摘　要
「還」是一個擁有多種意義並且受到多位學者研究的副詞。這個副詞與英文的副詞still、 yet以及even一起比較 (Michaelis, 1993; König, 1977; Greenberg, 2008), 它也和希臘語的 Akomi ke and esto (Giannakidou, 2007)，以及德語的schon 還有 noch (Löbner, 1999)比較。與它英語、德語、及希臘語的對應詞彙不一樣的是，「還」並不是一個極性詞，所以可以直接用在肯定以及否定句中。然而，在不同的情境下，「還」這個詞彙會代表著不同的意義。有學者將「還」的不同意義分類為六種以上的類別 (Tang, 2003; Liu, 2000; Jiang, 2013; Gao, 2011)。這些分類經常太細緻、不容易分辨，同時也不常出現在語料中。事實上，多數的語料研究顯示，約八至九成的「還」都主要屬於表示時間延長或表示添加的「還」。這些研究用了極小部分的文學樣本(Tang, 2003)，或者主要研究了非母語學生產生的語料 (Jiang, 2013; Gao, 2011)。
本研究主要希望尋找一個較容易掌握，並且能顯出「還」共同擁有，持續意思，的分類，並且把「還」主要分為三大類：時間，添加，以及比較的「還」。這個分類接著被運用在中央研究院漢語平衡語料庫上來觀察「還」在語料中的自然呈現。接著運用搭配詞分析來觀察高頻率與「還」共同出現的詞彙。分析結果能幫助讀者分辨不同的「還」，並提高準確度的辨認及運用各種「還」。

The complex particle hai has been studied by many scholars and compared to the English adverb still, yet and even (Michaelis, 1993; König, 1977; Greenberg, 2008), Greek counterparts Akomi ke and esto (Giannakidou, 2007), and German schon and noch (Löbner, 1999). Unlike its English, German and Greek counterparts, however, hai is not polar sensitive and can be directly negated. Under different contexts, the single particle hai can have separate meanings; the different uses of hai have been categorized by scholars into groups of six or even more (Tang, 2003; Liu, 2000; Jiang, 2013; Gao, 2011). These categorizations are often difficult to differentiate, and most types of hai do not appear frequently in natural speech. In fact, many studies showed that more than 80%-90% of hai belong to the main additive and durative hai. These studies either used a small sample of literature texts (Tang, 2003), or focused on Non Native Speaker (NNS) produced data (Jiang, 2013; Gao, 2011).
The purpose of this study aimed to find a more comprehendible grouping of hai which could show a core and basic meaning, continuality. Hai is categorized into three main groups: temporal, additive and comparative hai. This grouping was then applied to the Sinica Corpus to see how the different hai appeared in real language data. Collocation analysis was also applied to find phrases which the different types of hai appeared with in high frequency. The results help readers to differentiate between the various types of hai, making them easier to identify and be produced with higher accuracy.

Table of Contents
Verification Letter i
Chinese Abstract ii
English Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Tables vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Purpose 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Temporal scalar adverb 4
2.2 Comparative hai 16
2.3 Additive hai 25
2.4 Other uses of hai 30
2.5 Overview of hai in literature 32
Chapter 3 Data Analysis 35
3.1 Distribution proportion of hai 35
3.2 Findings from Corpus 38
3.3 Type A Temporal hai 44
3.4 Type B Additive hai 50
3.5 Type C Medial comparative hai 57
Chapter 4 Discussion and Conclusion 62
References 68

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