本研究為探討建置深水離岸多功能海洋平台對小琉球區域之影響，採用群體建模(Group Model Building)擷取小琉球權益相關者對於深水離岸多功能海洋平台建置之想法，並將其心智模型以因果回饋圖(Causal-Loop Diagram)的方式呈現進行系統思考分析以及比較建模前後權益相關者想法差異。權益相關者認為建置深水離岸多功能海洋平台對於小琉球的觀光及經濟發展有所幫助，能吸引更多的遊客前來，且認為深水離岸多功能海洋平台的箱網養殖系統對於當地的魚場有所助益，能增加魚群總數，使得漁業活動更加頻繁；也十分注重該平台在台灣法律層面及設計層面安全方面的問題，整體而言他們認為建置該平台對於小琉球發展是正面助益的。藉由因果回饋圖可以清楚的呈現權益相關者的想法和整個系統架構，以提供決策者參考。

This paper describes a group model building activity designed to discuss the potential effects of a multi-use deep water offshore platform may have on its local environment, including ecological and socio-economic issues. Representatives of organizations in Hsiao-Liu-Chiu have been met several times and the structured debates have been organized with them in order to promote the emergence of a consensual view of the main issues and their implications. A Causal-Loop Diagram has been built and corrected iteratively with the participants. The diversity of interests within the group naturally led the process towards the study of multi-functionality and its modalities. Stakeholders believed that multi-use deep water offshore marine platform might have beneficial effects for Hsiao-Liu-Chiu, because more tourists and fish will be attracted to Hsiao-Liu-Chiu. But they also raised some potential problems about the law in Taiwan and the design of the offshore platform. The main results and insights gained during the process are presented.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 4
1.3 研究流程 5
1.4研究範圍與限制 6
1.4.1 研究範圍 7
1.4.2 研究限制 8
第二章 文獻回顧 9
2.1 海洋平台、箱網養殖、溫差發電 9
2.2 群體建模之應用 19
2.3 系統思考之應用 21
第三章 研究方法與模式建置 23
3.1系統思考 23
3.2群體建模 25
3.3　模式建構 31
第四章 結果分析與討論 45
4.1 系統思考分析 45
4.2政策分析 46
4.3 結果討論 50
第五章 結論與建議 53
5.1 結論 53
5.2 建議 54
參考文獻 55
中文文獻 55
外文文獻 57
附錄一 66
附錄二 73
附錄三 84

江志兵、曾江寧、陳全震、廖一波、劉菁菁、鄭平（2006）。美國海域使用管理及 對我國的啟示，「海洋開發與管理」。北京：海洋出版社。
林子清（2006）。深層海水溫差發電多目標利用之經濟效益評估，國立屏東科技大 學工業管理系碩士學位論文，屏東縣
俞克儉、周耀休（1998）。世界各國海域箱網養殖之介紹與比較。高雄海技學報， 13。
施義哲（2009）。澎湖箱網養殖的環境衝擊與發展之評估。國立中山大學海洋環境 及工程研究所博士論文，高雄市。
夏沛亞、張揚祺、陳馨(2010)。整合性海岸管理架構下多功能離岸風田發展之研究。 第三十二屆海洋工程研討會論文集。569-574頁。
翁宜馨（2007）。以系統思考探討領導者信念對組織績效之影響：以ING安泰人壽 台灣子公司為例。國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
屠益民、張良政，(2010)。系統動力學：理論與應用。臺北市：智勝文化。
張昱晨、陸曉筠（2013），能源型海上平台環境影響評估，第三十五屆海洋工程研 討會論文集。661-666頁。
陳均輔 （2007）。以系統思考探討中小企業之企業經營模式—以某文教機構為例。 國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
陳昭倫（2007）。澎湖內灣底泥堆積調查研究計畫。澎湖縣政府農漁局委託計畫 期末報告。
萬文隆（2004）。深度訪談在質性研究中的應用。生活科技教育月刊，三十七卷， 第四期。
鄭均彥（2007）。應用資訊系統支援決策者對回饋結構的認知。國立高雄應用科技 大學訊管理研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
蘇 誠（2013），以系統思考探討某保險業業績制度之副作用。國立中山大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，高雄市。
Ackoff, R. L. (2010). Systems thinking for curious managers. UK: Triarchy Press.
Aftring, R. P., & Taylor, B. F. (1979).Assessment of Microbial Fouling in an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Experiment. Applied Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 38, No. 4, 734-739.
Andersen, D. F., Richardson G. P. and Vennix J. A. M. (1997).Group model building: adding more science to the craft, System Dynamics Review, 13, 187-201
Andersen, D. F., & Richardson, G. P. (1997). Scripts for group model building. System Dynamics Review, 13, 107-129.
Argyris C. (1985). Strategy, Change, and Defensive Routines, Boston. England. Pitman.
Aquaculture in Canada: Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA). From Fisheries and Oceans Canada. http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/sci-res/imta-amti/imta-amti-eng.htm
Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and nature: A necessary unity (advances in systems theory, complexity, and the human sciences). New York: Hampton Press.
Bernhard, T. (1993). Systems engineering: Principles and practice of computer-based systems engineering. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Beveridge, M. C. M. (1996). Cage Aquaculture, 2nd ed. UK, Oxford: Fishing News Books.
Binger A. (2004), Potential and Future Prospects for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) in Small Islands Developing States (SIDS). University of the West Indies Centre for Environment and Development.
Bostock, J., McAndrew, B., Richards, R., Jauncey, K., Telfer, T., Lorenzen, K., Little, D., Ross, L., Handisyde, N., Gatward, I., and Corner, R. (2010). Aquaculture: global status and trends Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 2897– 2912. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0170.
Burkhard, B., et al. (2011). Ecosystem based modeling and indication of ecological integrity in the German North Sea—Case study offshore wind parks. Ecological Indicators, 11(1), 168-174.
Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State　University. (2007). Multi-Disciplinary Teams in Context-Sensitive Solutions: A Synthesis of Highway Practice, Synthesis 373. USA, DC: Author
Charlier, R. H., & Justus, J. R. (1993). Ocean Energies: Environmental, Economic and Technological Aspects of Alternative Power Sources. Elsevier Oceanography Series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Chopin, T. (2006). Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture. What it is and why you should care… and don’t confuse it with polyculture. Northern Aquaculture 12 (4),4-5.
Chopin, T., Buschmann, A.H., Halling, C. Troell, M., Kautsky, N., Neori, A., Kraemer, G.P., Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A., Yarish, C. & Neefus, C. (2001). Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key towards sustainability. Journal of Phycology 37, 975-986.
Chou, C.L., Haya, K., Paon, and Moffatt, J. D. (2004). A Regression Model Using Sediment Chemistry for the Evaluation of Marine Environmental Impacts Associated with Salmon Aquaculture Cage Wastes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49, 465-472.
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., et al. (1997).The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(6630), 253-260.
Craig L. Browdy, Gideon Hulata, Zhanjiang Liu, Geoff L. Allan, Christina Sommerville, Thales Passos de Andrade, Rui Pereira, Charles Yarish, Muki Shpigel, Thierry Chopin, Shawn Robinson, Yoram Avnimelech & Alessandro Lovatelli. (2012). Novel and emerging technologies: can they contribute to improving aquaculture sustainability?.Global Conference on Aquaculture.151-192.
Crawford, C. M. (2003). Environmental management of marine aquaculture in Tasmania.Australia. Aquaculture. 226, 129 –138.
Dangerfield, B. C. (1999). System dynamics applications to European health care issues. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 50, 345–353.
Daniel Aronson(1996). Overview of Systems Thinking. http://www.thinking.net
Geus AP. (1988). Planning as learning,” Harvard Business Review (March/April), 70-74.
El Gohary, R. and N. A. Hassan (2012). Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of marine structures—A case study. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 16(5). 689-698.
Forrester JW. (1961). Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Forrester, J.W. (1994). System Dynamics, System Thinking, and Soft OR. System Dynamics Review, 10(2-3), 245-256.
Frank Vanclay. (2002). Conceptualising social impacts. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 22, 183– 211.
Gharajedaghi, J. (2005). Systems thinking: Managing chaos and complexity – A platform for designing business architecture. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Gill, A., et al. (2012). Potential interactions between diadromous fishes of UK conservation importance and the electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments. Journal of Fish Biology, 81(2), 664-695.
Gowen, R.J. & Bradbury, N.B. (1987). The ecological impact of salmonid farming in coastal waters: a review. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 25, 563-575.
Greenberger M, Crenson MA, Crissey BL. (1976). Models in the Policy Process: Public Decision Making in the Computer Era, Russell Sage Foundation. New York.
Haines, S. G. (2000). The systems thinking approach to strategic planning and management. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
Handå, A., Min, H., Wang, X., Broch, O.J., Reitan, K.I., Reinertsen, H., Olsen, Y. (2012). Incorporation of fish feed and growth of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in close proximity to salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture: implications for integrated multitrophic aquaculture in Norwegian coastal waters. Aquaculture. 356–357, 328–341.
HERMIS. (2010). Subsea Drilling Sureveillance for Gazprom. from http://www.hernis.com/?category=96&page=5&action=showDetail&id=412
Hines, J. (2004). The “standard method”. Course material - MIT Sloan School of Management: 6.
Hirata, H., Yamasaki, S., Maenosono, H., Nakazono, T., Yamauchi, T., Matsuda, M., (1994). Relative budgets of pO2 and pCO2 in cage polycultured red sea bream, Pagrus major and sterile Ulva sp. Suiranroshoku, 42, 77–81.
Huz, S., D. F. Andersen, G. P. Richardson and R. Boothroyd. (1997). A Framework for Evaluating Systems Thinking Interventions: An Experimental Approach to Mental Health System Change, System Dynamics Review , 13(2), 149–169.
Inger, R., et al. (2009). Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(6), 1145-1153.
Jahncke M. L., and Schwarz M. H. (2002). Public, Animal, and Environmental Aquaculture Health Issues in Industrialized Countries. From Canada, Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Kupka-Hansen, P., Pittman, K. and Ervik, A. (1991). Organic Waste from Marine Fish Farms-effects on the Seabed. In: Marine Aquaculture and Environment. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
Lane D.C. (1989). Modelling as learning: creating models to enhance learning amongst management decision makers. European Simulation Conference, Edinburgh.
M, Joyce A, Chopin T, Neori A, Buschmann AH, Fang J-G, (2009). Ecological engineering in aquaculture - Potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems. Aquaculture, 297, 1-9.
Maani KE and Maharaj V (2004), Links between systems thinking and complex decision making. System Dynamics Review, 20(1), 21–48.
Maccoby E. & Maccoby N. (1954). The Interview: A Tool of Social Science. In: G. Lindzey（Ed.）Handbook of Social Psychology. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
Mark J. Kaiser, Yunke Yu, Brian Snyder. (2010). Economic feasibility of using offshore oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico for platform-based aquaculture. Marine Policy, 34, 699–707.
Martinez-Moyano, I. J., Conrad, S., Cox, A., & Krahe, C. (2007). Modeling Aviation　Security Processes：A Group Model Building Approach. The 25rd International　Conference of the System Dynamics Society.
Minichiello V., Aroni R., Timewell E. & Alexander L. (1995). In-depth Interviewing, Second Edition. South Melbourne: Longman.
Mitsui Ocean Development & Engineering Co. Ltd. Oveng TLP & Okume/Ebano TLP. From http://www.modec.com/fps/tlp/projects/oveng.html
Morecroft JDW. (1992). Executive knowledge, models and learning, in Modelling for Learning. Special issue of the European Journal of Operational Research, 59(1), 9-27.
NCC. (1990). Fish Farming and the Scottish Freshwater Environment. Report Prepared for the Nature Conservancy Council by the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Penicuik and the Institute of Terrestial Ecology, Banchory. NCC, Edinburgh.
Nihous, Gerard C. (2010). Mapping available Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion resources around the main Hawaiian Islands with state-of-the-art tools. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2(043104).
Nobre, A.M., Robertson-Andersson, D., Neori, A., Sankar, K. (2010). Ecological–economic assessment of aquaculture options: comparison between abalone monoculture and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture of abalone and seaweeds. Aquaculture, 306, 116–126.
O’Connor, J. (1997). The art of systems thinking: Essential skills for creativity and problem solving. London: Thorsons. An Imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
Otto, P, Struben, J. (2004).Gloucester Fishery: insights from a group modeling intervention. System Dynamics Review, 20, 287-312.
Pelc, R. and R. M. Fujita (2002). Renewable energy from the ocean. Marine Policy, 26(6),471-479.
Reid G.K., Robinson S.M.C., Chopin T.R., Mullen J., Lander T., Sawhney M,… Powell E. (2008a). Recent developments and challenges for openwater, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Bull. Aquac. Assoc. Can. 12.
Richmond, B. (2000). The "Thinking" in System Thinking: Seven Essential Skills. USA: Pegasus Communications.
Ridler, N., Wowchuk, M., Robinson, B., Barrington, K., Chopin, T., Robinson, S., … Boyne-Travis, S. (2007). Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA): a potential strategic choice for farmers. Aquaculture Economics and Management, 11, 99–110.
Rohrbaugh, J. W., R. P. Bostron, R., T. Watson S., T. Kinney. (1992). Collective Challenges and Collective Accomplishments. In Computer Augmented Team Work: A Guided Tour, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Rouwette, E. A. J. A., Vennix, J. A. M., & Mullekom, T. (2002). Group model building effectiveness: a review of assessment studies. System Dynamics Review, 18(1), 5-45.
Sarà, G., Zenone, A., Tomasello, A., (2009). Growth of Mytilus galloprovincialis (mollusca, bivalvia) close to fish farms: a case of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture within the Tyrrhenian Sea. Hydrobiologia, 636, 129–136.
Senge, P. M.(1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday, New York.
Shields, M. A., et al. (2009). Strategic priorities for assessing ecological impacts of marine renewable energy devices in the Pentl and Firth (Scotland, UK). Marine Policy, 33(4), 635-642.
Shields, M. A., et al. (2011). Marine renewable energy: The ecological implications of altering the hydrodynamics of the marine environment. Ocean & Coastal Management 54(1), 2-9.
Stave, K. A. (2002). Using system dynamics to improve public participation in environmental decisions. System Dynamics Review, 18, 139-167.
Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World: Irwin/McGraw Hill.
T.N Andrew, D Petkov. (2003). The need for a systems thinking approach to the planning of rural telecommunications infrastructure. Telecommunications Policy, 27, 75-93.
Takahashi, Patrick, Trenka, Andrew. (1996). Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Technip Offshore. Floating Platforms. From http://www.technip.com/en/our-business/offshore/floating-platforms
Thomas D.R. (2000). Qualitative Data Analysis: Using A General Inductive Approach. Health Research Methods Advisory Service, Department of Community Health University of Auckland, New Zealand.
Thomas, G. (1993). An Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion as an Advanced Electric Generation Methodology. Proceedings of the IEEE, 81.
Troell, M., Halling, C., Nilsson, A., Buschmann, A.H., Kautsky, N., Kautsky, L. (1997). Integrated marine cultivation of Gracilaria chilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) and salmon cages for reduced environmental impact and increased economic output. Aquaculture, 156, 45–61.
Troell, M., Joyce, A., Chopin, T., Neori, A., Buschmann, A.H., Fang, J. (2009). Ecological engineering in aquaculture—potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems. Aquaculture, 297, 1–9.
Troell, M., Kautsky, N., Neori, A., Kraemer, G.P., Zertuche-Gonzalez, J.A., Yarish, C. & Neefus, C. (2001). Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key towards sustainability. Journal of Phycology, 37, 975-986.
TROPOS D2.3 Sample locations and setups for further design. (2013) from http://www.troposplatform.eu/content/download/382/2093/version/1/file/130114_TRP_WP2_ECD_D2.3+-+Sample+locations+and+setups+for+further+design.pdf
TROPOS D3.2 Technical concept dossier for the central unit. (2013). From http://www.troposplatform.eu/content/download/453/2390/version/1/file/130731_TRP_WP3_ECD_D3.2.pdf
TROPOS D6.1 Report describing a framework for the environmental and socio-economic study. (2013). From http://www.troposplatform.eu/content/download/320/1805/version/1/file/120713_TRP_WP6_ECD_D6.1+-Report+describing+a+framework+for+the+environmental+and+socio-economic+study.pdf
Vennix, J. A. M. (1996). Group Model Building: Facilitating Team Learning Using　System Dynamics. England: John Wiley & Sons.
Vennix, J. A. M., Scheper, W., and Willems, R., E. Zepeda and J. Machuca, (1993). Group model-building: what does the client think of it? The role of strategic modelling in international competitiveness. International System Dynamics Conference, 534–543.
Warren, K. (2002). Competitive strategy dynamics. West Sussex, England: John Wiley& Sons.　
Weston, D. P., D.E. Brune., J. R. Tomasso (1991). The Effects of Aquaculture on Indigenous Biota. In: Aquaculture and Water Quality. Advances in World Aquaculture, World Aquaculture Society, 3, 534-567.
Whitmarsh, D.J., Cook, E.J., Black, K.D. (2006). Searching for sustainability in aquaculture: an investigation into the economic prospects for an integrated salmon–mussel production system. Marine Policy, 30, 293–298.