中文摘要

星蟲是一類兩側對稱、身體不分節、具體腔及外型似蟲的食碎屑海洋無脊椎動物，目前全球已記錄約有150種。由於星蟲與底質間密切的接觸關係，並且有食底泥的習性，十分適合研究汙染物的累積。牠們是一種餌料生物，同時也是一道中國沿岸流傳已久的食材。先前台灣沿岸的星蟲研究，主要著重於棲息在硬底質物種的分類及分佈，因此本研究的目的之一是針對在海草場與濕地軟底質棲地的星蟲，進行物種多樣性，族群動態及生態方面的研究。在10種台灣發現的星蟲中，方格星蟲Sipunculus nudus是在台灣濕地的優勢種，而香山濕地位於工業汙染的地區，此處的方格星蟲也是一種具水產經濟的種類，但對其族群及環境生理所知有限，因此本研究之另一目的是調查該濕地方格星蟲之族群動態，並分別針對台灣與離島海草床及香山濕地沉積物存有之無機污染物:微量元素砷(As)、鉻(Cr)、鎘(Cd)、銅(Cu)、汞(Hg)和鋅(Zn)及有機污染物: (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)等加以分析，以了解上述兩類型軟底質棲地Sipunculus nudus的汙染物質之生物累積情形。本論文研究之主要結果如下:
(1)台灣首次調查海草場軟底質棲地星蟲的物種多樣性，並描述物種分類及形態特徵；總共鑑定出3科10種及42 個樣本。
(2)對於具養殖潛力的優勢種方格星蟲，初次得知其族群在香山濕地的現存量及生殖週期，此區域星蟲的資源量為0.97± 0.46 ind.m-2，性別比約為1：1，繁殖期於每年的4-9月，繁殖高峰期於每年的5-8月，成熟個體的體長約在11cm以上可達性成熟。
(3)第一次實際量測微量元素在星蟲及其環境周圍沉積物的含量。分析及比對台灣海草場及濕地Sipuncula nudus 與 Siphonosoma vastum 的砷(As)、鉻(Cr)、鎘(Cd)、銅(Cu)、汞(Hg)和鋅(Zn)的生物累積特性。在海草場及溼地星蟲的生物累積機制皆會累積高含量的銅。在微量元素與生物累積指數的主成分分析，呈現並區分出兩種不同棲地（海草床和濕地）的分群，以及對應出微量元素分佈。兩種星蟲對於某些微量元素有不同的生物累積，結果可能由於是不同棲地沉積物的不同生化特性，同時也是種類間的不同生物累積。比對星蟲與台灣沿岸的無脊椎動物中的微量元素:砷(As)、鉻(Cr)、鎘(Cd)、銅(Cu)、汞(Hg)和鋅(Zn)的濃度顯示，在星蟲中的微量元素明顯低於在此區域的無脊椎動物。
(4)首次了解多環芳香烴(PAHs)在Sipunculus nudus體內不同部位的累積情形，發現體型較小的星蟲含量較高，主要集中在腎管部位，以低環PAHs的比例較高。分析出PAHs在星蟲觸手、腎管、腸道及肌肉等部位的生物累積模式。PAH logKow係數與logBAF的參數呈現，星蟲可能有透過生物轉化排出或降解高環PAH之機制。台灣香山濕地的Sipunculus nudus與世界其他國家沿岸的無脊椎動物的t-PAH比對顯示，Sipunculus nudus肌肉中的t-PAH含量低於環境中底泥及其他國家沿岸的無脊椎動物的t-PAH含量，對於Sipunculus nudus在漁業資源應用上的建議，應去除其體內臟器部位，僅對於肌肉部位利用，以減少PAHs在生物體之攝入與累積。

ABSTRACT

Sipuncula is a group of unsegmented, coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical and wormlike marine deposit-feeding benthic macro-invertebrates. They are abundant along the intertidal habitats and around 150 species have been recorded worldwide. Sipunculans likely accumulate many anthropogenic contaminants by feeding on the contaminated sediments or benthos, and since they are edible marine species and have long been used in Southwest Pacific cuisine, these contaminants may transfer into the food chain and affect the public health of humans.Trace elements and PAHs are the most common contaminants that appear in the coastal areas worldwide. These contaminants lead to losses in oceanic yield and may hazardous effects on health when they enter the food chain.
The previous studies of sipunculans along the coast of Taiwan were mostly focused on the taxonomy and distribution of the species living on the hard -ground habitat (rubble), one of the purposes of this study is aiming at the sipunculans on the seagrass beds and wetland soft-ground habitat for species diversity, population dynamic and ecological related research.
Among 10 native sipunculans species, Sipunculus nudus is the dominant species living at the segrass bed and wetland in Taiwan. Siangshan wetland locates at the area of industrial pollution and S. nudus here is a species with aquatic economy, but is known limitedly of its population and environmental physiology. Therefore, the other purpose of this research is to investigate the S. nudus population in this wetland and analyze the trace elements: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) and the organic pollutants: PAHs, in order to understand the bioaccumulation of S. nudus in the above two types of soft-substrate regarding the pollutants. The main results of this study are as follows:
(1) This study represents a pioneering investigation in Taiwan regarding the species diversity of sipunculans on the seagrass meadow soft-ground sediment, which describes the species and their morphological characteristics. A total of 42 specimens 10 sipunculan species belonging to 3 families were identified.
(2) It is the first time that S. nudus is realized as the dominant species in these soft habitats. Because of its cultivation potential, its population dynamics and reproductive cycle in Siangshan wetland were studied. The population size of
S. nudus in this area is 0.965± 0.46 ind.m-2 and the sex ratio is around 1:1; the reproductive period is from April to September in the year with the peak reproductive period from May to August; the body length of matured individual is over 11cm.
(3) This is the first report in Taiwan on the trace elements in sipunculan and their surrounding sediments. The bioaccumulation characteristics of arsenic (As),
cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed and compared in two sipunculan species, S. nudus and Siphonosoma vastum, which were collected from seagrass beds and wetlands in Taiwan. Both sipunculans in the these soft habitats had a high Cu bioaccumulation mechanism. Multivariate analysis, principle component analysis, and partial least squares for discriminant analysis of trace element levels and bioaccumulation factors were used to distinguish the element distributions that corresponded to the two habitats (seagrass beds and wetlands). Different levels of certain trace elements in these two sipunculan species may result not only from the environmental factors of various habitats but also from the accumulation characteristics of various species. The As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn concentrations were markedly lower in sipunculan than in other invertebrates from the adjacent polluted regions.
(4) This is the first report on the accumulation situation of PAHs in different body tissues (tentacle, nephridium, intestine, and muscle) of S. nudus in Taiwan. It was found that the smaller individuals had higher amount of PAHs with higher percentage of low-ring PAHs and they were mostly concentrated in the nephridium. This study provides the bioaccumulation pattern of PAH in the tentacle, nephridium, intestine, and muscle of S. nudus. The logKow and logBAF parameters show that S. nudus may excrete or decompose high-ring PAHs via biotransformation. By comparing the t-PAH of S. nudus with that of the surrounding substrate and invertebrates along the coasts of other countries, the t-PAH content in the muscle of S. nudus is lower than the sediment and the invertebrates. As a result, I suggest removing the internal organs and utilizing the muscle portion as good to reduce the uptake and accumulation of PAHs from the sipunculans.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................III
ABSTRACT(CHINESE).............................................................................................V
ABSTRACT(ENGLISH)........................................................................................VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................IX
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................XI
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................XIV
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1. SIPUNCULANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEAGRASS Thalassia hemprichii FROM TAIWAN AND TWO VICINITY ISLAND.............5 CHAPTER 2. THE POPULATION DYNANICS OF A DOMINANT SIPUNCULAN SPECIES Sipunculus nudus AT SIANGSHAN WETLAND IN TAIWAN.....................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 3. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TRACE ELEMENT BIOACCUMULATION IN SIPUNCULAN FROM SEAGRASS AND WETLAND.................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 4. THE RESEARCH OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, (PAHs) BIOACCUMULATION IN Sipunculus nudus..........................................................................................................................68
CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................95
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................97




LIST OF TABLE

Table 1-1. Number of individuals of sipunculans found seasonally at the 3 sampling
areas from Taiwan………………………………………………………………..…..21
Table 1-2. List of sipuncula species in the 3 sampling areas of seagrass beds in
Taiwan………………………………………………………………………………..22
Table 1-3. Community parameters (S = Number of species, N =Number of
individuals, H’ = Shannon-Weaver’s Diversity Index and J’ = Pielou’s Evenness
Index ) in the three sampling areas of seagrass beds along the coast of Taiwan……..23
Table 1-4. Density of sipunculans in the 3 sampling areas of seagrass beds in Taiwan
……………………………………………………………..........................................23
Table 1-5. Sipuncula species found along the Taiwan coast (A = Sato, 1939; B =
Fenglu, 1989; C = Hong et. al., 2007; Hong & Fenglu, 1993 and E = Hsueh et. al.,
2006)…………………………………………………………………………………24
Table 2-1. Annual variation of sex ratio in Sipunculus nudus …………………....…37
Table 2-2. Annual variation of sea surface temperature in Siangshan wetland……...37
Table 2-3. Annual variation of the composition of oocytes in Sipunculus nudus…...38
Table 3-1. Location of sampling sites and the information of the sipunculan
sample………….....................………………………………………………………..57
Table 3-2. Multivariate statistical results from elements contents of sipunculan and
sediments in the PCA and PLS models………………………………………………58
Table 3-3. Multivariate statistical analysis of sipunculan bioaccumulation factors of
trace elements in the PCA and PLS models…………………………...……………..59
Table 3-4. Comparisons of mean elements contents (ug g-1 dry wt) in sipunculan
(Sipuncula nudus), Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and sediments…………….………..60
Table 3-5. Dietary intake of trace elements by eating sipunculan as seafood (μg/kg
body weight/week) in Taiwan and compare with the provincial tolerable weekly
intake………………………………………………………..………………………..61
Table 4-1. The PAH analyzed, MDLs, and spiked recoveries……………………….84
Table 4-2. Comparison of total PAH concentrations in sediments of other coastal
areas in the world………………………………………………………………...…..85
Table 4-3. Concentration of total PAH concentrations in sipunculan and oyster from
different location in the world……………………………………………………..…86



















LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Study area with the location of sampling sites……………………….…25
Figure 1-2. A. Sipunculus nudus. Egg in the coelomic cavity. B-D. Siphonosoma rotumanum. B. Hook with an associated papilla. C. Anus on the trunk. D. Egg in the colemic cavity. E-F. Siphonosoma vastum. E. Hook on the introvert……………….26
F. Digitiform-shaped structures on the rectum. G. Phascolosoma nigrescens. Hook on the introvert. H-I. Phascolosoma scolops. H. Preanal papillae on the trunk. I. Hook on the introvert. Scale bars: A = 30 μm, B = 40 μm, C = 0,4 mm, D = 20 μm, E = 25 μm, F = 0.6 mm, G = 10 μm, H =60μm, I = 15 μm
Figure 1-3. A. Apionsoma misakianum. Hook on the distal part of the introvert. B-C. Aspidosiphon gracilis. B. Unidentate hook on the distal part of the introvert. C. Pyramidal hook on the proximal part of the introvert. D-G. Aspidosiphon laevis. D. Tentacles surrounding the nuchal organ. E. Caecum with lateral branches. F. Hook on the introvert. G. Egg in the colemic cavity. H-I. Aspidosiphon tenuis. H. Bidentate hook on the introvert. I. Unidentate hook on the introvert. Scale bars: A = 10 μm, B = 10 μm, C = 10 μm, D = 1 mm, E = 2 mm, F = 20 μm, G = 20 μm, H =10 μm, I = 10 μm…………………………………..………............................................27
Figure 2-1. Study area with the location of sampling sites………………………… 39
Figure 2-2. Annual variation of Sipunculus nudus population size at Siangshan wetland……………………………………………………………………………….40
Figure 2-3. The annual variation of length-weight relationship of Sipunculus nudus at Siangshan wetland………………………………………………………………....41
Figure 2-4. Annual variation of length percentage in Sipunculus nudus……….…42
Figure 2-5. The length-weight relationship of Sipunculus nudus……………………43
Figure 2-6. Summary of developing process of germ cells in Sipunculus nudus……44
Figure 3-1. Study area with the location of sampling sites……………………..…...62
Figure 3-2. Means of analyzed element levels (ug g-1 dry wt) in sipunculans and sediments…………………………………………………………………………..…63
Figure 3-3. PCA score plot of element levels for sipuncula and sediment. PCA score plot (PC1 vs. PC2) for sipuncula and sediment in the seagrass and wetland habitats. filled asterisk = sediment, seagrass of Green island; filled circle = Sv, seagrass of Shiuliuchiu; filled cross = Sn, seagrass of Green island; filled diamond = Sn, watland of Siangshan; filled square =sediment, watland of of Siangshan; filled triangle = sediment, seagrass of Shiuliuchiu…………………………………………64
Figure 3-4. PLS-DA score plots (PLS1 vs. PLS2) for sipunculans and sediments ; filled asterisk = sediment, seagrass of Green island; filled circle = Sv, seagrass of Shiuliuchiu; ; filled cross = Sn, seagrass of Green island; filled diamond = Sn,watland of Siangshan; filled square = sediment, watland of Siangshan; filled triangle = sediment, seagrass of Shiuliuchiu……………………....………………...………….65
Figure 3-5. PLS-DA loadings biplot representing correlation Scales between trace elements and sipuncula samples.Visualization of correlations were scaled between the
trace elements and Sipunculans, filled diamond = wetland; filled square = Seagrass.65
Figure 3-6. Bioaccumulation factor of sipunculans in the three samplingsites..........66
Figure 3-7. PLS-DA score plots (PLS1 vs. PLS2) for bioaccumulation factors of sipunculans, filled diamond = Siphonosoma vastum, seagrass of Shiuliuchiu; filled square = Sipuncula nudus, watland of Siangshan; filled triangle = Sipuncula nudus, seagrass of Green island...............................................................................................67
Figure 3-8. PLS-DA loadings biplot representing correlation scales of bioaccumulation factors of sipunculans. Visualization of correlations were scaled bioaccumulation factors, filled diamond = Siphonosoma vastum; filled square = Sipuncula nudus...........................................................................................................67
Figure 4-1. The length-weight relationship of Sipunculus nudus................................87
Figure 4-2. The total of PAHs analytical concentrations (ng/g dry weight) in three groups of Sipunculus nudus.........................................................................................88
Figure 4-3. The total PAHs (ng/g dry weight) in four tissues of Sipunculus nudus;
T = tentacle; N= nephridium; I = intestine; M= muscle..............................................89
Figure 4-4. PLS-DA score plots (PLS1 vs. PLS2) for Sipunculus nudus and sediments ; filled asterisk = sediment; filled diamond = small group of Sipunculus nudus; filled circle = medium group of Sipunculus nudus ; filled square = Large group of Sipunculus nudus...........................................................................................90
Figure 4-5. PLS-DA loadings biplot representing correlation
scales between PAHs samples. Visualization of correlations were scaled between the Sipunculus nudus and sediments, filled diamond = sediments; filled square = Sipunculus nudus..........................................................................................................90
Figure 4-6 The 12 PAHs bioaccumulation factor in four tissues of three group of Sipunculus nudus; T = tentacle; N= nephridium; I = intestine; M= muscle................91
Figure 4-7 The ovum in nephridium of Sipunculus nudus.........................................92
Figure 4-8. PLS-DA score plots (PLS1 vs. PLS2) for bioaccumulation factors of Sipunculus nudus, filled square = tentacle; filled circle = nephridium; filled diamond = intestine; filled asterisk = muscle..............................................................................93
Figure 4-9. PLS-DA loadings biplot representing correlation scales of bioaccumulation factors of Sipunculus nudus. Visualization of correlations were scaled bioaccumulation factors, filled triangle = PAH; filled square = Sipunculan.....93
Figure 4-10. Relationship between log BAF and log Kow in Sipunculus nudus..............................94

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