗證表 44
附錄次 頁數
附圖一、海膽反口面覆蓋百分比觀察 46
附圖二、澎湖縣種苗繁殖場海膽養殖用池 47
附表三、棘皮動物門性比文獻整理 48

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