海綿幼生在入添過程中，除了本身的游泳行為，也受外在環境因子的影響。本研究以澎湖潮間帶的海綿為研究材料，探討環境因子（光、溫度、鹽度、酸鹼值和矽酸鹽）對海綿幼生選擇和發育的影響，內容包括：（1）物種鑑定；（2）幼生之生長發育觀察；（3）幼生對環境因子的選擇反應；（4）環境因子對幼生發育的影響。以形態特徵和粒線體COI（cytochrome c oxidase subunit I）分子序列鑑定本種海綿為Spongia ceylonensis物種；幼生屬胎生卵營性，為外型橢圓的實質幼生，體長約500 μm，游泳速度3.9 ± 0.6 sec/cm；自然光（3500 - 6500 lux）環境下，浮游期約5-6時。由垂直分布實驗結果得知，幼生呈負趨光性，偏好於暗處著苗變態，全亮組的幼生變態時間較短，與全暗、上暗下亮和上亮下暗各處理組有顯著差異（p < 0.0001）；海綿幼生對單一光源（太陽白晝光、無紫外光日光燈、紫外光A、B、C）不同亮度（3-11000 lux）皆偏好低亮度區域；混合光源（太陽白晝光、無紫外光之白晝光、紫外光A、B、C）相同亮度（220 ± 10 lux）的偏好選擇實驗發現，幼生無顯著的偏好選擇（p > 0.05），整體而言，幼生對於光源種類無偏好選擇，對亮和暗具有選擇性；海綿幼生對環境梯度（酸鹼值：pH 6.5 – 9.0；溫度：20 – 40℃；矽酸鹽：0.5 – 20.5 mg/L）在全亮和全暗的處理下皆無明顯的偏好選擇（p > 0.05）；幼生發育部分實驗顯示，低鹽度（5、15、25 psu）與高鹽度（45 psu）會影響幼生之發育，導致組織萎縮形成滾球或死亡，不同酸鹼值處理下（pH 7.0、7.5、8.0、8.2、8.5、9.0），pH 8.0和8.2組之發育較佳，而矽酸鹽各處理組（SiO2 0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 mg/L）對海綿幼生發育無顯著影響（p > 0.05）。

Larval recruitment is influenced by intrinsic biological traits (e.g. swimming behavior) and environmental factors. In this study, I examined the effects of environmental factors (e.g. light, temperature, salinity and pH) on the development of an intertidal keratose sponge from Peng-hu. The experiments included species identification, the observation of larval development, effects of environmental factors on larval choice and development. Based on morphological characters and the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) gene, the sponge is identified as Spongia ceylonensis which is viviparous. Sponge larva is a typical lecithotrophic, tufted parenchymella, about 500 μm long and ovoid in shape. The mean swimming speed was 3.9 ± 0.6 sec/cm. Under natural light condition (3500 – 6500 lux), planktonic stage was 5-6 hours. In the vertical dark/light choice experiments, larvae exhibited a negative phototaxis with larvae distributed in dark areas in all treatments except the light-treated group. A significant shorter time period for metamorphosis in the light-treated group than all other groups (all dark, upper-half dark and lower-half dark) (p < 0.0001) had been observed. Under various light gradients of single light source, i.e. fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB or UVC light, larvae preferred in the darkest area. Under various light sources (fluorescent, non-UV, UVA, UVB and UVC lights) with the same intensity (220 ± 10 lux), there was no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the distribution of larvae. In all, larvae had strong dark preference and no preference on different light sources. Under various environmental gradients of each experimental factor (i.e. pH 6.5 – 9.0; temperature: 20 – 40℃; silica: 0.5 – 20.5 mg/L) in all light or all dark conditions, larvae showed no significant preference (p > 0.05). In salinities of 5, 15, 25 and 45 psu, some larvae had abnormal development as ball formation or dead. At pH 8.0 and 8.2, sponge juveniles developed better than the groups of pH 7.0、7.5、8.5 and 9.0. In addition, there was no significant difference in larval development (p > 0.05) under various silica concentrations (i.e. SiO2 0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0 mg/L).

謝辭.............................................................................................................................................i
中文摘要....................................................................................................................................ii
英文摘要...................................................................................................................................iii
目錄............................................................................................................................................v
表目錄.......................................................................................................................................vi
圖目錄......................................................................................................................................vii
附錄目錄.................................................................................................................................viii
前言............................................................................................................................................1
材料與方法................................................................................................................................4
結果..........................................................................................................................................11
討論..........................................................................................................................................19
參考文獻..................................................................................................................................24
表..............................................................................................................................................34
圖..............................................................................................................................................41

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