在隨意網路中，大部份的研究著重傳輸層的TCP(傳輸控制協定)，網路層的繞徑，資料連結層的多重跳躍，藉由WWAN 與WLAN 整合來增加負載平衡、涵蓋區域、與減少能源之消耗。在此論文中，四個藉由應用資料連結層和網路層的功\能來增加系統效能的方法被提出。
在資料連結層中的一個目的是執行錯誤的更正和偵測，另外一個目的是讓許多不同的使用者可以共用傳輸媒介，MAC (Medium Access Control) 次層即是負責允許資料在共用媒體傳輸但不要過度與其他的使用者產生干擾，這個觀念被稱為多重存取通訊，在第一個和第三個方法，FDMA (Frequency-division multiple access)之觀念被使用，而第四個方法，CDMA (Code-division multiple access)之想法被使用來提昇整個系統的效能。
網路層具有許多功\能，第一是決定路徑的資訊，第二是決定服務的品質，第三是控制資料流的流量以避免交通的擁塞，第三個方法同時利用資料連結層和網路層的功能來提昇系統的效能，而第二個方法則提出節省能源的佈置且應用於無線感測網路中。
在隨意網路中，資訊的傳送絕大部份都是藉由多重跳躍的繞徑方式來完成的。但是在此情況下，無論使用何種傳統繞徑方式都可能導致傳送的延遲與負荷，為了克服這個在隨意網路下隱含的特性，本論文提出了一個想法，那就是在毎一個節點安置雙卡而構成雙卡模式、透過節點自我組織的機制、在共有的IP 命名、和頻道指派之前提之下，形成階層星狀隨意網路，我們又稱之為HSG 隨意網路，在此一網路架構與機制之下，不僅能加速傳送的到達時間，而且當有資訊要傳送時也可免除了路徑查詢的程序，因此整體網路的可靠性和穩定度可以大大地提高，從NS2 模擬器的實驗的結果可知道不論是平均的兩終端結點的傳送的延遲、平均輸出、資料的傳送成功比率都可以大大地被提升。
在一個大規模感測系統的無線網路中，需要一個拓樸來收集所感測到的資訊，此架構必需達到消耗最小能源進而延長了網路的夀命，在本論文中一個以同心環為核心的階層式叢集架構被提出，在此架構下運用了四個階段，其為、先前佈署(pre-deployment)、建立父親兒子關係、佈署、以及成員加入等四階段，進而達到減少能源消耗及延長網路夀命的目的。
於隨意網路(ad hoc networks) 中，大部份的繞徑協定只著重找出一條可行的路徑，但並未考慮網路的擁塞狀況。因此QoS(服務品質保證)要在即時系統或多媒體應用程式中是不太容易實現的。為了要支援 QoS，本論文提出了以QoS 認知為導向的有效率之繞徑方法，於路徑查覺與路徑建立時期引進允許控制(admission control)機制，使其符合使用者的要求，同時為了加強效率，我們也使用兩張網卡與兩種不同頻率來收集資訊以增加系統的效率。從實驗結果顯示，我們所提出的方法不論是在封包傳輸成功比率(packet delivery ratio)或輸出量(throughput)或平均延遲時間(average end-to-end delay)都比沒有以QoS 為導向的繞徑要好得很多。
無線隨意網路的效能受限於多重跳躍傳輸的問題，為了解決此問題，本論文提出以分碼(code division)的方式來分別以 ”共通碼”與 ”特定碼”來調變資料框(frame)的表頭(header)及表身(payload)資訊，將RTS/CTS 改成ERTS/ECTS 格式以配合本方法，毎個節點並以SCT(spreading code table)來記錄正在使用的特定碼，如此一來，大大提高了傳輸的效能，由實驗得到証明。

The most studies on ad hoc network mainly focus on TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) of transport layer, the routing of network layer, multi-hop of Data-link layer, and the integration of WWAN and WLAN to increase the load balancing, coverage, and power savings. Nevertheless, in this dissertation, the system performances of four schemes proposed are improved with respect to data-link and network layers.
One purpose of the data link layer is to perform error correction or detection. The other is responsible for the way in which different users share the transmission medium. The Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer is responsible for allowing frames to be sent over the shared media without undue interference with other users. This aspect is referred to as multi-access communications. In the first and third schemes, the FDMA (Frequently-division multiple access) is employed to improve system performance, while in the fourth scheme the CDMA (Code-division multiple access) is used to enhance performance.
Network layer has several functions, first is to determine the routing information. A second function is to determine the quality of service. A third function is flow control to avoid network to become congested. In the third scheme, the data-link and network layers have been used to increase system performance. Furthermore, the second scheme mainly concentrates on power savings under wireless sensor network.
In ad hoc wireless networks, most data delivery is accomplished through multi-hop routing (hop by hop). This approach may leads to long delay and routing overhead regardless of which routing protocol is used. To overcome this inherent characteristic, this work presents a novel idea adopting dual-card-mode and performing self-organization process with specific IP naming and channel assignment to form a hierarchical star-graph ad hoc network (HSG-ad hoc) which can not only expedite the data transmission but also eliminate the route discovery procedure during data transmission. Therefore, the overall network reliability and stability can be significantly improved. Simulation results show that the proposed approach achieves substantial improvements in terms of average end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet delivery ratio.
In a large-scale wireless sensor network, a topology is needed to gather state-based data from sensor network and efficiently aggregate the data given the requirements of balanced load, minimal energy consumption and prolonged network lifetime. In this study, we proposed a ring-based hierarchical clustering scheme (RHC) consisting of four phases: pre-deployment, parent-child relationship building, deployment, and member join phases. Two node types are distributed throughout the network: cluster head nodes (type 1 node) and general sensor nodes (type 2 node). The type 1 node has better battery life, software capability and hardware features than the type 2 node does; therefore, the type 1 node is a better cluster head than type 2 node.
Most routing protocols focus mainly on obtaining a workable route without considering network traffic conditions for a mobile ad hoc network. Consequently, real time and multimedia applications do not achieve adequate quality of service (QoS). To support QoS, this work proposes a QoS-aware routing protocol, i.e. QUality of service with Admission control RouTing (QUART), that incorporates an admission control scheme into route discovery and route setup procedures. One variant of QUART, called, QUART-DD, adopts a dual-card dual-signal mechanism to increase system performance. Simulation results indicate that QUART-DD can significantly improve packet delivery ratio and throughput, while having a lower average end-to-end delay than routing protocols without QoS support.
The performance of ad hoc wireless network suffers from problems in multi-hop transmission. This study adopts code division to modulate the frame header and the frame payload separately. A common spreading code modulates the frame header, and a special spreading code is negotiated and to modulate the frame payload. A field in the frame header indicates the spreading code used to modulate the successive frame payload. The modulated frame is transparent for every node, enabling many frames to be transmitted simultaneously. To allow the special spreading code negotiation, the RTS/CTS command is modified as ERTS/ECTS, and a spreading code table (SCT) is maintained in every node. Due to the space reuse, the proposed scheme has superior performance in latency and bandwidth utilization, as revealed by the simulation results.

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of Dissertation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Topology of Hierarchical Star Graph (HSG) 5
2.1 Related works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Dual-card-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Naming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Channel assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 Gateway operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.7 Routing process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.8 Node disjoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.9 ARP and Gateway Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.10 Single-card-mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.11 Performance Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.11.1 Simulation Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.11.2 Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.12 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Ring-based Deployment 35
3.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.1 Pre-deployment process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.2 Deployment process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.3 Parent-child relationship building and member join process . . 41
3.2.4 IP Naming (Assignment) rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.5 Energy Consumption of an L-level hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4 QoS-aware Routing 56
4.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2.1 Clear and unclear neighboring nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2.2 Collect neighboring nodes and bandwidth information . . . . . 63
4.2.3 Bandwidth estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.4 Admission scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5 Code Division 79
5.1 Overview of Multi-Hop Ad Hoc Network and Code Division Technology 81
5.1.1 Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.1.2 Code Division Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.1.3 Use of Code Division in Ad Hoc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2 Proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.2.1 ERTS/ECTS Negotiation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.2.2 SSCN Determination for a Single Frame Communication . . . 87
5.2.3 Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2.4 Common Code Free Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
(CCFSMA/CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6 Conclusion and Future Work 96
7 Bibliography 99
List of Figures
2.1 A hierarchical ad hoc topology based on dual-card-mode . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Gray area : sub-root node candidate area (SRCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Creating of a root node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.4 Join of a sub-root node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 Creating of a leaf node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Self-organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.7 Naming of a root node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.8 Naming of a sub-root node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.9 Naming of a leaf node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.10 Naming of an ad hoc domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.11 Throughput's comparison for 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.12 Throughput's comparison for 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.13 Average end-to-end delay's comparison for 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.14 Average end-to-end delay's comparison for 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.15 Packet delivery ratio's comparison for 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.16 Packet delivery ratio's comparison for 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 one-level hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2 two-level hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Relationship between number of level and cluster number . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Total energy consumption for two di erent schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.5 Maximum energy consumption of type 1 node for two di erent schemes . . 54
3.6 LC1i from level 1 to level 9 using proposed scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.7 Lifetime cycle gain by increasing one unit cost of type 1 node . . . . . . . 55
4.1 Transmission and Interference ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 Clear and Unclear areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 multi-hop and hidden nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Route discovery procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.5 Route setup procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.6 An example of the proposed method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.7 Package Delivery Ratio Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.8 Average End-to-end Delay Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.9 Average End-to-end delay of QUART and AODV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.10 Throughput Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.1 Format of a MAC Data Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2 Spreading Code Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3 The Format of RTS/CTS and ERTS/ECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4 A Communication Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.5 CSMA/CA timing graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6 Common Code Free Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CCF-
SMA/CA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.7 Throughput comparison of 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.8 Throughput comparison of 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.9 Average end-to-end delay comparison of 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.10 Average end-to-end delay comparison of 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.11 Package delivery ratio comparison of 50 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.12 Package delivery ratio comparison of 100 nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
List of Tables
2.1 Routing example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Routing-process( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Receive-process( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Gateway-operation-process( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Gateway-routing-process( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 System notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 System parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

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