克拉拉．舒曼(Clara Schumann, 1819-1896) 是十九世紀首屈一指的鋼琴演奏家，也是作曲家羅伯•舒曼(Robert Schumann, 1810-1856) 的妻子，但較少人會注意到她作曲家的身分。克拉拉的一生總共出版了二十三首作品，而全部的作品都與鋼琴有關，《給小提琴與鋼琴的三首浪漫曲，作品二十二》(Drei romanzen für violin und pianoforte, Op. 22) 則是唯一一首寫給小提琴與鋼琴的室內樂作品，於一八五三年完成。
　　本文分為三個主要章節，第一章將介紹作曲家克拉拉．舒曼的生平以及她的創作生涯與作品風格，第二章闡述浪漫曲曲種的起源與發展以及克拉拉．舒曼《給小提琴與鋼琴的三首浪漫曲，作品二十二》之創作背景，最後一章將著重於克拉拉．舒曼在作品二十二當中所使用的創作技巧與動機發展，分為曲式、和聲調性、及旋律與節奏動機的多元變化型態三種層面來探討。

Being one of the leading pianists of her day, Clara Schumann (1819-1896) was more often recognized as the wife of Robert Schumann than as a composer in her own right. She had 23 opus being published during her life time, and all of it was related to the piano. Drei romanzen für violin und pianoforte, Op. 22, composed in 1853, was the only chamber music work designed for violin and piano in her entire output.
　　This essay will be divided into three chapters. The first chapter will introduce Clara Schumann’s life, as well as her compositional style. The second chapter will discuss the origin and the development of Romance, and focus on the historical background of the three romances, Op. 22. The final chapter will stress on compositional techniques and motivic developments in Op. 22 of Clara Schumann, including the aspects of formal structure, harmony, tonality, and diverse variations of melodic and rhythmic motives.

前言……………………………………………………………………….………….1
第一章 克拉拉．舒曼生平與創作…………………………………..................2
第一節 生平………………………………………………………………….2
第二節 創作生涯與作品風格…………………………………………….10
第二章 浪漫曲…………………………………………..……………………….20
第一節 浪漫曲…………………………………………………………….20
第二節 《給小提琴與鋼琴的三首浪漫曲，作品二十二》創作背景
………………………………………………………………………24
第三章 創作技巧與動機發展………………………………………………….26
第一節 動機……………………………………………………………….26
第二節 《給小提琴與鋼琴的三首浪漫曲，作品二十二》創作技巧
與動機發展…………………………………………...…………...30
結語………………………………………………………………………………53
參考書目…………………………………………………………………………...55

西文書目：
Avins, Styra. Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters. Trans. Josef Eisinger and Styra Avins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Litzmann, Berthold. Clara Schumann: An Artist’s Life, Based on Material Found in Diaries and Letters. Trans. Grace E. Hadow, 2vols. London: Macmillan, 1913.
Bowers, Jane, and Judith Tick. Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150- 1950. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Burton, Anna. “Robert Schumann and Clara Wieck: A Creative Partnership.” Music & Letters, vol. 69, no. 2 (1988): 211-228.
Daverio, John. Robert Schumann: Herald of a “New Poetic Age”. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
De Lara, Adelina. “Clara Schumann's Teaching.” Music & Letters, vol. 26, no. 3 (1945): 143-147.
Eva Weissweiler ed. The Complete Correspondence of Clara and Robert Schumann. Trans. Hildegard Fritsch, Ronald L. Crawford and Harold P. Fry. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2002.
Gates, Eugene. “Clara Schumann: A Composer’s Wife as Composer.” The Kapralova Society Journal, vol.7, no.1 (2009): 1-7.
Jezic, Diane. Women Composers: The Lost Tradition Found. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1994.
Joachim, Joseph. Letters form and to Joseph Joachim. Trans. Nora Bickley. London: Macmillan, 1914.
Litzmann, Berthod, ed. Clara Schumann: An Artist’s Life, Based on Material Found in Diaries and Letters. Trans. Grace E. Hadow, 2vols. London: Macmillan, 1913.
Nauhaus, Gerd, ed. The Marriage Diaries of Robert & Clara Schumann: from Their Wedding Day through the Russia Trip. Trans. Peter Ostwald. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.
Nora Bickley. Letters from and to Joseph Joachim. London: Macmillan and Co. Limited, 1914.
Pettler, Pamela Susskind. “Clara Schumann's Recitals, 1832-50.” 19th-Century Music, vol. 4, no. 1 (1980): 70-76.
Reich, Nancy B. Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
──────, and Anna Burton. “Clara Schumann: Old Sources, New Readings.” The Musical Quarterly, vol. 70, no. 3 (1984): 332-354.
Rosen, Charles. The Romantic Generation. U.S.A: Harvard University Press, 1995.
Schumann, Eugenie. The Memoirs of Eugenie Schumann. Trans. Marie Busch. London: William Heinemann, 1927.
Tangorra, Gina. “Clara Schumann: A Woman of Her Time.” Constructing the Past, vol.10, no.1 (2009), 14-22.


中文書目：
南西．瑞區(Nancy B. Reich)。《如果，不是舒曼》，陳秋萍／游淑峰譯。臺北市：高談文化，2006
──────。《克拉拉之死：一位堅毅不屈的傑出鋼琴家》，陳秋萍／游淑峰譯。新北市新店區：高談文化，2000。
黃克琴。《不朽的音樂之魂：克拉拉．舒曼》。貴陽：貴州人民出版社，1999。
提姆．道雷(Tim Dowley)。《偉大作曲家群像：舒曼》，朱健慧譯。臺北市：智庫文化，1995。
卡拉．霍克(Karla Höcker)。《克拉拉舒曼：十九世紀偉大的女鋼琴家》，陳鳳凰譯。台北市：樂韻出版社，1982。


樂譜：
Schumann, Clara. Drei romanzen für violin und pianoforte, Op. 22. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 2005.


網路資料：
Grove Music Online, S.v. “Romance” by Jack Sage, Susana Friedmann and Roger Hickman. http://www.grovemusic.com (accessed Nov.10, 2014)