本研究主要分析高屏海域水體(溶解相及顆粒相)與高屏峽谷沉積物的多環芳香烴(PAHs)濃度，採樣時間為2010年8、11月及2011年2、6月，從高雄港近岸至高屏溪出海口，距離岸邊2公里至15公里處分層水域水體與高屏峽谷沉積物，探討在空間及季節上變化的分佈情形與可能影響的因素，加上以化學指紋鑑識(chemical fringer printing)、主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)與群集分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA)推測多環芳香烴的可能來源，並透過鹽度、溫度與有機碳百分比等作相關性分析。
研究結果顯示在四次採樣海域多環芳香烴總濃度(溶解相+顆粒相)介於2.09~45.0 ng/L間。溶解相多環芳香烴的總濃度變化為2.0~39.0 ng/L，以2010年11月份10.0±9.90 ng/L(1.96~39.0 ng/L)為四次採樣中有最高的平均濃度；顆粒相多環芳香烴總濃度介於0.13~40.0 ng/L間，峰值發生於2010年8月河口地區或河口地區延伸處底層，本研究海域多環芳香烴濃度普遍低於文獻測值；沉積物多環芳香烴總濃度介於125~648 ng/g間，樣品濃度均低於ERL與TEL值，不易對峽谷生物產生顯著影響。
從指紋分析、主成分分析與群集分析上可以得知研究區域的多環芳香烴屬於複雜性的來源，如燃燒性來源、石油性來源、成岩作用或生物來源等。溶解相多以石油/混合來源為主、顆粒相多以混合來源為主，於2010年11月與2011年2月樣品可能受到大氣影響，多偏向混合/燃燒來源。高屏海域與高屏峽谷perylene可能多來自生物來源。河口地區底層水顆粒相與沉積物顯著相關，表示河口輸出物質可能會形成峽谷沉積物之來源。
在多環芳香烴相關性分析上，海域顆粒相多環芳香烴與懸浮顆粒濃度具顯著相關性；與溫度呈現顯著的負相關。峽谷沉積物的有機碳含量百分比與多環芳香烴有顯著相關。在Log Koc與 Log Kow關係上截距均高於文獻值，可能受到河口輸出soot carbon影響。

Water, suspended particle and sediment samples from Gao-ping coastal water column were collected and measured to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during August 2010 and June 2011. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical the cluster analysis (HCA) were performed with chemical fingerprinting to understand the possible sources of PAHs in Gao-ping coast. The correlations between PAHs and several factors such as salinity, temperature and organic carbon were also discussed in the present study.
The total PAH concentrations (dissolved and particulate phase) at four sampling campaigns ranged from 2.09 to 45 ng/L. Concentrations of dissolved PAHs ranged from 2.0 to 39 ng/L and the highest average concentrations were found in November 2010 (10.0 ± 9.90 ng/L). The particulate PAHs ranged from 0.13 to 40 ng/L and the maximum concentration was found in the estuary in August 2010. The total PAH concentrations of sediment ranged from 125-648 ng/g, which were lower than the Effect Range Low (ERL) and Threshold Effect Level (TEL) values, suggesting that few adverse ecological effects would arise from the PAHs in Gao-ping canyon.
Results from chemical fingerprinting, PCA and HCA indicate that PAHs in this area were from complex sources such as combustion, petroleum, diagenesis or biogenic sources. Sources of PAHs in dissolved phase were mainly from petrogenic and mixed sources, while particulate PAHs were mainly from a mixed source. However, sources of PAHs in November 2010 and February 2011 were mostly from mixed combustion, suggesting that the PAH concentrations in particulate phase might be affected by atmospheric transport. The results showed that perylene in Gao-ping coast and canyon was mainly from the biogenic source. A significant correlaction was found in PAH fingerprinting between the esturine particles and sediment, indicating that the sediments in Gao-ping canyon might mainly come from Gao-ping River.
Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between concentrations of suspended particle and PAHs, while a negative correlation was found between PAH concentrations and temperature. In addition, organic carbon showed a significant correlation with PAHs in sediment samples. The partition coefficients (Koc) values of PAHs were higher than the values from other literatures, suggesting that it might be attributed to soot carbon.

謝誌 i
摘要 ii
Abstrat iv
目錄 vi
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xi
附錄目錄 xi
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1 多環芳香烴的特性 3
2-2 多環芳香烴來源 7
2-3 毒性 8
2-4 多環芳香烴的化學指紋鑑識 8
2-5 高屏海域 10
2-5-1 地理特性 10
2-5-2 高屏海域之流場 10
2-5-3 高屏海域沿岸特色 11
2-6群集分析 (hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA) 12
2-7 主成分分析 (principle component analysis, PCA) 12
2-8 沉積物的應用 13
第三章、研究方法與實驗 14
3-1 實驗材料與儀器 14
3-1-1 材料 14
3-1-2 儀器 15
3-2 試藥及器材前處理 15
3-3 採樣與保存 17
3-3-1 採樣點位 17
3-3-2 採樣方法 19
3-4 實驗分析方法 20
3-4-1 海水溶解態樣品分析 20
3-4-2 海水顆粒態樣品分析 21
3-4-3 沉積物樣品分析 21
3-5 分析定量 21
3-6 品管及品保(QA/QC) 22
第四章 結果與討論 25
4-1 高屏海域溶解相多環芳香烴 25
4-1-1 溶解相多環芳香烴總濃度分佈 25
4-1-2 表層水多環芳香烴總濃度 28
4-1-3 表層水和底層水總濃度分佈 31
4-1-4 溶解態環數分佈 35
4-2 高屏海域顆粒相多環芳香烴 38
4-2-1 顆粒相多環芳香烴總濃度分佈 38
4-2-2 顆粒相多環芳香烴環數百分比分佈 44
4-3 高屏峽谷沉積物多環芳香烴 47
4-3-1總濃度分佈 47
4-3-2 沉積物多環芳香烴相關性分析 52
4-4 來源判定分析 53
4-4-1 溶解相多環芳香烴化學指紋特徵 53
4-4-2 溶解相多環芳香烴主成分分析 56
4-4-3 溶解相多環芳香烴群集分析 60
4-4-4 顆粒相多環芳香烴化學指紋特徵 63
4-4-5 顆粒相多環芳香烴主成分分析 68
4-4-6 顆粒相多環芳香烴群集分析 72
4-4-7 沉積物多環芳香烴化學指紋特徵 75
4-4-8 沉積物多環芳香烴主成分分析 78
4-4-9 沉積物多環芳香烴群集分析 81
4-5 Perylene 來源探討 84
4-5-1 高屏海域顆粒相perylene來源 84
4-5-2 高屏峽谷沉積物 perylene來源 87
4-6 文獻比較 89
4-6-1 海域溶解態多環芳香烴總濃度文獻比較 89
4-6-2 海域顆粒相多環芳香烴總濃度文獻比較 91
4-6-3 沉積物多環芳香烴總濃度文獻比較 93
4-6-4 沉積物品質指標 (Sediment Quality Guidelines, SQG) 96
4-7 高屏海域水體與峽谷沉積物多環芳香烴之比較 100
4-7-1 顆粒相與沉積物多環芳香烴總濃度比較 100
4-7-2 峽谷沉積物與海域溶解相、顆粒相環數比較 102
4-7-3 海域顆粒相與峽谷沉積物之化學指紋比較 104
4-7-4 顆粒相與沉積物之主成分分析比較 106
4-8 多環芳香烴影響因子相關性分析 110
4-8-1 溶解相與顆粒相多環芳香烴相關性分析 110
4-8-2 海域水體多環芳香烴與有機碳相關分析Log Koc與 Log Kow 112
第五章 結論與建議 118
5-1 結論 118
5-2 建議 120
參考文獻 121
附錄 128

Aizensht.Z (1973) Perylene and its' geochemical significance. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 37(3), 559-567.
Bai, Y.J., Li, X.Q., Liu, W.X., Tao, S., Wang, L. and Wang, J.F. (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the dissolved, particulate, and sediment phases in the Luan River watershed, China. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 43(4), 365-374.
Barber, L.B. (1994) Sorption of chlorobenzenes to cape-cod aquifer sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 28(5), 890-897.
Bartoszek, A. (2002) Mutagenic, carcinogenic, and chemo-preventive compounds in foods., Boca Raton, CRC Press.
Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Burgeot, T. and Bellocq, J. (1998) Concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments and to trophic level. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(12), 951-960.
Botsou, F. and Hatzianestis, I. (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments of the Hellenic coastal zone, eastern Mediterranean: levels, sources and toxicological significance. Journal of Soils and Sediments 12(2), 265-277.
Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C. and Garrigues, P. (1997) Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Marine Chemistry 58(1-2), 85-97.
Chen, Y.Y., Zhu, L.Z. and Zhou, R.B. (2007) Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water and sediment from Qiantang River, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials 141(1), 148-155.
Coates, J.D., Anderson, R.T. and Lovley, D.R. (1996) Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under sulfate-reducing conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62(3), 1099-1101.
Countway, R.E., Dickhut, R.M. and Canuel, E.A. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions and associations with organic matter in surface waters of the York River, VA Estuary. Organic Geochemistry 34(2), 209-224.
Cousins, I.T., Gevao, B. and Jones, K.C. (1999) Measuring and modelling the vertical distribution of semivolatile organic compounds in soils. I: PCB and PAH soil core data. Chemosphere 39(14), 2507-2518.
Dickhut, R.M., Canuel, E.A., Gustafson, K.E., Liu, K., Arzayus, K.M., Walker, S.E., Edgecombe, G., Gaylor, M.O. and Macdonald, E.H. (2000) Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region. Environmental Science & Technology 34(21), 4635-4640.
Dipple, A. (1976) In Chemical Carcinogens, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Doong, R.A. and Lin, Y.T. (2004) Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminations in surface sediment and water from Gao-ping River, Taiwan. Water Research 38(7), 1733-1744.
Ekpo, B.O., Oyo-Ita, O.E., Oros, D.R. and Simoneit, B.R.T. (2012) Distributions and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Cross River estuary, SE Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184(2), 1037-1047.
Fang, M.D., Hsieh, P.C., Ko, F.C., Baker, J.E. and Lee, C.L. (2007) Sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of Kaoping river and submarine canyon system, Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54(8), 1179-1189.
Fang, M.D., Lee, C.L. and Yu, C.S. (2003) Distribution and source recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of Hsin-ta Harbour and adjacent coastal areas, Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46(8), 941-953.
Fernandes, M.B., Sicre, M.A., Boireau, A. and Tronczynski, J. (1997) Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(11), 857-867.
Gigliotti, C.L., Brunciak, P.A., Dachs, J., Glenn, T.R., Nelson, E.D., Totten, L.A. and Eisenreich, S.J. (2002) Air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the New York-New Jersey, Usa, Harbor Estuary. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(2), 235-244.
Grimmer, G., Naujack,K.W., Schreider, D. (1983) Changes in PAHS profiles in different areas of a city during the year.In polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; chemistry and biological effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, 107-125.
Guerra, R. (2012) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Trace Metals in Sediments from a Coastal Lagoon (Northern Adriatic, Italy). Water Air and Soil Pollution 223(1), 85-98.
Guo, W., He, M.C., Yang, Z.F., Lin, C.Y., Quan, X.C. and Wang, H.Z. (2007) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Daliao River watershed, China. Chemosphere 68(1), 93-104.
Hites, R.A., Laflamme, R.E., Windsor, J.G., Farrington, J.W. and Deuser, W.G. (1980) Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in an anoxic sediment core from the Pettaquamscutt Rive (Rhode-island, USA). Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 44(6), 873-878.
Hong, H., Xu, L., Zhang, L., Chen, J.C., Wong, Y.S. and Wan, T.S.M. (1995) Environmental fate and chemistry of organic pollutants in the sediment of Xiamen and Victoria Harbours. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31(4-12), 229-236.
Huntley, S.L., Bonnevie, N.L. and Wenning, R.J. (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and petroleum hrdrocarbon contamination in sediment from the Newark Bay Esturary, New-Jersey. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 28(1), 93-107.
Hwang, H.M. and Foster, G.D. (2006) Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff flowing into the tidal Anacostia River, Washington, DC, USA. Environmental Pollution 140(3), 416-426.
Inman, D.L., Nordstrom, C.E. and Flick, R.E. (1976) Currents in submarine canyons-air-sea-land interaction. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 8, 275-310.
Jacquot, F., Le Dreau, Y., Doumenq, P., Munoz, D., Guiliano, M., Imbert, G. and Mille, G. (1999) The origins of hydrocarbons trapped in the Lake of Berre sediments. Chemosphere 39(9), 1407-1419.
Jiang, J.J., Lee, C.L., Fang, M.D. and Liu, J.T. (2009) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of southwest Taiwan: An appraisal of diagnostic ratios in source recognition. Marine Pollution Bulletin 58(5), 752-760.
Karickhoff, S.W. (1979) Sorption kinetics of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediment. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society (APR), 113-113.
Kennicutt, M.C., Wade, T.L., Presley, B.J., Requejo, A.G., Brooks, J.M. and Denoux, G.J. (1994) Sediment contaminants in Casco Bay, Maine-inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact. Environmental Science & Technology 28(1), 1-15.
King, A.J., Readman, J.W. and Zhou, J.L. (2004) Dynamic behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brighton marina, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4), 229-239.
Ko, F.C., Baker, J., Fang, M.D. and Lee, C.L. (2007) Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from the Susquehanna River. Chemosphere 66(2), 277-285.
Li, G.C., Xia, X.H., Yang, Z.F., Wang, R. and Voulvoulis, N. (2006) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China. Environmental Pollution 144(3), 985-993.
Liu, J.T., Liu, K.J. and Huang, J.C. (2002) The effect of a submarine canyon on the river sediment dispersal and inner shelf sediment movements in southern Taiwan. Marine Geology 181(4), 357-386.
Long, E.R., Macdonald, D.D., Smith, S.L. and Calder, F.D. (1995) Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediment. Environmental Management 19(1), 81-97.
MacDonald, D.D., Dipinto, L.M., Field, J., Ingersoll, C.G., Long, E.R. and Swartz, R.C. (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment effect concentrations for polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(5), 1403-1413.
Mai, B.X., Fu, H.M., Sheng, G.Y., Kang, Y.H., Lin, Z., Zhang, G., Min, Y.S. and Zeng, E.Y. (2002) Chlorinated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine and estuarine sediments from Pearl River Delta, China. Environmental Pollution 117(3), 457-474.
Malik, A., Ojha, P. and Singh, K.P. (2008) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible fish from Gomti River, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 80(2), 134-138.
Means, J.C., Wood, S.G., Hassett, J.J. and Banwart, W.L. (1980) Sorption of polynuclear aromatic-hydrocarbons by sediments and soils. Environmental Science & Technology 14(12), 1524-1528.
Men, B., He, M.C., Tan, L., Lin, C.Y. and Quan, X.C. (2009) Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Daliao River Estuary of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China). Marine Pollution Bulletin 58(6), 818-826.
Mirza, R., Mohammadi, M., Sohrab, A.D., Safahieh, A., Savari, A. and Hajeb, P. (2012) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater, Sediment, and Rock Oyster Saccostrea cucullata from the Northern Part of the Persian Gulf (Bushehr Province). Water Air and Soil Pollution 223(1), 189-198.
Mitra, S. and Bianchi, T.S. (2003) A preliminary assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the lower Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico. Marine Chemistry 82(3-4), 273-288.
Mitra, S. and Bianchi, T.S. (2007) "A preliminary assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the lower Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico" (vol 82, pg 273, 2003). Marine Chemistry 107(2), 275-275.
Nishigima, F.N., Weber, R.R. and Bicego, M.C. (2001) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Santos and Cananeia, SP, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42(11), 1064-1072.
Ou, S.M., Zheng, J.H., Zheng, J.S., Richardson, B.J. and Lam, P.K.S. (2004) Petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surficial sediments of Xiamen Harbour and Yuan Dan Lake, China. Chemosphere 56(2), 107-112.
Pereira, P.M.F., Black, K.D., McLusky, D.S. and Nickell, T.D. (2004) Recovery of sediments after cessation of marine fish farm production. Aquaculture 235(1-4), 315-330.
Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F.D. and Rapp, J.B. (1996) Distributions and fate of chlorinated pesticides, biomarkers and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments along a contamination gradient from a point-source in San Francisco Bay, California. Marine Environmental Research 41(3), 299-314.
Perra, G., Pozo, K., Guerranti, C., Lazzeri, D., Volpi, V., Corsolini, S. and Focardi, S. (2011) Levels and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in superficial sediment from 15 Italian marine protected areas (MPA). Marine Pollution Bulletin 62(4), 874-877.
Pietzsch, R., Patchineelam, S.R. and Torres, J.P.M. (2010) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in recent sediments from a subtropical estuary in Brazil. Marine Chemistry 118(1-2), 56-66.
Pozo, K., Perra, G., Menchi, V., Urrutia, R., Parra, O., Rudolph, A. and Focardi, S. (2011) Levels and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Lenga Estuary, central Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin 62(7), 1572-1576.
Shi, Z., Tao, S., Pan, B., Fan, W., He, X.C., Zuo, Q., Wu, S.P., Li, B.G., Cao, J., Liu, W.X., Xu, F.L., Wang, X.J., Shen, W.R. and Wong, P.K. (2005) Contamination of rivers in Tianjin, China by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Pollution 134(1), 97-111.
Silliman, J.E., Meyers, P.A., Ostrom, P.H., Ostrom, N.E. and Eadie, B.J. (2000) Insights into the origin of perylene from isotopic analyses of sediments from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia. Organic Geochemistry 31(11), 1133-1142.
Simpson, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R. and Reimer, K.J. (1996) Composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor, Canada. Science of the Total Environment 181(3), 265-278.
Soclo, H.H., Garrigues, P. and Ewald, M. (2000) Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: Case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(5), 387-396.
Sun, J.H., Wang, G.L., Chai, Y., Zhang, G., Li, J. and Feng, J.L. (2009) Distribution of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Henan Reach of the Yellow River, Middle China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72(5), 1614-1624.
Tissier, M.J., Saliot, A. (1983) Pyrolytic and naturally occurring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment., John Wiley, Chichester, UK.
Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., Triantafillaki, S., Dassenakis, M., Androutsos, F. and Scoullos, M. (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface seawater and in indigenous mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from coastal areas of the Saronikos Gulf (Greece). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 79(4), 733-739.
Vane, C.H., Harrison, I. and Kim, A.W. (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from the Mersey Estuary, UK. Science of the Total Environment 374(1), 112-126.
Venkatesan, M.I. (1988) Occurrence and possible sources of perylene in marine-sediment - a review. Marine Chemistry 25(1), 1-27.
Wakeham, S.G., Schaffner, C. and Giger, W. (1980) Polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons in recent lake-sediment .2. compounds derived from biogenic precursorsduring early diagenesis. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 44(3), 415-429.
Wang, J.Z., Nie, Y.F., Luo, X.L. and Zeng, E.Y. (2008) Occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin 57(6-12), 767-774.
Wania, F., Axelman, J. and Broman, D. (1998) A review of processes involved in the exchange of persistent organic pollutants across the air-sea interface. Environmental Pollution 102(1), 3-23.
Wen, Z., Ruiyong, W., Radke, M., Qingyu, W., Guoying, S. and Zhili, L. (2000) Retene in pyrolysates of algal and bacterial organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 31(7-8), 757-762.
Witt, G. (1995) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Baltic Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31(4-12), 237-248.
Wolska, L., Zygmunt, B. and Namiesnik, J. (2003) Organic pollutants in the Odra river ecosystem. Chemosphere 53(5), 561-569.
Yan, W., Chi, J.S., Wang, Z.Y., Huang, W.X. and Zhang, G. (2009) Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China. Environmental Pollution 157(6), 1823-1830.
Yim, U.H., Hong, S.H., Shim, W.J., Oh, J.R. and Chang, M. (2005) Spatio-temporal distribution and characteristics of PAHs in sediments from Masan Bay, Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50(3), 319-326.
Yu, H.S., Chiang, C.S. (1997) Kaoping shelf: morphology and tectonic siginificance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 15(1), 9-18.
Yu, H.S., Huang, C.S., Ku, J.W. (1991) Morphology and possible origin of the Kaoping Submarine Canyon head off southwest Taiwan. Acta Oceanographica Taiwanica 277, 40-50.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D. and Sylvestre, S. (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry 33(4), 489-515.
Zhang, Z.L., Huang, J., Yu, G. and Hong, H.S. (2004) Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution 130(2), 249-261.
Zhou, J.L., Hong, H., Zhang, Z., Maskaoui, K. and Chen, W. (2000) Multi-phase distribution of organic micropollutants in Xiamen Harbour, China. Water Research 34(7), 2132-2150.
Zhou, J.L. and Maskaoui, K. (2003) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Daya Bay, China. Environmental Pollution 121(2), 269-281.
中央氣象局 (2010-2011) 氣候統計資料.
巫思佩 (2006) 高屏河海系統多環芳香烴化合物之分佈及通量研究, 國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文.
李定中 (2011) 二仁溪沉積物中持久性有機汙染物之濃度及含量分佈, 國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文.
李郁惠 (2005) 愛河及前鎮河水體中多環芳香烴含量分佈之研究, 國立中山大學環境工程研究所碩士論文.
林儒傑 (2011) 台灣高屏海域中多環芳香烴之海氣交換通量研究, 國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文.
高明雄 (2011) 應用觀測水文資料分析沿高屏峽谷受地形改變之影響, 中山海下科技暨應用海洋物理研究所碩士論文.
連育瑋 (1997) 高屏峽谷浮游植物生物量與海水物化因子相關性之研究, 國立台灣大學海洋研究所.
陳冠瑋 (2011) 多環芳香烴在高雄近岸測站的乾濕沉降, 國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文.
陳健民 (2007) 環境毒物學(第二版), 新文京開發出版股份有限公司.
陳凱亭 (2010) 高雄港內水域多環芳香烴與多氯聯苯含量分佈, 國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文.
經濟部水利署 (2011) 高屏溪河川水情. 經濟部水利署 (ed).