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博碩士論文 etd-0118116-125214 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0118116-125214
論文名稱
Title
臺灣東北近岸海底地震噪音之分析與反算
Inversion of Seabed Seismic Noise in Nearshore of Northeastern Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
50
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2016-01-26
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2016-02-19
關鍵字
Keywords
海底電纜觀測系統、海嘯、海底地震、噪音、迴歸分析、入射角、芮氏規模反算
Undersea Earthquake, Richter Scale Inversion, Incident Angle, Regression Analysis, Seismic Noise, Tsunamis, MACHO
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5724 次,被下載 18
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5724 times, has been downloaded 18 times.
中文摘要
近幾年來,亞洲地區發生多起因海底地震所引發海嘯的重大災害,如:南亞海嘯和日本311地震與海嘯等,而台灣地處菲律賓海板塊與歐亞大陸板塊之交界,地震發生的次數相當頻繁,並且經常有強烈的地震發生。依據中央氣象局2001~2012年12年的觀測資料統計,臺灣地區平均每年約發生22,000次地震,而其中有近七成發生於台灣東部海域。中央氣象局為加強台灣東北近海地震與威脅性海嘯之監測能力,於2011年9月正式於宜蘭頭城外海建立首座「台灣東部海域電纜觀測系統」MACHO(Marine Cable Hosted Observatory)。此海下觀測站內也同時架設了不同海洋物理觀測儀器(地震儀、海嘯計、溫深鹽觀測計及水下麥克風等),本研究使用測站中的水下麥克風和中央氣象局所提供的震央、地震深度、地震規模和地震發生時間等,做為分析資料來源。藉由中央氣象局所提供的地震時間,挑出每筆地震發生時水下麥克風所記錄的聲學資料,以16 Hz為中心頻率的Octave Band做為本研究的分析頻帶,用能量平均的方法計算每筆地震噪音的聲壓位準。本研究先將各級數的地震噪音聲壓位準做能量平均,即一個地震級數只會有一個聲壓位準,藉此先排除地震深度和震源距離兩參數,迴歸出地震規模與聲壓位準的反算公式。透過觀察地震波入射角的改變,地震波中的S波所產生的噪音聲壓位準也會有所變化,當地震波入射角愈大時,地震噪音愈小,地震波入射角愈小時,地震噪音愈大,所以使用地震深度和震源距離計算出地震波入射角,對入射角和各地震規模所計算出的聲壓位準差值做迴歸,可得到入射角對地震噪音的修正值。最後將地震規模和聲壓位準的反算公式,加入藉由入射角所計算的修正值,即把地震深度和震源距離以入射角的型式,代入了最後的地震規模與地震噪音的反算公式中。最後驗證顯示經入射角修正後,地震規模的反算精準度增加,實際值與反算值的相關性也呈現了高度相關。
Abstract
There were catastropic losses in Asia by undersea earthquakes and related tsunamis, for example, Indonesion trsunami of 2004 and Miyagi earthquake of Japan in 2011. Taiwan is on the border of the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea tectonic plates, so severe earthquakes are frequent. According to the statistics by Center Weather Bureau (CWB), more than 22,000 earthquakes occurred each year during 2001 through 2012, approximat seventy percent of them were in eastern sea of Taiwan, so the station on land can’t offer enough information. In order to improve the capability of offshore earthquakes monitoring, this research used on hydrophone’s data of MACHO(Marine Cable Hosted Observatory), which was built in the northeastern sea of Taiwan in 2011, and epicenter, depth, Richter scale, and occurring time of earthquake measured by CWB to study undersea earthquake noise and its inversion of earthquake scale. Noise by each earthquake was analyzed in 16 Hz octave band to obtain the Sound Pressure Level(SPL). Because the earthquakes of this study occurred in a concentrated region, so the noise level had low correlation with depth and distance of earthquake. Initial noise inversion was based on earthquake scale only. By observing the noise spectrogram, the noise made by S wave would change with the incident angle where earthquake wave into seabed. The incident angle is formed by depth and distance of earthquake, which was added to inversion formula by regression analysis of level compulsion due to different incident angle. By other earthquake data, final the inversion formula is proved to be more accurate in earthquake scale estimation, which support the usefulness of the result of this research.
目次 Table of Contents
論文審定書i
摘要iii
圖目錄viii
表目錄ix
第一章 緒論1
1.1 海洋環境噪音1
1.2 地震噪音3
1.3 研究目的6
1.4 論文架構7
第二章 實驗與資料8
2.1 MACHO計畫8
2.2 聲學儀器10
2.3 地震資料11
第三章 相關理論14
3.1訊號處理14
3.1.1 取樣定理14
3.1.2 快速傅立葉轉換15
3.2統計理論16
3.2.1 相關性係數17
3.2.2 迴歸分析18
3.2.3 殘差分析19
3.3 聲壓與聲強位準20
第四章 分析與討論22
4.1 資料分析22
4.1.1 地震資料統計22
4.1.2 噪音頻帶分析25
4.1.3 海底與陸地地震比較26
4.2 地震規模反算26
4.2.1 反算參數27
4.2.2 依據規模之反算28
4.3 地震波入射角之考量30
4.3.1 入射角之影響30
4.3.2 入射角迴歸分析32
4.4 反算公式與驗證36
第五章 結論與建議38
5.1 結論38
5.2建議與未來方向39
參考文獻40
參考文獻 References
[1] 交通部中央氣象局(http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/index.htm)
[2] MACHO計劃書 (http://scman.cwb.gov.tw/eqv5/research/57vol/MOTC-CWB-99-E-25.pdf)
[3] N. R. Chapman and R. Marrett, “The directionality of acoustic T-phase signals from small magnitude submarine earthquakes,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, pp. 103-126, 2006.
[4] V. O. Knudsen, R. S. Alford and J. W. Emling, “Underwater ambient noise,” J. Marine Res. 7, pp. 410-429, 1948.
[5] R. J. Urick and A.W. Pryce, A Summary of Underwater Acoustic Data, Part V, Background Noise, The Office of Naval Res., Arlington VA, 1954.
[6] G. M. Wenz, “Review of underwater acoustics research: Noise,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51(3), pp. 1010-1024, 1972.
[7] W.M. Carey, R. B. Evans, Ocean ambient noise measurement and theory, publish with Springer, 1st Edition, 2011.
[8] 徐明同,地震學,黎明文化事業公司,1979。
[9] I. Tolstoy and M. Ewing, “The T phase of shallow-focus earthquakes,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 40, pp. 25-51, 1955.
[10] C.G Fox, ” Monitoring pacific ocean seismicity from an autonomous hydrophone array,” J. of Geophysical Res. 106, pp. 4183-4206, March 10, 2001.
[11] 中央氣象局臺灣東部海域海纜觀測系統 ( http://scweb.cwb.gov.tw/macho-web/)
[12] Reson 水下麥克風規格介紹( http://www.teledynereson.com/products/hydrophones/)
[13] 交通部中央氣象局地震活動彙整資料庫( http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/earthquake/rtd_eq.htm)
[14] 台灣NEC官方網站(http://tw.nec.com/zh_TW/solutions/public/observation.html)
[15] 中央氣象局地球物理資料管理系統GDMS(http://gdms.cwb.gov.tw/index.php)
[16] M. J. Norusis, SPSS Guide to Data Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2008.
[17] W. James and W. John, ”An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex Fourier series,” Math. Comput., pp. 297–301, 1965.
[18] 顏月珠,商用統計學,三民書局出版社,2003。
[19] A. D. Aczel, Complete Business Statistics, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2004.
[20] M. L. Berenson, D. M. Levine, and T. C. Krehbiel, Basic Business Statistics, 10th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2006.
[21] M. J. Norusis, SPSS Guide to Data Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2008.
[22] R. H. Johnson and J. Northrop,”A comparison of earthquake magnitude with T-phase strength,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 56, pp. 119-124, February, 1966.
[23] 凃道霖,台灣地區T波的生成研究,國立台灣大學理學院地質科學研究所碩士論文,民97。
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