本研究調查屏東恆春半島西半部三個河川流域(林邊溪流域、四重溪流域、保力溪流域)以及墾丁海岸旅遊地區中，藥物及個人保健用品以及禁藥在時間與空間中的流布情況。分析方法使用固相萃取法（SPE）搭載高效能液相層析串聯質譜儀（HPLC-MS/MS）來檢測24種藥物及個人保健用品(PPCPs)以及10種禁藥的濃度。本研究並且針對特殊事件－墾丁春天音樂季如春天吶喊在短時間內湧入大量觀光客，對於墾丁濱海旅遊地區目標化合物濃度變化的影響進行討論。本研究使用主成分分析以及群集分析來探討藥物在不同地區的變化，並且觀察到不同藥物及個人保健用品以及禁藥的濃度百分比明顯受到觀光客的影響，可依其分群後的測站分辨出墾丁旅遊的淡旺季以及禁藥濫用較為嚴重的區域。此外在墾丁春天音樂季活動期間，針對墾丁地區兩座汙水處理廠做連續七天的藥物及個人保健用品及禁藥水樣採集與檢測，結果發現墾丁地區兩座汙水廠對於藥物與個人保健用品及禁藥，無法達到有效的移除效果。在監測期間目標藥物在地表水的濃度範圍從未檢出到9530 ng/L，而在此研究區域最常被檢驗出的藥物及個人保健用品以及禁藥如下：ampicillin (79%)、codeine (63%)、caffeine (62%)、carbamazepine (61%)及pseudoephedrine (57%)。未來應持續監測這類新興汙染物對於墾丁附近地區的環境生態是否造成衝擊。

This study investigated the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in western Hengchun peninsula and Kenting coastal tourist area in Taiwan. We used solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to determine 22 PPCPs and 10 illicit drugs in water samples. The detected concentrations of PPCPs and illicit drugs ranged from below detection limit to 9350 ng/L, and the most frequently five detected compounds in this area were ampicillin (79%), codeine (63%), caffeine (62%), carbamazepine (61%) and pseudoephedrine (57%). The impact of the special event- Kenting music festival, such as “spring scream” was also discussed in this study, and the results from PCA and HCA both showed that the concentrations and distributions of PPCPs and illicit drugs were affected by the tourists. In addition, two wastewater treatments plants (WWTPs) were also investigated for seven days during Kenting music festival period. The results indicated that WWTPs did not show enough removal efficiencies in Kenting tourist area during the special event. The impact of the PPCPs and illicit drugs to the aquatic environment and ecology still needs to be further monitored.

摘 要 i
Abstract ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 2
Chapter 2 Literature review 3
2.1 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) 3
2.1.1 The properties of PPCPs 4
2.1.2 The occurrence s of PPCPs in the aquatic environment 5
2.2 The illicit drugs 8
Chapter 3 Materials and methods 11
3.1 Descriptions of sampling sites 11
3.2 Chemicals and Materials 16
3.3 Analytical methods 20
3.3.1 Sample collection and preparation 20
3.3.2 Solid-phase extraction 22
3.3.3 Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods 22
3.4 QA/QC 24
3.5 Multivariate statistics 29
3.5.1 Principal component analysis (PCA) 29
3.5.2 Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 30
Chapter 4 Result and Discussion 31
4.1 Spatial distribution 31
4.1.1 The Concentrations of PPCPs and illicit drugs 31
4.1.2 Linbian River 32
4.1.3 Sihchong River 32
4.1.4 Baoli River 33
4.1.5 Wangsha Stream 33
4.1.6 Kenting tourist area 34
4.1.7 Other rivers 35
4.2 Seasonal variation and special event 42
4.2.1 The illicit drugs and personal care products 46
4.2.2 Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory/analgesics 47
4.2.3 Caffeine and carbamazepine 48
4.3 Multivariate statistical analysis 51
4.3.1 Principal component analysis of PPCPs and illicit drugs in western Hengchun Peninsular 51
4.3.2 Hierarchical cluster analysis of PPCPs and illicit drugs in western Hengchun Peninsular 55
4.3.3 Principal component analysis of PPCPs and illicit drugs in special event 58
4.3.4 Hierarchical cluster analysis of PPCPs and illicit drugs in special event 62
4.4 The occurrence of PPCPs and illicit drugs in two WWTPs in Kenting area 65
4.4.1 The concentrations of PPCPs and illicit drugs in WWTPs 65
4.4.2 Removal of the PPCPs and illicit drugs in WWTPs 66
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions 73
5.1 Conclusions 73
5.2 Suggestions 75
Reference 77
Appendix A 83
Appendix B 87
Appendix C 109

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