Laboratory work were conducted to investigate the behaviors of an internal solitary wave (ISW) in a two-layer free surface fluid system in a wave flume (12m×0.5m×0.7m) at the National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A series of fundamental experiments on wave generation, propagation and interaction with uniform slopes and topographic features were carried out in the flume with stratified two-layer fresh/brine water. Factors governing the experiments included the thickness ratio of the upper and lower layers H1/H2, interface difference

Laboratory work were conducted to investigate the behaviors of an internal solitary wave (ISW) in a two-layer free surface fluid system in a wave flume (12m×0.5m×0.7m) at the National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A series of fundamental experiments on wave generation, propagation and interaction with uniform slopes and topographic features were carried out in the flume with stratified two-layer fresh/brine water. Factors governing the experiments included the thickness ratio of the upper and lower layers H1/H2, interface difference

Acknowledgements 2
Abstract 3
Contents 6
List of Symbols 11
List of Figures and Tables 15

1.1 Background 27
1.2 Status of domestic and international research efforts 31
1.2.1 Field observations 32
1.2.1.1 surface observation 33
1.2.1.2 sub-surface observation 35
1.2.2 Theoretical models 36
1.2.2.1 Navier-Stokes equations 38
1.2.2.2 Korteweg-deVries equations 39
1.2.3 Laboratory experiments 43
1.2.3.1 uniform slope 44
1.2.3.2 topographic obstacles 46
1.3 Significance 47
1.4 Motivation 48
1.5 Established organizations 49
2.1 Internal waves in the oceans 51
2.1.1 Internal wave generation 53
2.1.2 Internal wave propagation 55
2.1.3 Internal wave dissipation 56
2.2 Internal waves in estuaries 57
2.2.1 Internal wave generation 57
2.2.2 Internal wave dissipation 58
2.3 Internal waves in lakes 59
2.3.1 Internal wave generation 60
2.3.2 Internal wave dissipation 61
2.4 Internal waves in the laboratory 62
2.4.1 Internal wave generation 63
2.4.2 Internal wave dissipation 63
2.5 Internal wave - slope interaction 64
2.5.1 Classification of run-up 65
2.5.2 Internal wave breaking 66
2.5.3 Onslope fluid movement 69
2.6 Internal wave reflection 72
2.6.1 Mechanism and geometry of internal wave reflection 73
2.6.2 Efficiency of internal wave reflection 75
2.6.3 Energetics of internal wave reflection 77
2.6.4 Mixing induced by reflection at sloping boundary 79
2.7 Internal waves on several submerged topography 80
2.7.1 Interaction with slope-shelf topography 80
2.7.2 Interaction with triangular topography 82
2.7.2.1 Reflection and transmission from a triangular obstacle 84
2.7.2.2 Energy dissipation by vortex formation 86
3.1 Experimental setup 88
3.1.1 Geometry 88
3.1.2 Procedure 92
3.2 Instrumentations 95
3.2.1 Ultrasonic probes and capacitance gauges 95
3.2.2 Ultrasonic density probe 97
3.2.3 Capacitance probes 97
3.2.4 Data Acquisition system 99
3.2.5 Oscilloscope 99
3.3 Data analysis 100
3.3.1 Collection 101
3.3.2 Denoise 101
3.3.3 Calibrations 103
3.3.4 Processing 105
3.3.5 Time series and distribution of the recorded internal waves 105
3.4 Experimental objectives and design 107
3.4.1 Uniform slopes 108
3.4.2 Variable topographies 110
4.1 Internal wave generation 114
4.1.1 Wave profiles 119
4.1.2 Discussion on experimental results 121
4.1.3 Summary 122
4.2 Waveforms with different depth parameters 124
4.3 Amplitude decay and energy loss 128
4.4 Wave propagation 131
4.5 Physical parameters of internal solitary wave 133
4.5.1 Wave amplitude, a 142
4.5.2 Wave speed, C 142
4.5.3 Wavelength, Lw 143
4.5.4 Wave energy, E 145
4.5.5 Wave run-up, Ru 145
4.5.6 Breaking depth, db 145
4.6 Theoretical aspects of ISW profiles 147
4.7 Characteristics of ISW properties in a wave flume 151
4.7.1 Wave amplitude 151
4.7.2 Wave speed (C) 155
4.7.3 Frequency-amplitude relationship 159
4.7.4 Verification of wave profiles 162
4.7.5 Wave run-up 166
4.7.6 Breaking depth 166
5.1 General discussion 168
5.2 Experimental setup 173
5.3 Internal solitary wave of elevation-type 174
5.3.1 ISW of elevation on a steep normal slope 174
5.3.1.1 Wave run-up and run-down 175
5.3.1.2 Internal hydraulic jump 177
5.3.1.3 Mechanisms of energy dissipation 178
5.3.2 ISW of elevation on an inverse steep slope 179
5.4 Internal solitary wave of depression-type 183
5.4.1 ISW of depression on a steep normal slope 183
5.4.2 ISW of depression on an inverse steep slope 185
5.5 Summary of ISW interaction with steep slopes 187
5.5.1 The criteria of an ISW evolution on a uniform slope 187
5.5.2 Mixing efficiency due to wave-slope encounter 190
5.6 Wave Reflection from Uniform Slopes 192
5.6.1 Decay of wave amplitude 195
5.6.2 Energy loss 195
5.6.3 Frequency-amplitude relationship 198
5.6.4 Reflection rate 198
5.7 Conclusions for slope effect on an ISW 202
6.1 General discussion 204
6.2 Experimental setup 208
6.3 Internal solitary wave of depression-type 209
6.3.1 ISW of depression with triangular ridge 209
6.3.1.1 Wave evolution on triangular bumps 210
6.3.1.2 Comparison for wave evolution with slope and ridge 212
6.3.1.3 Summary on different range of blockage 216
6.3.2 ISW of depression with semicircular ridge 217
6.3.2.1 Wave evolution on semicircular bumps 217
6.3.2.2 Effect of submarine ridge geometry 219
6.4 Internal solitary wave of elevation-type 220
6.4.1 ISW of elevation over a triangular ridge 221
6.4.2 ISW of elevation over a semicircular ridge 224
6.5 Summary on wave-ridge encounter 226
6.6 ISW characteristics during wave-ridge encounter 228
6.6.1 Time series 228
6.6.2 Effect of obstacles on an ISW of depression-type 228
6.6.2.1 Weak encounter 228
6.6.2.2 Moderate encounter 229
6.6.2.3 Wave breaking 231
6.6.3 Breaker expewssion 232
6.6.4 Reflection induced by topographic obstacle 236
6.6.5 Wave Transmission 241
6.6.6 Energy decay of an ISW 248
6.7 Wave propagation over the double obstacle 250
6.7.1 Arrangement of double obstacles 250
6.7.2 The effect of the obstacle intervals and the depth ratio 252
6.7.3 The effect of the obstacle interval and obstacle position 259
6.8 Wave profiles on an isolated semicircle 265
7.1 Concluding remarks 270
7.2 Suggestion for future research 274
7.2.1 Auxiliary for field investigation 274
7.2.2 Implications for marine geology 275
7.2.3 Implications for biological oceanography 275
7.2.4 The use of PIV technology 276
References 279
Appendix 301

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