本研究根據Ho等人 (2014) 設計之16組微衛星基因座 (SSR) 分子標記進行油杉屬物種族群遺傳分析，共計獲得874個樣本之等位基因資訊，檢測物種間與
族群間的遺傳變異、遺傳分化及族群結構、及物種間基因交流的程度。
結果顯示油杉屬各物種遺傳歧異度皆偏低，整體結構上臺灣油杉與海南油杉等島嶼物種檢測出遺傳分化，臺灣油杉的遺傳歧異度高於大陸區系的物種，而大陸區系油杉族群遺傳分化程度較低，在使用STRUCTURE軟體進行分配分析結果顯示油杉屬共區分為5種分群，臺灣油杉佔有2種獨立類型的分群基因型，另外3種分群基因型為大陸區系之成分，結合地理分布可分為東部類群(江南油杉、油杉、海南油杉、黃枝油杉、柔毛油杉、矩鱗油杉、短果油杉)與西部類群(鐵堅油杉、雲南油杉及旱地油杉)，而分布於貴州省及廣西省(東、西類群之間)的青岩油
杉、黃枝油杉及柔毛油杉則共享東、西類群的遺傳組成。
透過基因交流檢測並配合族群結構及現今的地理分布加上過去分歧時間及擴張時間的證據，推論油杉屬在經歷第四紀冰期-間冰期循環的歷史，貴州及廣西是油杉屬物種多樣性最高的區域，推測在上新世以前中國華南西側未發生地質劇烈抬升，油杉屬推測是先藉由東向西擴張，而在東、西類群發生地理隔離以前，仍可於貴州、廣西一帶進行基因交流，直到上新世晚期青藏高原和喜馬拉雅山劇烈隆升後，基因交流被地理屏障所阻隔，使西部類群與少量的東部類群形成地理上的隔離，加上更新世以來歷經4次較大型的冰期，致使油杉族群向暖濕山區尋往避難所，推測此時期於雲貴高原以東的地區少部分物種經由南嶺再向東擴張並與絕大部分的東部類群進行複雜的交流，因此沿著南嶺的柔毛油杉及黃枝油杉呈現混合著東、西類群的基因交流，遺傳組成複雜，直到末次盛冰期後，臺灣與中國大陸的陸橋消失，臺灣油杉因長時間的地理隔離下缺少了基因交流的機會而發展成獨樹一幟的基因型並明顯分化。

In this study, 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers designed by Ho et al. (2014) were used to analyze the Keteleeria in the Taiwan and South China, obtaining genetic information from 874 individuals by using evolutionary software to test the genetic diversity within taxon, degree of gene flow, and genetic differentiation between taxa.
In general, the 12 species of Keteleeria possessed low levels of genetic diversity. These species which distributed in the island, including K. formosana and K. hainanensis, have genetically differentiated between mainland species. The genetic diversity of K. formosana is higher than others, while the level of genetic differentiation of Keteleeria in China groups is low. In the result of STRUCTURE, there are five genotypes of Keteleeria; two for K. formosana in Taiwan Island and three for Keteleeria in mainland China. Through geographical distribution, there are eastern groups (K. cyclolepis、K. fortunei、K. hainanensis、K. calcarea、K. pubescens、K. oblonga、K. roulletii) and western groups (K. evelyniana、K. xerophila、K. davidiana), while K. davidiana var. chien-peii、K. calcarea and K. pubescens distributed in Guizhou and Guangxi share the genetic composition of eastern and western group.
Before Pliocene, Keteleeria was speculated to expand from east to west when dramatic geographical uplifting didn’t happen in Southern China; eastern groups and western groups were still able to conduct gene flow until the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Himalayas intensively rose in late Pliocene. Gene flow was blocked by barriers and separated the western and eastern groups. Moreover, due to the four major ice age in Pleistocene, Keteleeria had moved toward warm and humid refuge. It was speculated that a few groups of east Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau expanded through Nanling toward east and conducted another gene flow with eastern groups. Therefore, K. pubescens and K. calcarea in Nanling showed complicated genetic composition for the gene flow between east and west groups. After the Last Glacial Maximum, K. formosana had differentiated to a unique genotype due to the lack of gene flow.

中文摘要............................................................................................................................I
Abstract.............................................................................................................................II
目錄.................................................................................................................................III
表次..................................................................................................................................V
圖次.................................................................................................................................VI
第一章 前言.....................................................................................................................1
1.1 大陸植物區系在氣候及地質歷史影響下發展之過程................................1
1.2中國-臺灣植物間斷分布格局及避難所(refugia)效應之關聯....................2
1.3油杉屬的起源與現今分布格局.............................................................3
1.4 微演化(Microevolution)造成族群結構改變之機制.........................................6
1.5 利用微衛星分子標記技術(SSR)研究族群之遺傳結構及動態訊息............8
1.6 研究動機與目的..............................................................................................10
第二章 材料與方法.......................................................................................................11
2.1研究材料樣本製備及方法...............................................................................11
2.1.1油杉屬採集地區及前置處理................................................................12
2.1.2 DNA萃取及保存................................................................................12
2.1.3聚合酶連鎖反應(Polymerase Chian Reaction, PCR) ...........................12
2.1.4膠體電泳(Gel Electrophoresis) .............................................................13
2.2遺傳演化軟體分析及檢驗...............................................................................14
2.2.1基因座中性檢測....................................................................................14
2.2.2遺傳多樣性檢測(genetic diversity test) ...............................................15
2.2.3族群結構檢測(Assignment test) ...........................................................16
2.2.4族群間基因交流檢測............................................................................18
2.2.5瓶頸效應檢測(Bottleneck test) ............................................................21
第三章 結果...................................................................................................................23
3.1 油杉屬的地理分布特性..................................................................................23
3.2 遺傳歧異度分析結果......................................................................................24
3.3 族群結構分析結果..........................................................................................24
3.4 MIGRATE-N分析結果..................................................................................27
3.5 族群間基因交流(IMa)分析結果.....................................................................29
3.6 瓶頸效應分析結果........................................................................................35
第四章 討論...................................................................................................................36
4.1 油杉屬遺傳多樣性的探討..............................................................................36
4.2 油杉屬族群結構的探討..................................................................................38
4.3從族群結構、基因交流及種間分化探討油杉屬近代過往之族群動態.........41
第五章 結論...................................................................................................................46
第六章 參考文獻...........................................................................................................48

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