本研究嘗試探討不同水解方式(超音波水解、二次鹼水解及二次酸水解)及施加電場對於經厭氧消化後之都市下水污泥脫水效能之影響。首先，結合上述不同水解試驗結果，並使用半模廠規模的電動力輔助凹板式壓濾脫水系統進行單一濾室脫水試驗，求得污泥最佳脫水條件如下 : (1) 使用硝酸將污泥進行30 min二次酸水解(pH=3) ; (2) 施加輸入比能量為333 kJ/kg之超音波; (3) 添加200 mg/L絮凝劑；(4) 進行機械脫水50 min, 再壓濾電脫水20 min (施加電場強度為30 V/cm)。利用上述最佳條件之三濾室脫水試驗，其污泥餅平均含水率為66 %，能耗為107.9 kWh/ton (濕基)，換算污泥脫水費用約新台幣252 NTD/ton (濕基)。後續模廠試驗係以半模廠規模之最佳操作參數進行三個濾室污泥電脫水試驗，由於電路系統受限，施加電場強度僅為3.8 V/cm，產出之污泥餅平均含水率為78.3 %，能耗為6.3 kWh/ton (濕基)，換算污泥脫水費用約238.5 NTD/ton (濕基)。綜觀上述試驗結果，本研究利用超音波-二次酸水解污泥，並結合電動力輔助凹板式壓濾脫水機之半模廠試驗結果證實，此工法能明顯降低污泥餅含水率，具技術及經濟可行性 ; 但模廠規模之初步試驗結果則不盡理想，有待進一步探討其最佳參數及修改大型濾板設計(包括流道…等)，以便日後工程實現。

The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different hydrolysis methods (ultrasonic hydrolysis, secondary alkaline hydrolysis and secondary acid hydrolysis) and the application of electric field on the dewatering efficiency of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. First, based on the results of above-indicated hydrolysis methods and dewatering performance of a semi-pilot-scale recessed plate filter press electrodewatering system with one filter chamber, the optimal operating conditions for sludge dewatering were determined as follows: (1) Secondary hydrolysis by nitric acid at pH 3 for 30 min; (2) Ultrasonification under an specific energy input of 333 kJ/kg: (3) Flocculation at a dosage of 200 mg/L; (4) Mechanical dewatering for 50 min, followed by 20-min electrodewatering under electric field strength of 30V/cm. By using such optimal conditions in an extension test of three filter chambers, it yielded a filter cake of 66% in average moisture content. The corresponding energy consumption and cost were determined to be 107.9 kWh/ton (wet basis) and 252 NTD/ton (wet basis). By adopting the above-indicated optimal operating conditions in the pilot-scale sludge electrodewatering test for three filter chambers, it turned out that the applicable electric field strength was only 3.8 V/cm. Under the circumstances, it yielded an average moisture content of 78.3% for the filter cake. The corresponding energy consumption and cost were determined to be 6.3 kWh/ton (wet basis) and 238.5 NTD/ton (wet basis). Based on the results of the semi pilot-scale test, a treatment scheme of applying secondary acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic hydrolysis prior to subjecting to the recessed plate filter press electrodewatering would be technically and economically feasible. In the pilot study, however, the preliminary results are not satisfactory. Thus, further studies are needed before its commercial application.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
圖目錄 xv
表目錄 xviii
照片目錄 xx
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究內容與架構 4
1.3.1 瓶杯試驗 4
1.3.2 污泥脫水 5
1.3.3 處理效能及應用性評估 5
1.3.4 商業化機台測試 5
第二章 文獻回顧 7
2.1 污泥來源、組成與水分分布形式 7
2.1.1 污泥來源特性 7
2.1.1.1 初級污泥 (Primary Sludge) 8
2.1.1.2 生物污泥 (Biological Sludge) 9
2.1.1.3 化學污泥 (Chemical Sludge) 9
2.1.2 污泥水分分布 10
2.1.2.1 自由水 (Free/Bulk Water) 10
2.1.2.2 間隙水 (Interstitial/Capillary Water) 10
2.1.2.3 表面水 (Surface/Vicinal Water) 10
2.1.2.4 結合水 (Bound/Intracellular/Hydration Water) 11
2.1.3 胞外聚合物 (Extracellular Polymeric Substances，EPS) 12
2.2 污水及污泥處理技術 14
2.2.1 活性污泥法 14
2.2.2 厭氧消化法 15
2.3 污泥一次水解 15
2.3.1 超音波水解 16
2.3.2 鹼水解 19
2.3.3 酸水解 19
2.4 污泥的調理作用 22
2.4.1 物理調理 22
2.4.2 化學調理 23
2.4.2.1 絮凝劑調理 23
2.4.2.2 混凝劑 26
2.4.2.3 Fenton 試劑 26
2.4.3 雙重調理 27
2.5 污泥脫水特性指標參數 28
2.5.1 毛細汲取時間 (Capillary Suction Time , CST) 28
2.5.2 過濾比阻 (Specific Resistance to Filtration , SRF) 29
2.5.3 總體沉降 (Zone Settling) 30
2.6 污泥脫水技術 31
2.6.1 傳統脫水 31
2.6.1.1 加壓過濾 32
2.6.1.2 帶濾式過濾 32
2.6.1.3 離心過濾 33
2.6.2 改良式污泥脫水 34
2.7 電動力 34
2.7.1 電動力原理 35
2.7.1.1 電滲透流 36
2.7.1.2 電遷移/離子遷移 37
2.7.1.3 電泳 37
2.7.1.4 水電解 37
2.7.2 電滲透脫水 38
2.8 污泥產出及處理概況 39
2.8.1 國內事業污泥產出、儲存及再利用現況 41
2.8.2 國內下水污泥產出、儲存及再利用現況 41
2.8.3 日本處理污泥之現況 43
2.8.4 歐美處理污泥之現況 44
第三章 實驗材料、設備與方法 45
3.1 都市下水污泥來源 45
3.2 實驗材料與設備 47
3.2.1 實驗材料 47
3.2.2 實驗設備 48
3.2.3 電動力輔助凹板式壓濾脫水機台 52
3.3 研究方法 53
3.3.1 污泥瓶杯試驗 54
3.3.1.1 二次鹼水解 54
3.3.1.2 二次酸水解 54
3.3.1.3 超音波輔助二次酸/鹼水解 55
3.3.2 毛細汲取時間 (Capillary Suction Time) 56
3.3.3 過濾比阻 (Specific Resistance to Filtration) 57
3.3.4總體沉降(Zone Settling)試驗 58
3.3.5 其他分析方法 59
3.3.6 脫水試驗參數及組別一覽表 60
第四章 結果與討論 62
4.1污泥基本特性 62
4.1.1污泥二次酸/鹼水解批次試驗 64
4.1.2都市下水污泥二次水解後再添加絮凝劑之瓶杯試驗 68
4.1.2.1 都市下水污泥二次鹼水解後再添加絮凝劑調理 68
4.1.2.2 都市下水污泥二次酸水解後再添加絮凝劑調理 71
4.1.3超音波輔助都市下水污泥二次酸/鹼水解後再添加
絮凝劑之瓶杯試驗 73
4.1.3.1 超音波輔助都市下水污泥二次鹼水解後再添加
絮凝劑調理 73
4.1.3.2 超音波輔助都市下水污泥二次酸水解後再添加
絮凝劑調理 77
4.2都市下水污泥脫水試驗產物分析 80
4.2.1濾液量 80
4.2.2 濾液pH值 83
4.2.3 污泥餅含水率 84
4.2.4 單一濾室最佳試驗組別操作條件驗證及其延伸試驗 87
4.2.5 經濟可行性評估 89
4.2.6 污泥中溶解性正磷酸鹽及sCOD比較 92
4.2.7 污泥餅顯微結構觀察 96
4.3都市下水污泥脫水模廠試驗初步探討 99
4.3.1 都市下水污泥樣品 100
4.3.2 模廠脫水設備 100
4.3.3 脫水試驗參數 100
4.3.4污泥脫水能耗及污泥餅含水率 101
第五章 結論與建議 103
5.1 結論 103
5.2 建議 105
參考文獻 106
碩士在學期間發表之論文 124

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