自從民主柬埔寨結束後，在紅色高棉暴政下倖存的柬埔寨難民和他們的家人已經等待公平正義超過了三十年。根據柬埔寨政府和聯合國的協議，2003年建立的柬埔寨法院特別法庭(ECCC)是為了結束赤柬政府帶給他們的傷害。而今天，這三位罪犯在日內瓦的大會中被判違反人權。許多學者並不看好ECCC，認為與柬埔寨人民所期望的不同。

這篇論文主要是分析ECCC在調解中所扮演的角色。以問卷和與柬埔寨人民深度訪談為研究基礎，本文發現柬埔寨人民對於案例002/1在法院的審判和最後的判決出來之前的期待。這篇論文同時也更進一步的探討當地非政府組織成立的目的，以及他們正在進行和調解相關的計畫及活動。

本文結論認為ECCC是傳遞真相和正義給柬埔寨人民的工具。田野調查的結果顯示，大多數的柬埔寨人民相信Nuon Chea和Khieu Samphan必須為他們在1975年到1979年這段期間的作為負責，他們並期待ECCC可以判這兩人終身監禁。此外，這個預期被證明是正確的，在田野調查後的幾個月之後，法院作出了和調查結果相同的判決。最後，本文認為非政府組織做出了非常大的貢獻，他們和ECCC的結合在重建柬埔寨社會上扮演了非常重要的角色。

Cambodian victims and remaining families of those who died due to the Khmer Rouge atrocities have been waiting for justice for more than three decades since the end of the Democratic Kampuchea. As a result of the agreement between the Cambodian government and the United Nations, the ECCC was established in 2003 in order to end the culture of impunity by bringing the most responsible senior leaders before the court. Up until today, three perpetrators have been found guilty for the crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the Geneva Convention. Many scholars have underestimated the importance of the ECCC which differs from the Cambodian people’s perspective.
The thesis analyzes what role the ECCC plays in the reconciliation process. Based on questionnaires and in-depth interviews with the Cambodian people, I could also find out what their expectation from the final judgment of the Case 002/1 was before the Trial Chambers delivered official verdict. The thesis further evaluates the purpose of local NGOs, their ongoing programs and other activities related to the reconciliation.
It concludes that the ECCC is an inevitable mechanism delivering truth and justice to the nation. The results from the field research shows, the majority of Cambodian people believe NuonChea and KhieuSamphan are responsible for the crimes committed during 1975-1979, therefore they expect the ECCC to find the two accused guilty and sentence them to life imprisonment. In addition, this expectation was proved right, as the Trial Chambers delivered the same judgment a few months after the field research was conducted. Finally the thesis concludes how NGOs greatly contributed, with their ongoing programs to the process of reconciliation and that NGOs together with the ECCC play an incredibly important role in rebuilding the Cambodian society.

Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979) 1
1.2 Development of the Khmer Rouge Case 4
1.3 Motivation 7
1.4 Purpose 8
1.5 Literature Review 11
1.6 Research Methods 17
1.7 Research Approach 18
1.8 Research Limitation 19
1.9 Arrangement 19
Chapter 2: The Study of the ECCC 21
2.1 Definition of Genocide 21
2.2 Reconciliation and Transitional Justice 23
2.3 Transitional Justice in Cambodia 27
2.4 Analysis of the ECCC´s Successes and Failures 30
2.5 The Role of the ECCC in the Reconciliation Process 39
Chapter 3:In-depth Interviews and Questionnaires 47
3.1 Explanation of my Field Research 47
3.2 Analysis of In-depth Interviews with Local Cambodians 48
3.3 Analysis of In-depth Interviews with NGO Members 56
3.4 Analysis of the Questionnaires 60
3.5 Comparison of In-depth Interviews and Questionnaires 69
Chapter 4: The Study of NGOs in Cambodia 73
4.1 The Role of NGOs in the Reconciliation Process 73
4.2 Documentation Center of Cambodia 74
4.3 Transcultural Psychosocial Organization 82
4.4 Cambodian Center for Human Rights 87
4.5 Asian International Justice Initiative 92
Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 97
5.1 Conclusion 97
5.2 Final Verdict of Case 002/1 101
5.3 Recommendations to the Cambodian Government and to the ECCC 102
5.4 Message to the World 103

Books
Brinkley, Joel, 2011. Cambodia´s Curse: The Modern History of a Troubled Land. United States: Public Affairs.
Carney, Timothy & Choo, Tan Lian, 1993. Whiter Cambodia? Beyond the Election. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Chanda, Nayan, 1986. Brother Enemy: The War after the War. New York: Collier Books.
Chandler, David, 2008. A History of Cambodia. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Chandler, David, 2000. Brother Number One: A Political Bibliography of Pol Pot. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Kiernan, Ben, 2005. The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Lieberman, Benjamin, 2013. The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe. London: Bloomsburry Publishing.
Morris, Stephen J., 1999. Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Pran, Dith, Kiernan, Ben & DePaul, Kim, eds., 1997. Children of Cambodia’s Killing Fields: Memoirs by Survivors. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Roberts, David W., 2001. Political Transition in Cambodia 1991-99: Power, Elitism and Democracy. Richmond: Cruzon Press.
Steinberg, David J., ed., 1959. Cambodia: Its People Its Society Its Culture. New Haven: Hraf Press.
Ung, Loung, 2000. First They Killed my Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Ung, Loung, 2012. Lulu in the Sky: A Daughter of Cambodia Finds Love, Healing, and Double Happiness. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
Welaratna, Usha, 1993. Beyond the Killing Fields: Voices of Nine Cambodian Survivors in America. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Journal articles
Bockers, Estelle, Stammel, Nadine & Knaevelsrud, Christine, 2011/11. “Reconciliation in Cambodia: thirty years after the teror of the Khmer Rouge regime,” Treatment Center for Torture Victims, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 71-83.
Doung, Virorth & Ear, Sophal, 2009/9. “Transitional Justice Dilemma: The Case of Cambodia,” Peace and Conflict Review, Vol.4, No. 1, pp.1-18.
Fournet, Caroline, 2009/6. “The Universality of the Prohibition of the Crime of Genocide,1948-2008,” International Criminal Justice Rreview, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 132-149.
Kiernan, Ben, 2000/4-6. “Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice,” Human Rights Review, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 92-108.
Kiernan, Ben, 2001. “Myth, Nationalism and Genocide,” Journal of Genocide Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 187-206.
Kiernan, Ben, 2003. “The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975-79, and East Timor, 1975-80,” Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 585-597.
Kim, Hunjoon & Sikkink, Kathryn, 2010. “Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.54, pp. 939-963.
Lambourne, Wendy, 2009/1. “Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding after Mass Violence,” The International Journal of Transitional Justice, Vol. 3, pp. 28-48.
McCargo, Duncan, 2005/10. “Cambodia: Getting Away with Authoritarianism?,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 16, No.4, pp.98-112.
McCauley, Clark, 2010/3. “Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice,” Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 197-198.
Olsen, Tricia D., Payne, Leigh A. & Reiter, Andrew G., 2010/11. “The Justice Balance: When Transitional Justice Improves Human Rights and Democracy,” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.4, pp. 980-1007.
Richmond, Oliver P. & Franks, Jason , 2007/3. “Liberal Hubris? Virtual Peace in Cambodia,” Security Dialogue, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.27-48.
Shaw, Martin, 2012/12. “From comparative to international genocide studies: The international production of genocide in 20th –century in Europe,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp.645-668.
Un, Kheang, 2011/11. “Cambodia: Moving Away From Democracy?,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 546-562.
Warner, Ruth H. & Branscombe, Nyla R., 2012/3. “Observer Perceptions of Moral Obligations in Groups With a History of Victimization,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 882-894.
Dissertations
Chugh, Ayesha, 2009. Looking Beyond "The Shadow of Genocide": Agency and Identity in Post-Conflict Cambodia, the Significance of Silk. Diss., Department of Political Science, Scripps College, Claremont, United States.
Lavoix, Helene, 1981. Nationalism and genocide: The Construction of Nation-ness, Authority and Opposition: The Case of Cambodia (1861-1979). Diss., Department of Political Science, University of London, London, Great Britain.
Persson, Fredrik, 2008. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal– Searching for Justice and Truth in Cambodia. Diss., Department of Social Sciences, Södertörn University College, Stockholm, Sweden.
Newspapers
Barber, Jason, 1996/6/14. “Pol Pot - the shadow remains,” The Phnom Penh Post, < http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/pol-pot-shadow-remains >.
Freeman, Joe, 2013/6/18. “Genocide as pre-Poll Politics in Cambodia,” Asia Times, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-180613.html>.
Mydan, Beth, 1999/12/5. “The Shape of Justice is Undefined in Cambodia,” The New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/05/world/the-shape-of-justice-is-undefined-in-cambodia.html>.
Ponniah, Kevin & Seangly, Phak, 2013/8/21. “KR history classes take deft touch,” The Phnom Penh Post, <http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/kr-history-classes-take-deft-touch>.
Websites
The official website of Cambodian Center for Human Rights <http://www.cchrcambodia.org></http:>
The official website of Documentation Center of Cambodia <http://www.dccam.org></http:>
The official website of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia <http://www.eccc.gov.kh/)
The official website of Khmer Rouge Trial Monitor <http://krtmonitor.org/head-of-programs></http:>

The official website of Transcultural Psychosocial Organization in Cambodia <http://tpocambodia.org/ >