本研究於2016年9月至2017年5月，於高雄市南工業區(小港區：SG)、北工業區(楠梓區：NZ)、北高雄重要商圈(左營區：ZY)、工商業區(仁武區：JW)與高雄市中心(前金區：CG)分別設置五個採樣點，採集住宅內的細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)並分析其多環芳香烴化合物(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)，以探討高雄住宅內之細懸浮微粒與多環芳香烴之變化和可能之污染來源，並評估其可能致癌風險，並在楠梓區多增加燒香採樣(NZ-BS)來共同探討。
研究結果顯示，五個採樣點的室內PM2.5平均濃度分別：CG為37.0±8.5 μg/m3、JW為46.2±15.2 μg/m3、NZ為43.8±12.4 μg/m3、NZ-BS為45.7±15.5μg/m3、SG為43.6±13.9 μg/m3、ZY為40.7±10.9 μg/m3，而室外則分別：CG為42.0±11.0μg/m3、JW為48.7±10.9μg/m3、NZ為46.8±11.7 μg/m3、SG為46.0±15.2μg/m3、ZY為46.3±15.9μg/m3，整體而言，以JW濃度最高， CG濃度最低。NZ-BS可能因為燒香而產生較多的微粒，使得相比其他室內有較高之濃度。本研究冬季之PM2.5樣品皆超過我國「空氣品質標準」之24小時標準值(35 μg/m3)。
五個採樣點其室內PM2.5-PAHs濃度分別：CG為0.882±0.662ng/m3、JW為1.312±0.814ng/m3、NZ為1.187±0.972ng/m3、NZ-BS為1.271±0.872ng/m3、SG為1.668±1.309ng/m3、ZY為1.056±0.728ng/m3，NZ-BS並沒有因為燒香而有較高之多環芳香烴，可能因為燒香頻率不高與燒香的數量較低。在室外其濃度分別：CG為1.081±0.761ng/m3、JW為1.526±0.879ng/m3、NZ為1.540±0.916ng/m3、SG為1.570±1.523ng/m3、ZY為1.051±0.828μg/m3，同為SG濃度為最高，濃度最低為CG。其組成成分分布以高環數(5-6環)之PAHs化合物為主。
進一步比較室內濃度和室外濃度之比值(I/O)，其I/O比值小於1，表示無顯著室內來源影響。在室內外PM2.5有其顯著相關(R=0.838, p<0.01)，而PAHs也為顯著相關(R=0.962, p<0.01)。然在成對樣本t檢定(Paired Samples t-test)之結果卻推論都並非每個化合物都受室外來源所影響。根據特徵比(Diagnostic ratio)、主成分分析(PCA)及集群分析(HCA)結果指出，在高雄地區室內環境PM2.5-PAHs來源是以汽柴油混合燃燒之交通污染來源為主，其次為室內活動來源或煤燃燒來源影響。在致癌風險評估方面，以吸入增量終生癌症風險(ILCR)公式推得其風險值，各採樣點皆低於美國環保署(USEPA)的建議值10-6。

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor environments in Kaohsiung metropolitan area. The distributions and sources of PM2.5 and PAHs were investigated with the health risk assessment of PAHs. Both indoor and outdoor samples were collected at Nanzi (NZ), Siaogan (SG), Chiengin (CG,), Jenwu (JW), and Zuoying (ZY) from September 2016 to May 2017. Indoor environments with incense-burning (NZ-BS) were also collected simultaneously in NZ.
The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations at CG, JW, NZ, NZ-BS, SG and ZY sites were 37.0±8.5, 46.2±15.2, 43.8±12.4, 45.7±15.5, 43.6±13.9 and 40.7±10.9 μg/m3, respectively. The average outdoor PM2.5 concentrations were 42.0±11.0, 48.7±10.9, 46.8±11.7, 46.0±15.2, and 46.3±15.9 μg/m3 at CG, JW, NZ, SG and ZY sites, respectively. The highest PM2.5 concentration was found in JW; while CG was the lowest. It indicated that burning incense leads to higher concentration than other sites in Kaohsiung. The PM2.5 concentrations in winter all exceeded the air quality standard of EPA (24-hour standard value less than 35 μg/m3).
In addition, the mean indoor PAHs concentrations at CG, JW, NZ, NZ-BS, SG, and ZY were 0.882±0.662, 1.312±0.814, 1.187±0.972, 1.271±0.872, 1.668±1.309 and 1.056±0.728 ng/m3, respectively. It is noted that not especially high concentration in NZ-BS was observd. The mean outdoor PAHs concentrations at CG, JW, NZ, SG, and ZY were 1.081±0.761, 1.526±0.879, 1.540±0.916, 1.570±1.523 and 1.051±0.828ng/m3, respectively. SG displayed the highest average PAHs concentration; while CG was the lowest. The compositional pattern of PAHs exhibited dominace of the high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in PM2.5.
Moreover, the indoor/outdoor ratios of PM2.5 and PAHs were mostly lower than 1, indicating that there was no obviously source of PAHs from indoor environment. A significant correlation between indoor and outdoor were found in PM2.5 (R=0.838, p<0.01) and PAHs (R=0.962, p<0.01). The results of paired t-test demonstrate that individual PAHs was not necessarily influenced by outdoor sources. Results of Principle components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and diagnostic ratio indentify the predominant sources of PAHs, as vehicular emissions, including gasoline and diesel engines; while coal combustion and indoor sources were also noted. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) at 5 sites in three seasons showed the inhaled cancer risk of PAHs alone in Kaohsiung was found lower than the regulatory 10-6 by USEPA.

第一章、前言 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 研究目的 2
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2-1 大氣中細懸浮微粒 3
2-1-1 大氣中細懸浮微粒來源 3
2-1-2 細懸浮微粒對人體的影響 3
2-2 多環芳香烴 4
2-2-1 多環芳香烴特性 4
2-2-2 多環芳香烴對人體的影響 7
2-2-3 大氣中多環芳香烴來源 9
2-2-4 室內與室外環境中PM2.5-PAHs相關研究 11
2-2-5 多環芳香烴之特徵比 13
第三章、研究方法 14
3-1 研究流程 14
3-2 材料與儀器 15
3-2-1 材料 15
3-2-2 試藥與器具前處理 15
3-2-3 設備與分析儀器 16
3-3 採樣與保存 17
3-3-1 採樣時間與地點 17
3-3-2 採樣方法 22
3-4 樣品分析 23
3-4-1 PAHs分析 23
3-5 品質保證與品質管制(QA/QC) 26
3-5-1 空白試驗 26
3-5-2 方法偵測極限(Method detection limit) 26
3-5-3 擬似標準品回收率 26
3-6 資料分析 27
3-6-1 主成份分析(Principal Components Analysis, PCA) 27
3-6-2 集群分析(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA) 27
3-6-3 特徵比(Diagnostic ratio) 28
3-6-4 成對樣本t檢定(Paired Samples t-test) 28
3-6-5 健康風險評估 28
第四章、結果與討論 30
4-1室內與室外環境之細懸浮微粒 30
4-1-1 室內PM2.5濃度變化 30
4-1-2 室外PM2.5濃度變化 34
4-1-3 室內與室外PM2.5文獻比較 37
4-2室內與室外環境之多環芳香烴 39
4-2-1 室內PM2.5-PAHs濃度變化 39
4-2-2 室外PM2.5-PAHs濃度變化 42
4-2-3 PM2.5-PAHs文獻比較 44
4-2-4 PM2.5-PAHs成分組成 46
4-2-5 PM2.5與PM2.5-PAHs之相關性 50
4-3室內與室外關係 52
4-3-1 室內與室外之PM2.5和PM2.5-PAHs濃度比較 52
4-3-2 I/O比值與成對樣本t檢定(Paired Samples t-test) 56
4-4 PM2.5-PAHs來源分析 61
4-4-1 特徵比(Diagnostic ratio) 61
4-4-2 主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA) 64
4-4-3 集群分析(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, HCA) 71
4-5 室內與室外環境PM2.5-PAHs致癌風險評估 78
4-5-1 室內與室外PM2.5-BaP濃度之時空變化 78
4-5-2 PM2.5-PAHs暴露致癌風險評估 79
第五章、結論與建議 81
5-1 結論 81
5-2 建議 83
參考文獻 84
附錄 91

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