藻類相較於陸生植物具高生產率的特性，因此在生質燃料的料源中普遍被看好。本研究就太陽能量的觀點出發，探討戶外微藻養殖時，直立式光生物反應器吸收光能之途徑，並建立數值模式來評估直立式光生物反應器的太陽輻射能接收之季節平均光強度及最佳排列方式。本文以高雄為例，推算每日的太陽高度角、方位角及太陽輻射量，再配合斯涅爾定律與菲涅耳方程式得到太陽光的光線軌跡與反射率等計算陽光進入桶內之輻射能；而藻液內光強度之衰減可藉由比爾-朗伯定律計算得到，至於大規模生產時，直立式光生物反應器桶體彼此間太陽陰影之遮蔽影響，則以數學模型來推測。
研究結果發現:直立式光生物反應器整年平均的反射損失約為10.9%；春、秋季的太陽輻射擷取量最大，冬天次之，夏天最低，主要太陽光從上方往下照，一方面反射大另一方面直立桶側面照射較小的緣故雖然它的日照強。若以直徑50公分的直立式光生物反應器為例，藻液的平均光強度的峰值約在500(μmol∙m-2∙s-1)左右，而冬至整日藻液平均光強度的變化最少，夏至的變化最大。而多組光生物反應器間的相對距離對陰影遮蔽率的影響，東-西方向上的間距影響程度較南北向大，因此建議東西向間距要寬，以桶高之80%為準，南北向可以適度縮減。

Compared to terrestrial plants algae with high productivity characteristics, they are optimistically considered as a potential candidate to be biomass fuels. Based on the solar energy point of view, this study is to investigate the path of energy absorption by the microalgae vertical photobioreactor at outdoor culture, and establishes a numerical model to estimate the average received seasonal light intensity and the optimal arrangement for a set of vertical photobioreactors at open field. Taking Kaohsiung as an example, the projected daily Solar altitude, Solar azimuth and Solar radiation, coupled with the loss of Snell's law and Fresnel equation is used to obtain the actual light intensity penetrating into the wall of container. The light attenuation in the culture medium is estimated according to Bill Lambert law. This study also established a model to explore the shadow effect created by other nearby photobioreactors when a large scale production of microalgae implemented.
The results are as followings: The vertical photobioreactor reflection losses throughout the year averaged about 10.9%; during spring and autumn it captures the largest amount of solar radiation, then winter, and summer is minimum, since during summer time the sun is moving upright overhead causing the light reflects more and less penetrates into the container. Taking diameter 50 cm vertical photobioreactor for example, the average light intensity in the medium of algae in about 500 (μmol∙m-2∙s-1), while the winter solstice day average light intensity algae solution changes at least, the greatest change in the summer solstice. The shadow effect study shows that the arrangement of the east-west direction spacing has more impact than north-south, and their EW gap of spacing between each barrel should be at least 80% height, while NS direction could be moderately reduced.

目錄
摘要......................................................................................i
Abstract..............................................................................ii
目錄....................................................................................iii
圖次....................................................................................vi
表次....................................................................................xi
第一章 緒論........................................................................1
1.1 研究動機......................................................................1
1.2 研究目的......................................................................2
1.3 本文組織......................................................................3
第二章 文獻回顧................................................................4
2.1 藻類之基本介紹..........................................................4
2.2 培養方式......................................................................5
2.2.1 光源...........................................................................5
(1)光波長效應....................................................................5
(2)光照強度........................................................................7
(3)光衰減效應....................................................................8
2.2.2 二氧化碳濃度...........................................................9
2.2.3 溫度...........................................................................9
2.2.4 營養鹽.......................................................................10
2.3 培養系統......................................................................10
2.3.1 開放式藻類培養系統..............................................10
2.3.2 密閉式藻類培養系統..............................................12
2.4 太陽日照相關理論探討.............................................14
2.4.1 天文因素..................................................................15
2.4.2 大氣因素..................................................................18
2.4.3 地表因素..................................................................21
第三章 材料與方法...........................................................22
3.1 直立式光生物反應器.................................................22
3.1.1 戶外受光情形概述..................................................23
3.1.2 光徑計算..................................................................27
3.1.3 光生物反應器上的太陽光能量損失情形..............35
3.1.4 光能輸入效率..........................................................42
3.1.5 陰影遮蔽計算..........................................................44
3.1.6 光衰減分析..............................................................48
3.1.7 藻液平均受光強度..................................................53
3.2案例研究......................................................................56
3.2.1相關參數設定...........................................................56
3.2.2單組光生物反應器之效能探討...............................58
3.2.4多組光生物反應器之效能探討...............................61
第四章 結論與建議...........................................................72
4.1結論...............................................................................72
4.2建議...............................................................................75
參考文獻.............................................................................77
附錄A 程式碼(MATLAB)....................................................83
太陽光光線軌跡模擬程式(圖3.1.8)..................................84
直立式光生物反應器透射(反射)率計算程式...................87
藻液平均光強度計算程式(圖3.1.23)................................91
單組光生物反應器的太陽輻射接收量計算程式..............94
多組光生物反應器的太陽輻射接收量計算程式..............103
附錄B 實際透射率比較 ......................................................114


圖次
圖2.1 光合作用效率與光照強度關係圖...................................................................7
圖2.3.1 開放式藻類培養系統.....................................................................................11
圖2.3.2(a) 發酵槽.............................................................................................................13
圖2.3.2 (b) 管狀光生化反應器.........................................................................................13
圖2.3.2 (c) 板狀光生化反應器.........................................................................................13
圖2.4.1 地球與太陽的相對位置.................................................................................15
圖2.4.2 地平座標系.....................................................................................................16
圖2.4.3 傾斜面上的太陽輻射量.................................................................................18
圖2.4.4 大氣質量示意圖.............................................................................................19
圖3.1.1 戶外受光示意圖.............................................................................................23
圖3.1.2 光生物反應器上方空間內表面遮光與液面晃動狀況.................................24
圖3.1.3 光生物反應器(PBR)及太陽高度角..............................................................25
圖3.1.4 波長400到750nm之間B. braunii、Chlorella sp.和C. littorale的折射率...26
圖3.1.5 折射光與反射光之間的關係.........................................................................27
圖3.1.6 圓柱式光生物反應器受太陽光照情形示意圖.............................................29
圖3.1.7 光生物反應器之入射光與折射光情形(上視圖)..........................................31
圖3.1.8(a) 外徑50cm 及厚度0.5cm時高度角0°時的光徑情形.................................33
圖3.1.8(b) 外徑50cm 及厚度0.5cm時高度角30°時的光徑情形...............................33
圖3.1.8(c) 外徑50cm 及厚度0.5cm時高度角60°時的光徑情形................................34
圖3.1.8(d) 外徑50cm 及厚度0.5cm時高度角90°時的光徑情形................................34
圖3.1.9(a) 光線由疏介質進入密介質時入射角與反射率關係.................................…36
圖3.1.9(b) 光線由密介質進入疏介質時入射角與反射率關係….............................…36
圖3.1.10(a) 透射率分布圖：第二介面的透射率(T_1)…………..................................…..38
圖3.1.10(b) 透射率分布圖：第二介面的透射率(T_2).......................................................38
圖3.1.11 透射率函數(T)與θ_s和 的關係……….................................................……39
圖3.1.12(a) 入射角(θ_1)在不同太陽高度角(θ_s)與α時的計算值(外徑50cm、厚度0.5cm).............................................................................................................40
圖3.1.12(b) 入射角(θ_3)在不同太陽高度角(θ_s)與 時的計算值(外徑50cm、厚度0.5cm)……................................................................................................….40
圖3.1.13 太陽光入射光生物反應器的位置(上視圖)…..............................................42
圖3.1.14 不同太陽高度角時入射光生物反應器的總入射效率….......................…..43
圖3.1.15 光線追蹤法在光生物反應器的應用……….........................................……44
圖3.1.16(a) 光生物反應器投影至地面後與太陽方位角的關係.................................…45
圖3.1.16(b) 光生物反應器投影至地面後與太陽方位角的關係….................................45
圖3.1.16(c) 光生物反應器投影至地面後與太陽方位角的關係.................................…46
圖3.1.17 國立中山大學海洋科學院漁業養殖試驗場(N 22° 37',E 120°15')…........48
圖 3.1.18 光感測器於PBR系統內支架上…….......................................................….50
圖3.1.19 養殖時間與濃度的關係.................................................................................51
圖3.1.20 不同位置的光強測量值.................................................................................51
圖3.1.21 光衰減係數(A)與濃度(c)的關係...................................................................52
圖3.1.22 圓內平均取點.................................................................................................54
圖3.1.23 外徑50cm時光衰減係數與藻液的平均衰減情形……...............................55
圖3.2.1(a) 春分、夏至、秋分及冬至四天的光強(w/m2)變化.......................................58
圖3.2.1(b) 春分、夏至、秋分及冬至四天的光強(μmol∙m^(-2)∙s^(-1))變化.................59
圖3.2.2 單組光生物反應器全年光能輸入情形.........................................................60
圖3.2.3 多組光生物反應器棋盤式擺放之示意圖.....................................................62
圖3.2.4(a) 春分當日不同時間點的光遮蔽情形.............................................................63
圖3.2.4(b) 夏至當日不同時間點的光遮蔽情形.............................................................63
圖3.2.4(c) 秋分當日不同時間點的光遮蔽情形.............................................................64
圖3.2.4(d) 冬至當日不同時間點的光遮蔽情形.............................................................64
圖3.2.5 一年之中各組光生物反應器受陰影的遮蔽損失(以無遮蔽時的輸入光能為基準)....................................................................................................................................65
圖3.2.6(a) Y軸與正北方夾角(θ:0°~360°)改變時每組光生物反應器藻液的平均接收光能(W∙hr/

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