Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0112104-110010 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0112104-110010
論文名稱
Title
發展中的台灣銀行業:結構的變遷與競爭挑戰
Banking Development in Taiwan:The Issues on the Structure Changes and Competition Challenge
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
126
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2004-01-06
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2004-01-12
關鍵字
Keywords
換股比率、淨利息利潤、銀行合併、部分綜合銀行體系、Panel Data門檻迴歸模型、公司治理、道德危險
Bank merger, Partial universal banking system, Corporate governance, Moral-hazard, Net interest margins, Exchange ratio, Panel data threshold model
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5795 次,被下載 8306
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5795 times, has been downloaded 8306 times.
中文摘要
自從民國80年開放銀行設立後,歷經10年的變化,台灣銀行業面臨前所未有的困境與挑戰,如何在激烈的競爭中脫穎而出,成了每家銀行必備的功課,而這也衍生出本文關心的兩個議題:
第一個議題乃是就過去10年台灣銀行業的獲利面與風險面進行分析,瞭解影響獲利與風險的因素及其程度,以作為銀行提昇營運績效之基礎。其中在獲利面部份,本文著重在「金融機構合併法」與「金融控股公司法」此兩個改進銀行業績效的方案通過前,有關商業銀行獲利主源--淨利息利潤決定因素之討論;而在風險面之研究中,本文特別針對銀行業體質惡化時期,從公司治理的角度探討台灣銀行業在信用風險、市場風險與整體風險承擔行為之表現。
第二個議題則是鑒於銀行合併乃是國內外解決銀行業困境與面對未來競爭挑戰之不可避免的手段,針對合併常用的「股權交換」型式進行討論,發展一理論與實務兼具的銀行換股比率模型,以協助合併雙方決定出雙贏的換股比率。
在進行上述兩個議題的討論前,本文回顧台灣銀行業的發展歷程,發現:在歷史因素下,台灣銀行業有著一套獨特的混合體制—即「部分綜合銀行體系」。它是一結合「區隔銀行制」與「綜合銀行制」色彩的混合體,反映出一國的銀行業可能同時有兩種以上不同的體制存在,這和現今教科書所提及之三大銀行體制明顯不同。在這樣的情況下,若依國內外相關文獻之傳統作法,將所有銀行資料混合進行實證研究,極易造成結果的扭曲而難以發現影響台灣銀行業獲利與風險的真正要素。為解決這個問題,本文引入Hansen(1999)所提的Panel Data門檻迴歸模型,不但可藉由計量方法的運用,檢驗台灣銀行業是否具備「部分綜合銀行體系」之特色,也能進一步自動判讀各樣本銀行所傾向的體制,避免外生的人為分類又扭曲銀行的本質,更可顯現近10年台灣銀行業動態變化的過程。
本文的研究結果有以下幾點:
(1)透由計量方法的運用與統計檢定,證明台灣銀行業的體制結構具備「部份綜合銀行體系」之特色,且樣本銀行可藉由門檻值區分為兩組,即「淨非利息收入佔營業收入之比率」低於門檻值者,較接近美式專業區隔銀行,以承作傳統存放款業務為主;「淨非利息收入佔營業收入之比率」高於門檻值者,較接近德式綜合銀行,不僅有傳統存放款業務,也涉及非銀行業務,同時從動態變化的過程中發現:台灣銀行業由早期較「偏向美式專業區隔銀行制」逐步演變成「偏向德式綜合銀行制」之型態。
(2)以傳統存放款業務為重的「偏向美式銀行」,其淨利息利潤主要受到信用風險、利率風險、槓桿程度與管理能力的左右;同時「雙重身分經理人持股佔董事會持股比率」與銀行信用風險間成一倒U型關係,符合學術上「公司控制」假說,然而「機構投資人持股比」對於信用風險之影響並不顯著,支持「資訊不對稱」假說。至於以綜合銀行業務為主的「偏向德式銀行」,其淨利息利潤只對信用風險、槓桿程度與存款準備敏感;不過「雙重身分經理人持股佔董事會持股比率」與銀行信用風險間反而成一U型關係,支持「道德危險」假說。此外 ,「機構投資人持股比」愈高,銀行信用風險越小,說明「謹慎投資者」假說成立。
(3)銀行相關公司治理機制難以左右其市場風險承擔決策,僅有資產規模與財務槓桿發揮影響力。而在整體風險方面,內部人士持股比率越高,銀行整體的經營越穩健;機構投資人持股比率越高,銀行的整體風險反而提高。
(4)雖然台灣已於民國88年7月1日正式實施「風險基礎存款保險制度」,然而本文的實證結果證實:銀行承擔信用風險的動機並未就此減輕,反而還明顯提高,懷疑可能與國內的存款保險費率偏低有關。
(5)本文就L-G換股比率模型進行延伸討論,除解決原L-G模型中「合併後預期本益比」於實務運用上之估計問題外,也考慮合併常出現之異常報酬現象而進行併前股價風險調整,並針對三家以上銀行合併之換股比率問題提出實務解決之道。
(6)本文針對國內第一宗根據「金融機構合併法」自發性合併案—即台新銀行與大安銀行合併進行試算,不僅求解出合併雙方換股比率合理協商空間,也藉由結合實際換股比率與事後本益比之討論獲得相關訊息內涵—即本合併案有正合併溢酬存在,且被併的大安銀行所獲得之合併增值部份大於主併的台新銀行,比對合併後台新銀行內部調查,更凸顯本文所延伸發展的銀行換股比率模型兼具理論成分與實用價值。
Abstract
This study explores two issues, one is to investigate the determinants of net interest margins and bank risk-taking from 1993 to 2001 in a partial universal banking system, taking Taiwan as our example, and the other is to provide some empirical evidences of exchange ratio determination of bank mergers in Taiwan.
In the first topic, the partial universal banking system here is a mix of the conventional commercial banking system (whose activity is mainly loan-deposit taking) and the universal banking system (engaging in both loan-deposit and investment activities). We employ the recently developed method of the panel data threshold regression method to estimate the determinant function of the net interest margin and bank risk-taking model. It is found that the corporate governance plays an important role in explaining the recent behavior of the banking industry. The empirical results show that the net interest margins in the commercial banking system are affected by credit risk, interest rate risk, the degree of leverage and management quality, unlike the net interest margins in the universal banking system which are more sensitive to only-credit risk and the degree of leverage. Moreover, the relationship between managerial ownership and credit risk taking behavior is inverse U-shape in the commercial banking system, consistent with the corporate control hypothesis, unlike U-shape relation in the universal banking system that supports moral-hazard hypothesis.
In the second topic, we not only extend Larson and Gonedes (1969) merger exchange ratio model to taking account of market risk and more participants but also apply Marsh-Merton dividend behavior reduced form (1987) to estimate the expected post-merger price-earnings ratio. Taking the first case of the bank merger according to the Financial Institution Merger Law as our sample, we find that the L-G model indicates the interval of exchange ratios that enhance, or at least not cause any diminution in the wealth positions of all parties to a proposed bank merger. Also, the bargaining area offers some information to help merger candidates to negotiate final actual exchange ratio.
目次 Table of Contents
第一章 緒論 ………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機與研究目的 …………………………………………1
1.2 研究架構 ………………………………………………………8
第二章 台灣銀行業之體制結構……………………………………9
2.1 全球銀行體制之分類 …………………………………………9
2.2 美國銀行業發展歷程與體制結構 …………………………14
2.3 相關文獻回顧…………………………………………………19
2.4 台灣銀行業發展歷程與體制結構—部分綜合銀行體系……21
第三章 台灣銀行業獲利面與風險面之分析 ……………………34
3.1 背景介紹………………………………………………………34
3.1.1 獲利面 ………………………………………………………34
3.1.2 風險面 ………………………………………………………37
3.2 相關文獻回顧…………………………………………………41
3.2.1 銀行淨利息利潤 ……………………………………………41
3.2.2 銀行風險承擔 ………………………………………………44
3.3 研究方法簡介…………………………………………………48
3.4 實證模型………………………………………………………50
3.4.1 傳統銀行淨利息利潤實證模型 ……………………………50
3.4.2 傳統銀行風險承擔實證模型 ………………………………51
3.4.3 部分綜合銀行體系之實證模型 ……………………………53
3.5 實證結果………………………………………………………69
3.5.1 銀行淨利息利潤模型 ………………………………………69
3.5.2 銀行風險承擔模型 …………………………………………79
3.6 研究小結 ……………………………………………………88
第四章 銀行合併換股比率之實證研究 …………………………89
4.1 全球銀行合併概況 …………………………………………89
4.2 台灣銀行合併介紹……………………………………………93
4.3 相關文獻回顧…………………………………………………95
4.4 換股比率模型…………………………………………………98
4.5 實證結果 ……………………………………………………105
4.6 研究小結 ……………………………………………………112
第五章 結論………………………………………………………113
參考文獻……………………………………………………………116
附錄…………………………………………………………………124
參考文獻 References
1.牟淑瑜,銀行合併換股比率之實證研究,中山大學財務管理研究所碩士論文,2000年6月。
2.李文惠,公司治理的角度看銀行風險承擔問題之研究,中山大學財務管理研究所碩士論文,2002年6月。
3.李玉菁,談金融控股與合併—以富邦金控公司為例,中山大學財務管理研究所碩士論文,2002年6月。
4.李桐豪,由美國金融服務業現代化法看我國的金融控股公司法,台灣金融財務季刊,第2輯,第2期,2001年6月,1-17。
5.沈中華,金融機構利率風險管理—表內調整與表外調整,台灣經濟金融月刊,第35卷,第6期,1999年6月,1-19。
6.沈中華、李建然,事件研究法:財務與會計實證研究必備,台北:華泰書局,2000年9月。
7.沈中華、郭照榮與陳曉蓉,台灣銀行業的淨利息邊際決定因素,中國財務學刊,第9卷,第1期,2001年4月,47-83。
8.沈中華,銀行最佳異業合併對象,發表於當前金融問題研討會,2001年4月21日,台北。
9.沈中華、張雲翔,歐系綜合銀行與美系分業銀行何者較能增加銀行績效?--由46國資料比較分析,台灣金融財務季刊,第2輯,第2期,2001年6月,85-95。
10. ,金融機構跨業經營及轉投資之利潤與風險:全球實證分析,經濟論文,第30卷,第3期,2002年9月,275-310。
11.沈中華,貨幣銀行學—全球的觀點,第二版,台北:新陸書局,2002年2月,第14章。
12.沈中華、吳孟紋,銀行治理、銀行失敗與銀行績效:以台灣為例,亞太經濟管理評論,第6卷,第1期,2002年9月,27-46。
13.沈仰斌、宗立炘,台灣地區銀行兼營證券、票券業務風險效果之實證研究,發表於第八屆證券暨金融市場理論與實務研討會,1999年12月11日,高雄。
14.周士淳,2002年,金融業跨業合併探討,政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,2002年6月。
15.林宜嫻,銀行的股權結構與風險承擔關係之研究,交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文,1997年6月。
16.相伬幸悅,林韓菁譯,日本金融大改革,台北:三民書局,2001年1月。
17.馬文玲,以一年期存放利差看商業銀行資金管理與經營績效之關連性,交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文,1992年6月。
18.俞海琴、張祥生,我國銀行獲利方式與獲利能力關係之實證研究,基層金融,第34期,1997年3月,71-97。
19.施敏雄,日本金融控股公司法之立法背景與運用,台灣金融財務季刊,第2輯,第2期,2001年6月,19-32。
20.黃思嘉,股權結構與組織策略對銀行信用風險之衝擊,中央大學財務管理研究所碩士論文,2000年6月。
21.郭照榮,金融機構合併之考慮因素及其對象之選擇,金融財務季刊,第5期,2000年1月,1-11。
22.郭照榮,銀行合併之利益源流—兼對台灣三商銀合併可能性之實證研究,行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告,計畫編號:NSC-89-2416-H-110-039,2000年7月。
23.郭照榮、沈中華譯,金融機構管理,台北:華泰書局,2001年9月,第16、17章。
24.郭照榮,銀行合併行為的理論與實際,我國金融機構併購問題及個案探討,台北:台灣金融研訓院,2002年7月。
25.郭照榮,銀行合併的換股比率問題,我國金融機構併購問題及個案探討,台北:台灣金融研訓院,2002年7月。
26.郭照榮、陳曉蓉、曾曉萍,台灣銀行業合併換股比率之研究,中山管理評論,第11卷,第1期,2003年春,49-75。
27.劉真德,銀行資金缺口管理之研究,政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文,1984年6月。
28.賴英照,台灣金融版圖之回顧與前瞻,台北:聯經出版事業公司,1997年2月。
29.陳木在、陳錦村,商業銀行風險管理,台北:新陸書局,2001年7月,第9章。
30.陳佳怡,金融控股公司經營績效之探討—財務面因素評估研究,中山大學財務管理研究所,2003年6月。
31.陳錦村、黃佩玲,從股權結構與核心代理觀點評析公營銀行民營化的實際成效,公營事業評論,第2卷,第3期,2001年,69-89。
32.陳曉蓉,台灣銀行業公司治理機制與風險承擔行為之關係,風險管理學報,第5卷,第3期,2003年11月。
33.鄭瑞真,成立金融控股公司之投資效率與風險評估—以我國銀行為例,中央大學財務管理研究所碩士論文,2001年6月。
34.Allen, L., 1988, The determinants of bank interest margins: A note, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 23, 231-235.
35.Amihud, Y. and B. Lev, 1981, Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers, Bell Journal of Economics 12, 605-617.
36.Anderson, R.C. and D. R. Fraser, 2000, Corporate control, bank risk taking, and the health of the banking industry, Journal of Banking and Finance 24, 1383-1398.
37.Andrews, D.W.K. and W. Ploberger, 1994, Optimal tests when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative, Econometrica 62, 1383-1414.
38.Angbazo, L., 1997, Commercial bank net interest margin, default risk, interest-rate risk, and off-balance sheet banking, Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 55-87.
39.Bae, S. C. and S. Sakthivel, 2000, An empirical analysis of exchange ratio determination models for merger: A note, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 27, 511-521.
40.Barth, J. R., G. Caprio and R. Levine, 2000, Banking systems around the Globe: Do regulation and ownership affect performance and stability? The Wold Bank Working Paper, No. 2325.
41.Boyd, J. H., L.G. Stanley and R. S. Hewitt, 1993, Bank holding company mergers with nonbank financial firms: Effects on the risk of failure, Journal of Banking and Finance 17, 43-63.
42.Brewer, E., D. Fortier and C. Pavel, 1988, Bank risk from nonbank activities, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, 14-26.
43. and M. R. Saidenberg, 1996, Franchise value, ownership structure, and risk at savings institutions, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Working Paper, No.9632.
44.Buser, S.A., A.H. Chen and E.J. Kane, 1981, Federal deposit insurance, regulatory policy, and optimal bank capital, Journal of Finance 36, 51-60.
45.Cebenoyan, A. S., E.S. Cooperman and C.A. Register, 1995, Deregulation, reregulation, equity ownership, and S&L risk-taking, Financial Management 24, 63-76.
46. , 1999, Ownership structure, charter value, and risk-taking behavior for thrifs, Financial Management 28, 43-60.
47.Changanti, R.S., V. Mahajan and S. Sharma, 1985, Corporate board size, composition, and corporate failures in the retailing industry, Journal of Management Studies 22, 400-417.
48.Chen, C. R., T.L. Steiner and A. M. Whyte, 1998, Risk-taking behavior and management ownership in depository institutions, Journal of Financial Research 21, 1-16.
49.Conn, R. L. and J. F. Nieisen, 1977, An empirical test of the Larson-Gonedes exchange ratio determination model, Journal of Finance 32, 749-759.
50.Cooke, T., A. Gregory and B. Pearson, 1994, A UK empirical test of the Larson-Gonedes exchange ratio model, Accounting and Business Research 24, 133-147.
51.Cornett, M.M. and A. Saunders, 1999, Fundamentals of financial institutions management, Boston: McGraw-Hill Company, 605-669.
52.Davies, R.B., 1977, Hypothesis testing when a nuisance parameter is present only under the alternative, Biometrika 64, 247-254.
53.Demirg c-Kunt, A. and H. Huizinga, 1998, Determinants of commercial bank interest margins and profitability: Some international evidence, The World Bank Working Paper , No.1900.
54. and R. Levine, 1999, Bank-based and market-based financial systems: Cross-country comparisons, The World Bank Working Paper , No.2143.
55.Eisemann, P.C., 1976, Diversification and the congeneric bank holding company, Journal of Bank Research, 68-77.
56.Estrella, A., 2001, Mixing and matching: Prospective financial sector mergers and market valuation, Journal of Banking and Finance 25, 2367-2392.
57.Fazzari, S. M., R., Glenn Hubbard and B. C. Peterson, 1988, Financing contraints and corporate investment, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 141-195.
58.Franks, J. R., and R. S., Harris, 1989, Shareholders’ wealth effects of corporate takeovers: The UK experience 1955-1985, Journal of Financial Economics 23, 225-249.
59.Galloway, T. M., W. B. Lee and D. M. Roden, 1997, Bank’s changing incentives and opportunities for risk taking, Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 509-527.
60.Gorton, G. and R. Rosen, 1995, Corporate control, portfolio choice, and the decline of banking, Journal of Finance 50, 1377-1420.
61.Halpern, P. J, 1973, Empirical estimates of the amount and distribution of gains to companies in mergers, Journal of Business, October, 554-575.
62.Hansen, B.E., 1996, Inference when a nuisance parameter is not identified under the null hypothesis, Econometrica 64, 413-430.
63. , 1999, Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference, Journal of Econometrics 93, 345-368.
64. , 2000, Sample splitting and threshold estimation, Econometrica 68, 575-603.
65.Hawawini, G. A. and I. Swary, 1990, Mergers and acquisitions in U.S. banking industry: Evidence from the capital markets, Amsterdam: North-Holland, Chapter 2.
66.Ho, T.S.Y. and A. Saunders, 1981, The determinants of bank interest margins: Theory and empirical evidence, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 16, 581-600.
67.Jensen, M.C.,1993, The modern industrial revolution, exit, and the failure of internal control systems, Journal of Finance 48, 831-880.
68. and W. H. Meckling, 1976, Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360.
69.Keeley, M. C., 1990, Deposit insurance, risk, and market power in banking, American Economic Review 80, 1183-1200.
70.Knopf, J. D. and J. L. Teall, 1996, Risk-taking behavior in the U.S. thrift industry: Ownership structure and regulatory changes, Journal of Banking and Finance 20, 1329-1350.
71.Kroszner, R.S. and R. G. Rajan, 1994, Is the Glass-Steagall Act justified? A study of the U.S. experience with universal banking before 1933, American Economic Review 84, 810-832.
72.Kwan, S. H., 1998, Securities activities by commercial banking firms’ section 20 subsidiaries: Risk, return and diversification benefits, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper, No. 98-10.
73.Kwast, M.L.,1989, The impact of underwriting and dealing on bank returns and risks, Journal of Banking and Finance 13, 101-125.
74.Laderman, E.S., 2000, The potential diversification and failure reduction benefits of bank expansion into nonbanking activities, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper , No. 2000-01.
75.La Porta, R., F. Lopez-de-Silanes and A. Shleifer, Corporate ownership around the world, Journal of Finance 54, 1999, 471-517.
76.Larson, K. D. and N. J. Gonedes, 1969, Business combinations: An exchange ratio determination model. The Accounting Review, October, 720-728.
77.Lev, B.,1974, On the association between operating leverage and risk, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 9, 627-642.
78.Linda A. and A. Rai, 1996, Operational efficiency in banking: An international comparison, Journal of Banking and Finance 20, 655-672.
79.Lown, C.S., C.L. Osler, P.E. Strahan and A. Sufi, 2000, The changing landscape of the financial services industry: What lies ahead? Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Economic Policy Review 6, 39-54.
80.Marcus, A.J.,1984, Deregulation and bank financial policy, Journal of Banking and Finance 8, 557-565.
81. and I. Shaked, 1984, The valuation of FDIC deposit insurance using option price estimates, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 16, 446-460.
82.Marsh, T. A. and R. C. Merton, 1987, Dividend behavior for the aggregate stock market, Journal of Business 60, 1-40.
83.McConnell, J. and H. Servaes, 1990, Additional evidence on equity ownership and corporate value, Journal of Financial Economics 27, 595-612.
84.Merton, R. C., 1977, Analytic derivation of the cost of deposit insurance and loan guarantees, Journal of Banking and Finance 1, 3-11.
85.Morck, R., A. Shleifer and R. Vishny, 1988, Management ownership and market valuation: An empirical analysis, Journal of Financial Economics 20, 293-316.
86.Olson, R.L. and H.M. Sollenberger, 1978, Interest margin variance analysis: A tool for current times, The Magazine of Bank Administration, May, 45-51.
87.Pi, L. and S. G. Timme, 1993, Corporate control and bank efficiency, Journal of Banking and Finance 17, 515-530.
88.Pound, J., 1988, Proxy contests and the efficiency of shareholder oversight, Journal of Financial Economics 20, 237-265.
89.Puri, M., 1996, Commercial banks in investment banking conflict of interest or certification role? Journal of Financial Economics 40, 373-401.
90.Ross, S.A., 1989, Institutional markets, financial markets, and financial innovation, Journal of Finance 44, 541-556.
91.Santomero, A. and D. Babbel, 2001, Financial markets, instruments and institutions, 2nd edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
92.Saunders, A., E. Strock and N.G. Travlos, 1990, Ownership structure, deregulation, and bank risk taking, Journal of Finance 45, 643-654.
93. and I. Walter, 1994, Universal banking in the U.S.? New York: Oxford University Press, Chapter 6.
94. and L. Schumacher, 1997, The determinants of bank interest rate margins: An international study, Department of Finance, New York University, Working Paper No.58,
95.Shen, C. H., 2000, Determinants of net interest margins in market-based and bank-based economies, Unpublished Working Paper, National Chengchi University, Taipei.
96. , 2002, Credit rationing for bad companies in bad years: Evidence from bank loan transaction data, International Journal of Finance and Economics 7, 261-278.
97. , 2003, Cost efficiency and banking performances in a partial universal banking system: A panel smooth threshold model, Applied Economics, forthcoming.
98. and A.H. Huang, 2003, Are performances of bank and firms linked? And if so, why?, Journal of Policy Modeling 25, 397-414.
99.Simpson, W. G. and A.E. Gleason, 1999, Board structure, ownership, and financial distress in banking firms, International Review of Economics and Finance 8, 281-292.
100.Teall, J. L.,1993, Shareholder control and financial distress in the thrift industry, Journal of Business Research 26, 161-170.
101.Wong, K.P, 1997, On the determinants of bank interest margins under credit and interest rate risks, Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 251-271.
102.Yagil, J., 1987, An exchange ratio determination model for mergers: A note. The Financial Review 22, 95-202.
103.Zarruk, E. R., 1989, Bank spread with uncertain deposit level and risk aversion, Journal of Banking and Finance 13, 797-810.
104. and J. Madura, 1992, Optimal bank interest margin under capital regulation and deposit insurance, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 27, 143-149.
105.Zeckhauser, R. J. and J. Pound, 1990, Are large shareholders effective monitors? An investigation of share ownership and corporate performance, in Glenn Hubbard, R. Ed., Asymmetric Information Corporate Finance and Investment, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 149-180.
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外完全公開 unrestricted
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code