中文摘要
本研究旨在評估聯合國抗荒漠化公約（United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, UNCCD）1996年12月生效至今之實際作為與成效。本研究以Arild Underdal所提出之｢Oslo-Potsdam解｣（Oslo-Potsdam Solution）作為建制有效性評估之架構，設定UNCCD的生效年作為參考點（point of reference），同時，假設公約條文規範之內容為抗荒漠化行動的集體最適（collective optimum）目標，並以公約條文所揭示之義務作為評估標準，以檢視UNCCD生效後在全球、區域與國家三個階層上的履行現況，並分析履行現況與集體最適目標間之差距，進而瞭解因UNCCD的生效所帶來的相對進步。
本研究發現，聯合國抗荒漠化公約在全球、區域與國家階層上之實踐，皆缺乏具體成效。該公約確實為荒漠化問題建構了跨國的溝通管道與架構性的執行方向，然而，公約締約方對荒漠化議題的不重視與缺乏實際行動，導致三個階層行動接連失敗。公約並未明定已開發締約方官方發展援助（Official Development Assistance, ODA）佔其國家總生產毛額（Gross National Product, GNP）之比例，亦未制定違約制裁條款，使得公約缺乏強制性，亦間接造成資金與技術不足以支撐公約各階層的履約行動。
如何在UNCCD架構下，促進溝通與整合現有方案，提升締約方對於荒漠化等環境議題的認知與重視，進而促進環境保育與經濟發展的調和，需要未來其他相關研究加以思考並處理之。

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the actual performance and effectiveness of the United Nations Convention on Combat Desertification (or UNCCD, the Convention) since its entry into force in December 1996. This study applies “Oslo-Potsdam Solution” posed by Arild Underdal as a research framework for evaluating the effectiveness of the UNCCD, while the year of entry into force of the Convention is designated as a “point of reference”, articles of the Convention are deemed as “collective optimum” or collective objectives for combating desertification and the obligations laid down by the provisions of the Convention are designated as evaluation standards in examining the implementation of UNCCD in global, regional and national levels as well as the gap between actual performance of the Convention and its objectives so as to better understand the relative improvement that has been made since the UNCCD entered into force.
This study concludes that the implementation of UNCCD is ineffective on global, regional, and national levels. This Convention has certainly constructed valuable transnational communication channels and an implementation framework for dealing with desertification problems. However, the apathy and lack of substantive actions of the Contracting Parties to the Convention led to the consecutive failures on all three levels. That the Convention does not determine the ratio of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to Gross Nations Product (GNP) on the part of developed Contracting Parties to the Convention, nor impose any sanction for imbreachments of the Convention, made this Convention powerless in terms of its legal binding force which, in turn, indirectly led to the shortage of fund and technology in supporting the implementation activities on every levels.
How to promote communication and integrate existing programmes under the framework of the UNCCD so as to raise environmental awareness and care of the Contracting Parties to the Convention for further harmonizing environmental conservation and economic development needs further study.

目錄

論文審定書 ……………………………………………… i
謝誌 …………………………………………………………… ii
中文摘要 ……………………………………………………. iv
英文摘要 …………………………………………………… v
目錄 …………………………………………………………… vi
圖次 …………………………………………………………… viii
表次 …………………………………………………………… ix
縮寫詞彙對照表 ……………………………………………… x

第一章 緒論………………………………………………...... 1
第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………… 1
第二節 研究標的：聯合國抗荒漠化公約…………………… 5
第三節 文獻回顧與研究途徑………………………………… 9
第四節 評估方法、章節安排、研究流程與研究範圍……… 19
第五節 研究限制與預期結果………………………………… 24

第二章 UNCCD談判歷程與公約內容……………………… 27
第一節 公約談判過程………………………………………… 28
第二節 談判過程中重要爭議議題…………………………… 32
第三節 公約之結構與內容…………………………………… 41
第四節 公約在國家階層所創設之條約義務………………… 46
第五節 公約在區域階層所創設之條約義務………………… 49
第六節 公約在全球階層所創設之條約義務………………… 51

第三章 公約全球階層有效性分析…………………………… 61
第一節 從PACD到UNCCD：聯合國抗荒漠化行動之沿革 62
第二節 從PACD到UNCCD：變、不變及影響…………… 66
第三節 ｢科學與技術委員會」－科學、政治與荒漠化問題..77
第四節 ｢全球機制｣之運作與績效………………………… 92

第四章 公約區域階層有效性分析…………………………… 101
第一節 各大區域執行狀況…………………………………… 102
第二節 區域階層的執行困境………………………………… 114

第五章 公約國家階層有效性分析…………………………… 125
第一節 衣索比亞……………………………………………… 126
第二節 中華人民共和國……………………………………… 132
第三節 希臘…………………………………………………… 143
第四節 阿根廷………………………………………………… 152

第六章 結論…………………………………………………… 165

參考書目 ………………………………………………………… 167

參考書目

壹、中文部分
書籍
胡念祖，2000，｢國際漁業法律體制｣，傅新輔總編輯，TUNA2000鮪魚年鑑，高雄市：台灣區遠洋鮪漁船魚類輸出業同業公會，177-182。

期刊文章

王歡歡，樊海潮，2007，｢UNCCD與『中華人民共和國防沙治沙法』比較研究」，環境科學與技術，第30卷第9期，頁58-74。

朱震達、劉恕，1987，｢我國沙漠化土地治理的途徑與措施｣，中國科學院院刊，第3期，頁215-223。

林文軒，1992，｢中國大陸沙漠化問題與中共的土地治理現況調查｣，中共研究，第26卷第6期，頁86-94。

吳仁傑，2000，｢沙塵暴迭起與大陸土地荒漠化現況分析｣，中共研究，第34卷第7期，頁49-59。

陳德敏，胡耘通，2010，｢中國防治荒漠化的法律應對－來自UNCCD的啟示｣，重慶大學學報，第16卷第5期，頁67-71。

楊俊平、鄒立杰，2000，｢中國荒漠化現況與防治對策研究｣，乾旱區資源與環境，第14卷第3期，頁15-23。

楊繼平，2011，｢植樹造林、綠化祖國－學習毛澤東林業建設思想｣，中國林業，第1A期。

官方報告

中共全國綠化委員會，｢2013年中國國土綠化狀況公報｣，中國林業網，2014年3月12日。

中共國家林業局，｢中國荒漠化和沙化狀況公報｣，中國網，2005年6月。

中共國家林業局，｢第三次中國林業局荒漠化和沙化狀況公報｣，中華人民共和國中央人民政府網，2007年6月15日。
中共國家林業局，｢中國荒漠化和沙化狀況公報｣，2011年1月。

科爾沁左翼中旗人大常委會，｢關於貫徹執行『中華人民共和國防沙治沙法』情況的報告的審議意見｣，科爾沁左翼中旗人大常委會，2013年10月14日。

聯合國抗荒漠化公約中國執委會，｢中國履行聯合國抗荒漠化公約國家報告｣，2006年5月。

網路資料

王俊豪，2014，｢歐盟共同農業政策歷次改革方案之比較｣，臺灣農村經濟學會http://www.rest.org.tw/upload/2014072222141120.pdf，檢索日期：2014年8月24日。

陳逸潔，2009，｢歐盟農業政策改革和可借鏡之處｣，中華經濟研究院WTO電子報，2009年2月2日，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/www/Epaper/wtoepaper/article151.htm，檢索日期：2014年8月23日。

薄士軍，2013，｢封沙育林育草措施在內蒙古沙地治理中的重要性」，論文部落專業發表論文網，2013年10月30日，http://www.lunwenbuluo.com/lwfw/nykx/zwbh/3099.html，檢索日期：2014年5月28日。

網路資料

Hakim Djibril，2008，抗沙漠化之國家行動計畫研究：以查德為例，國立東華大學環境政策研究所碩士論文。

貳、英文部分
Books
Andresen, Steinar and Jon Birger Skjærseth. “Science and Technology: From agenda setting to implementation.” In Daniel Bodansky, JuttaBrunnee, and Ellen Hey (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 182-202.

Bekele, Melaku. 2008. “Ethiopia’s Environmental Policies, Strategies and Programs.” In Taye Assefa (ed.), Digest of Ethiopia’s National Policies, Strategies and Programs. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 337-370.


Beopoulos, N., and G.Vlahos. 2005. “Desertification and policies in Greece: implementing policy in an environmentally sensitive livestock area.” In Geoffrey Alan Wilson and Meri Juntti (eds.), Unravelling Desertification: Policies and Actor Networks in Southern Europe. Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 157-178.

Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence. "Technical and Financial Assistance." In Daniel Bodansky, JuttaBrunnee, and Ellen Hey (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 947-973.

Dregne, H. E. and N-T. Chou. 1992. Global Desertification Dimensions and Costs. In Degradation and Restoration of Arid Lands. Lubbock: Texas Tech. University.

Falloux, Francois, Susan Tressler, and KarelMayrand. 2006. “The Global Mechanism and UNCCD Financing: Constraints and Opportunities.” In Pierre Marc Johnson, KarelMayrand, and Marc Paquin (eds.), Governing Global Desertification: Linking Environmental Degradation, Poverty and Participation. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.

Jones, Charles O. 1984. An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy. Brooks: Cole Publishing Company, p. 25.

Krasner, Stephen D. 1983. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” In Stephen D. Krasner (ed.), International Regimes, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1-22.

Melaku Bekele. 2008. “Ethiopia’s Environmental Policies, Strategies and Programs.” In Taye Assefa (ed.), Digest of Ethiopia’s National Policies, Strategies and Programs. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Forum for Social Studies, 337-370.

Mitchell, Ronald B. 2002. “International Environment.” In Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, and Walter Carlsnaes (eds.), Handbook of International Relations. Sage Publications, 500-516.

Musu, I. 2008. “Integrated Environmental Policy in the European Union.” In Corrado Clini, Ignazio Musu, and Maria Lodovica Cullino (eds.), Sustainable Development and Environmental Management: Experiences and Case Studies. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 3-15.

Oñate, Juan J., Meri. Juntti, and Geoffrey Alan Wilson. 2005. “Desertification and policies: the global, European and national arenas.” In Geoffrey Alan Wilson and Meri Juntti (eds.), Unravelling Desertification: Policies and Actor Networks in Southern Europe. Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 31-59.

Tolba, Mostafa K., Osama A. El-Kholy, E. El-Hinnawi, M. W. Holdgate, D. F. McMichael and R.E. Munn, eds. 1992. The World Environment 1972-1992: Two Decades of Challenge. London: Chapman and Hall on behalf of The United Nations Environment Programme.

Journal Articles
Alm, Leslie. 2003. “Science and Policy: The View from the World of Scientists.” In the Journal of Environmental Systems, 29(4): 299-310.

Andresen, Steinar. 1996. “Implementation of International Environmental Commitments: the Case of the Northern Seas.” The Science of the Total Environment 186: 149-167.

Aubreville, Andre. 1949. “Climate, Forest, and Desertification of Tropical Africa.” In Society of Geopraphical Editions, Paris, Frence: Martime and Coloniales.

Bauer, Steffen and Lindsay C. Stringer. 2009 “The Role of Science in the Global Governance of Desertification,” The Journal of Environment and Development: 248-267.

DeSombre, Elizabeth R. 2006. “Emerging Issues and Future Directions.” In Global Environmental Institutions. London: Routledge, 155-173.

Frantzi, Sofia. 2008. “What Determines the Institutional Performance of Environmental Regimes? A Case Study of the Mediterranean Action Plan.” Marine Policy 32: 618-629.

Grainger, Alan. 2009. “The Role of Science in Implementing international Environmental Agreements: The Case of Desertification.” Land Degradation and Development 20: 410-430.

Guston, David H. 2001. “Bounary Organizations in Environmental Policy and Science: An Introduction.” Science, Technology, and Human Values, Special Issue: Boundary Organizations in Environmental Policy and Science 26(4): 399-408.

Haas, Peter M. 2004. “When does power listen to truth? A constructivist approach to the policy process.” In the Journal of European Public Policy 11(4): 569-592.

Haas, Peter M., Marc A. Levy and T. Parson. 1992. “Appraising the Earth Summit: How Should We Judge UNCED's Success?” Environment 34(8):6-11, 26-33.

Herrmann, S. M., and C. F. Hutchinson. 2005. “The Changing contexts of the desertification Debate.” Journal of Arid Environments 63: 538-555.

Hovi, Jon, Detlef F. Sprinz, and Arild Underdal. 2003. “The Oslo-Potsdam Solution to Measuring Regime Effectiveness: Critique, Response, and the Road Ahead.” Global Environmental Politics 3(3): 74-96.

Kassas, Mohamed. 1995. “Desertification: a general review.” Journal of Arid Environments 30: 115-128.

Payne, Rodger A. 1998. “The Limits and Promise of Environmental Conflict Prevention: The Case of the GEF.” Journal of Peace Research 35(3): 363-380.

Pridham, Geoffrey. 1994. “National Environmental Policy-making in the European Framework: Spain, Greece and Italy in Comparison.” Regional Politics and Policy, 4(1): 80-101.

Pridham, Geoffrey, Susannah Verney, and Dimitrios Konstadakopulos. 1995. “Environmental Policy in Greece: Evolution, Structures and Process.” Environmental Politics 4(2): 244-270.

Underdal, Arild. 1992. “The Concept of Regime 'Effectiveness'.” Cooperation and Conflict 27(3):227-240.

UNCCD Official Documents
Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee on Desertification (INCD)
United Nations, INCD, 3rd Session, Compilation of Government Views, Statements and Drafting Proposals, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/12 (23 August 1993).

United Nations, INCD, 3rd Session, Negotiating Text of the Convention, U. N. Doc. A/AC. 241/15 (19 November 1993).

United Nations, INCD, 4th Session, Revised Negotiating Text of the Convention, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/15/REV.1 (28 January 1994).

United Nations, INCD, 4th Session, Final Negotiating Text of the Convention, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/15/REV.3 (31 March 1994).

United Nations, INCD, 5th Session, Proposed Modifications to the Negotiating Text Relating to Categories of Countries, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/L.18 (19 May 1994).

United Nations, INCD, 5th Session, Working Paper on the Financial Provisions of the Convention, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/L.19 (27 May 1994).

United Nations, INCD, Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa: Final text of the Convention, U. N. Doc. A/AC.241/27 (12 September 1994).

Conference of the Parties
UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 1st Session, Draft Decisions for Consideration by the Conference of the Parties, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(1)/2 (June 10 1997).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 1st Session, Proposed Programme and Budget for 1999, UNCCD Doc. INCD/COP(1)/3 (20 June 1997).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 1st Session, Global Mechanism: Compilation of Revised Offers of International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(1)/5 (25 June 1997).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 1st Session, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its 1st Session, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(1)/11/Add.1 (12 December 1997).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 3rd Session, Implementation of the Convention: Review of Reports on Implementation of Affected African Country Parties, including on the Participatory Process and on Experiences Gained and Results Achieved in the Preparation and Implementation of National Action Programmes, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(3)/5/Add.2 (23 August 1999).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 3rd Session, Implementation of the Convention: Progress made in the Formulation and Implementation of the Subregional Action Programmes and the Regional Action Programme in Africa, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(3)/5/Add.5 (8 September 1999).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 4th Session, Synthesis of Scientific and Technical Information Particularly with Regard to the Benchmarks and Indicators Used to Measure Progress, and an Assessment Thereof, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(4)/CST/5 (3 November 2000).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 5th Session, Benchmarks and Indicators: Report of the Permanent Inter-State Committee on Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) and the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) on Their Initiative on the Development of Benchmarks and Indicators, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(5)/CST/7 (21 August 2001).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 5th Session, Report of the Parties on its Fifth Session, held in Geneva from 1 to 12 October 2001, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(5)/11/Add.1 (13 November 2001).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 6th Session, Further Steps in the Implementation of the Convention (Decision 1/COP.6), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(6)/11/Add.1 (7 November 2003).


UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 7th Session, Report of the Bureau of the Committee on Science and Technology, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(7)/CST/4 (21 July 2005).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 7th Session, Early Warning Systems: Pilot Studies on Early Warning Systems, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(7)/CST/7 (22 July 2005).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 8th Session, Report of the Fifth Meeting of the Group of Experts of the Committee on Science and Technology, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(8)/CST/2/Add.1 (11 July 2007).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 8th Session, Reshaping the Operation of the Committee on Science and Technology in line with the Recommendations of the Intergovernmental Intersessional Working Group 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework to Enhance the Implementation of the Convention (2008-2018), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(8)/16. Add.1 (23 October 2007).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 8th Session, The 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework to Enhance the Implementation of the Convention (Decision 3/COP.8), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(8)/16/Add.1 (23 October 2007).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 9th Session, Advice on How Best to Measure Progress on Strategic Objectives 1,2 and 3 of the 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework to Enhance the Implementation of the Convention (2008-2018), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(9)/CST/4 (29 June 2009).

UNCCD, Conference of the Parties, 9th Session, Advice on How Best to Measure Progress on Strategic Objectives 1, 2 and 3 of The Strategy (Decision 17/COP.9), UNCCD Doc. ICCD/COP(9)/18/Add.1 (2 October 2009)

Subsidiary Bodies
Global Mechanism. 2013. “Increasing Finance for Sustainable Land Management: Ethiopia,” 7 February 2013, http://global-mechanism.org/gm-publications/ethiopia/document-details (accessed 8 July 2014).

UNCCD, Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, 2nd Session, Global Mechanism: Review, pursuant to article 21, paragraph 5(d) of the Convention, of the report on activities of the Global Mechanism, and the provision of guidance to it, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/CRIC(2)/4 (18 June 2003).

UNCCD, Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, 9th Session, Status of Implementation, Potential Role and Need for Alignment with the Strategy of Subregional and Regional Action Programmes to Combat Desertification, UNCCD Doc. ICCD/CRIC(9)/12) (11 November 2010).

Documents
Argentina. La Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable. 2006. Tercer Informe Nacional para la Implementación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha Contra la Desertificación. (Argentina. The Secretariat of Environment and Sustainable Development. 2006. The 3rd National Report on the Implementation of UN Convention to Combat Desertification.). Available at http://www.unccd-prais.com/Data/Reports

Central African Region, “Programme d'action Sous-régional de Lutte contre la Dégradation des Terres et la Désertification en Afrique Centrale (PASR-LCD AC),” June 2007. Available at http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/casrap-fre2007.pdf

China. China National Committee for the Implementation of the UNCCD. 1996. China National Action Program to Combat Desertification. Available at http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/china-eng2000.pdf

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Environmental Protection Authority, “National Action Programme to Combat Desertification,” November 1998. Available at http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/ethiopia-eng2000.pdf

Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification. 2001. “Greek National Action Plan for Combating Desertification.” Available at http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/greece-eng2001.pdf

Greece. Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification. 2002. Second National Report of Greece on the Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Available at http://www.unccd-prais.com/Data/Reports

Greece. Greek National Committee for Combating Desertification. 2004. Third National Report of Greece on the Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Available at http://www.unccd.int/RegionalReports/greece-eng2004.pdf

Middleton, Nick, Stringer, Lindsay, Goudle, Andrew, and Thomas David. 2011. The Forgotten Billion: MDG Achievement in the Drylands, (UNDP and UNCCD). Available at http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/Forgotten Billion.pdf

United Nations Documents
Resolutions
United Nations, General Assembly, 20th Session, Assistance in Cases of Natural Disaster, U. N. Doc. A/RES/2034(XX) (7 December1965).

United Nations, General Assembly, 25th Session, Assistance in Cases of Natural Disaster, U. N. Doc. A/RES/2717(XXV) (15 December 1970).
United Nations, General Assembly, 28th Session, Consideration of the Economic and Social Situation in the Sudano-Sahelian Region Stricken by Drought and Measures to be taken for the Benefit of that Region, U. N. Doc. A/RES/3054(XXVIII) (17 October 1973).

United Nations, General Assembly, 29th Session, International Co-operation to Combat Desertification, U. N. Doc. A/RES/3337(XXIX) (17 December 1974),

United Nations, General Assembly, 33rd Session, Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, U. N. Doc. A/RES/33/89 (15 December 1978).

United Nations, General Assembly, 34th Session, Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, UN.Doc. A/RES/34/184 (18 December 1979).

United Nations, General Assembly, 36th Session, Study on financing the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, U. N. Doc. A/36/141 (1 October 1981).

United Nations, General Assembly, 44th Session, Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, U. N. Doc. A/RES/44/172 (19 December 1989).

United Nations, General Assembly, 47th Session, Establishment of an intergovernmental negotiating committee for the elaboration of an international convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. U. N. Doc. A/RES/47/188 (22 December 1992).

United Nations, General Assembly, 66th Session, The Future We Want, U. N. Doc. A/Res/66/288 (30 January 2013).

Documents
Environmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia. 1997. “The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia Project.” April 2, 1997, http://tcdc2.undp.org/gssdacademy/sie/docs/vol3/conservation_ethiopia.pdf (24 June 2014).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Executive Summary of How to Feed the World in 2050,” 12 October 2009, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf

Nick Middleton, Lindsay Stringer, Andrew Goudle, and Thomas David. 2011. The Forgotten Billion: MDG Achievement in the Drylands, (UNDP and UNCCD), http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Publications/Forgotten Billion.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme, Governing Council, 6th Session, Establishment and Operation of a Special Account for Financing the Implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, UNEP Doc. UNEP/GC.6/9/Add.4 (19 April 1978). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K78/001/40/img/K7800140.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations Environment Programme, Governing Council, 6th Session, Consultative Group for Desertification Control, UNEP Doc. UNEP/GC.6/9/Add.3 (9 May 1978). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N78/002/30/pdf/N7800230.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations Environment Programme, Governing Council, 6th Session, Establishment and Operation of a Special Account for Financing the Implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, UNEP Doc. UNEP/GC.6/9/Add.4/Corr.1 (15 May 1978). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K78/002/95/img/K7800295.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations Environment Programme, Establishment and Operation of a Special Account for Financing the Implementation of the Plan of Action to Combat Desertification, UNEP Doc. UNEP/GC.6/9/Add.4 (19 April 1978). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/K78/001/40/img/K7800140.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, “Agenda 21,” 3-14 June 1992, http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&nr=23&type=400&menu=35

Reports
Ci, Longjun, Xiaohui Yang, and Kebin Zhang, National Capacity Needs Self-assessment for Global Environmental Management, U. N. Doc. UNDP/GEF-CPR/03/G31/A/1G/99 (March 2005). Available at http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/documents/document/378_0.pdf

United Nations Economic and Social Council, Economic Commission for Africa, Africa Review Report on Drought and Desertification, U. N. Doc. E/ECA/ACSD/5/3, (November 2007).

United Nations Environment Programme, African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, Report of the Ministerial Session, U. N. Doc. UNEP/AMCEN/CONSULT.4/2 (7 October 1999). Available at http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Regions/Africa/meetings/regional/3rdAfricanRegConf/ministerialReport-eng.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme. 2012. “GEO-5: Global Environmental Outlook Report 5.” Available at http://www.unep.org/geo/geo5.asp


United Nations, United Nations Conference on Desertification, Report of the United Nationals Conference on Desertification, U. N. Doc. A/CONF.74/36 (1 January 1977). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N77/043/12/pdf/N7704312.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations, Joint Inspection Unit, Review of the Management, Administration and Activities of the Secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), U. N. Doc. JIU/REP/2005/5, 2005 (1 January 2005). Available at http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/GL9/907/06/pdf/GL990706.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations, Joint Inspection Unit, Assessment of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, U. N. Doc. JIU/REP/2009/4 (1 January 2009). Available at https://www.unjiu.org/en/reports-notes/JIU Products/JIU_REP_2009_4_English.pdf

Electronic Resources
United Nations News Centre, “UN declares famine in two regions of southern Somalia,” 20 July 2011. Available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39086, accessed 7 October 2012.
United Nations Webcast, “UNCCD, World Day to Combat Desertification – Press Conference, Rio+20,” Press Conference, 16 Jun 2012. Available at http://webtv.un.org/search/unccd-world-day-to-combat-desertification-press-conference-rio20/1692111471001?term=desertification

European Union Official Documents
Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs. 2009. “Greece and the euro.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/countries/greece_en.htm (accessed 18 August 2014).

Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, EU Doc. COM(2006)231 final (22 September 2006). Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0231&from=EN (accessed 29 April 2014).

European Communities. 1997. “Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts.” Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-en.pdf (accessed 18 August 2014).

European Commission. 2012. “The Common Agricultural Policy: A partnership between Europe and Farmers.” Available at http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-overview/2012_en.pdf
European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, EU Doc. COM (2012) 46 final (13 February 2012). Available at http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/jrc_soil/policy/DGENV/COM(2012)46_EN.pdf

European Crop Protection. 2013. “Common Agricultural Policy.” Available at http://www.ecpa.eu/information-page/agriculture-today/common-agricultural-policy-cap

European Union. 1957. The Treaty of Rome. http://ec.europa.eu/archives/emu_history/documents/treaties/rometreaty2.pdf

European Union. “Regulations, Directives and other Acts.” Available at http://europa.eu/eu-law/decision-making/legal-acts/index_en.htm

Law
Honorable Congreso de la Nacion Argentina. 1948. Arrendamientos y Aparcerias Rurales: Regimen Legal. Available at http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/65000-69999/66159/norma.htm (accessed 8 July 2014).

Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. 1980. Arrendamientos y Aparcerias Rurales: Ley 13.246 – Modificación. Available at http://infoleg.mecon.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/65000-69999/66159/norma.htm (accessed 8 August 2014).

Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. 1981. Fomento a la Conservación de los Suelos: Ley 22.428 – Régimen legal para el fomento de la acción privada y pública tendiente a la conservación y recuperación de la capacidad productiva de los suelos. Available at http://www.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/40000-44999/40021/norma.htm

Governmental Organization Information
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, The Story of Official Development Assistance, OECD Doc. OCDE/GD(94)67 (1996). Available at http://www.oecd.org/dac/1896816.pdf

Non-Governmental Organization Information
Glantz, M. H. and N. S. Orlovsky. 1983. “Desertification: A review of the concept.” In Desertification Control Bulletin 9: 15-22. Available at http://www.ciesin.org/docs/002-479/002-479.html

Global Environment Facility, Assembly, 2nd Session, Beijing Declaration of the Second GEF Assembly, GEF Doc. GEF/A.2/Declaration (18 October 2002). Available at http://www.thegef.org/gef/sites/thegef.org/files/documents/Beijing_Declaration_-_English.pdf
International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 1, “Summary of the Proceedings of the Organizational Session of the INC for the Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification,” (January 1993). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0401000e.html

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiation Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 1, “Desertification and the UN System,” (January 1993). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0401018e.html

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 22, “I. Preamble,” (September 1993). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0422005e.html

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 22, “Summary of the Second Session of the INC for the Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification,” (September 1993). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0422014e.html

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 22, “A Brief Analysis of the 2nd Session of the INCD,” (September 1993). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/0422034e.html

International Institution of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 65, "A Summary Report on the INC for the Elaboration on an International Convention to Combat Desertification," (20 January 1995) http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb0401-99/enb0465e.pdf

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 116, “Summary of the First Conference of the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification,” (13 October 1997). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb04116e.pdf

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 127, “Summary of the Second Conference of the Parties to the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification,” (14 December 1998). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol04/enb04127e.html

International Institute of Sustainable Development, Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 149, “Summary of the First Conference of the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification,” (26 December 2000). Available at http://www.iisd.ca/download/pdf/enb04149e.pdf

Conference Paper
Abraham, Elena M. 2006. “Combating Desertification in Argentina from Research to Action.” Presented at the 2006 Desertification and the International Policy Imperative, Algeria.


Abraham, Elena M. 2009. “Desertification Assessment and Monitoring in Argentina” (Power Point File) Presented at 2009 UNCCD 1st Scientific Conference, Buenos Aires. Available at http://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/data/conference2009/200909/Session1_Opening_No2_Abraham.pdf

Hawando, Tamirie. 1997. “Desertification in Ethiopian Highlands.” Presented at the 1997 Rangeland Desertification International Workshop, Iceland.

Sprinz, Detlef F. 2000. “Research on the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes: A Review of the State of the Art.” Presented at the 2000 Final Conference of EU Concerted Action on Regime Effectiveness, Barcelona.

Working Paper/ Project
Bauer, Steffen and Lindsay C. Stringer. 2008. Science and Policy in the Global Governance of Desertification: An analysis of institutional interplay under the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. Global Governance Working Paper No. 35. Amsterdam et al.: The Global Governance Project. Available at http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/C08-0097-Bauer-Science.pdf

Newspaper Article
Bogado, Belen. 2009. “Latin America: The Rapid Spread of Desertification,” Global Voice, November 4.

CBC News. 2013. “Tories defend withdrawal from UN drought 'talkfest',” CBC News March 28.