摘　要
加里·斯奈德是美國當代著名生態詩人、翻譯家。在近五十年的翻譯生涯中，斯奈德秉持獨特的翻譯理念，以獨到的選本眼光和高超的翻譯技藝，將大量中國古典詩歌、日本現代詩歌和佛教典籍譯介給英語世界，為東西方的文化交流做出了傑出的貢獻，也為他自己成為卓越的翻譯家，成為“東方和西方之間的文化調和人”打下了堅實的基礎。
研究表明，斯奈德的譯介活動跨時久遠，空間上歷經了北美大陸到日本列島的轉移。斯奈德在翻譯選本上重視擇優而譯和擇似而譯，在翻譯過程中，重視視覺化的步驟、想象力的發揮以及對詩歌節奏的模擬，多種翻譯方法並舉，實現了歸化和異化翻譯策略的有機融合，并就想象力在翻譯中的作用、譯者的身份、宗教術語的可譯與不可譯等問題提出了獨到的見解。而且，斯奈德的翻譯和創作之間存在相互影響和相互滲透的關係。
本論文共分為七章。第一章對斯奈德的創作和翻譯成就做了概括性的回顧，並指出當前斯奈德作為翻譯家的身份研究相對不足的現狀。同時，就本論文的選題依據、研究目的和研究方法等予以陳述。第二章詳細介紹了斯奈德的創作生涯和翻譯生涯，并結合其教育背景、零工生涯和修禪經歷對其譯者素養進行分析。最後從整體印象、學術價值、翻譯選本、翻譯技巧四個方面介紹了別人對斯奈德翻譯的評價。第三章對斯奈德的翻譯選本特點作考察，并總結了斯奈德的五種翻譯選本策略，即題材選擇法、體裁選擇法、遵從已有選擇法、參考他人建議選擇法和接受任務選擇法。第四章根據相關材料，對斯奈德的翻譯思想進行挖掘和概括，從翻譯題材觀、譯者角色觀、有關想像力和視覺化翻譯的論述、可譯與不可譯思想等四個方面對其翻譯思想進行了梳理。第五章結合具體的翻譯例子，對斯奈德採用的翻譯方法做了分析和總結，并指出斯奈德在原文文化意象的傳達上，以歸化策略和異化策略并舉的方式，成功地實現了忠實性和可讀性之間的平衡。第六章結合斯奈德本人的描述和此前鐘玲教授的推測，通過詳細的文本對比考證，證明了斯奈德英譯寒山詩的最主要底本為1928年日本東京審美書院出版的《寒山詩集》，解決了一些未解之謎，以匡正現有研究之訛誤。第七章對本論文的主要研究內容進行歸納和總結，並由此提出論文工作中存在的不足以及今後的研究方向。
斯奈德的翻譯活動是東西方文化文學交流史上的重要案例。對其譯介活動、翻譯選本原則、翻譯策略和方法、翻譯思想的整體考察，有助於我們對斯奈德的翻譯家身份有更全面的認識和更客觀的評價，也有助於我們加深對中國文化“走出去”的理性思考。

Abstract
Gary Snyder is a famous contemporary American eco-poet and translator. In the past fifty years of his career as a translator, Snyder, with his unique translation concepts, unique vision in text-selection and superb translation skills, has introduced many classical Chinese poems, modern Japanese poems, and Buddhism classics to the English world, and made outstanding contributions to the cultural communication between East and West. His translation also laid solid foundation for his identity as a translator as well as a “cultural mediator between east and west”.
The study shows that Snyder’s translation activities spanned a long period of time and spatially went through the transfer of the Mainland North America to the Japanese islands. In poetry translation, Snyder emphasizes visualization, imagination and rhythm-imitation, and adopts a variety of translation methods to achieve organic integration of Domestication and Foreignization. In addition, Snyder puts forward unique opinion on translation, such as the importance of imagination, the translator’s role, and the translatability and untranslatability of religious terms. Moreover, there is an interaction and mutual penetration between Snyder’s translation and writing.
This dissertation consists of seven chapters. The first chapter reviews Snyder’s writing and translation achievements, and points out that current researches on Snyder’s identity as a translator is relatively inadequate. Then it states the research motivation, purposes, and methods of this dissertation. The second chapter introduces Snyder’s writing career and his translation career in detail, and analyzes his translator’s qualification with his education background, part-time career and Zen meditation experience. And then it presents the evaluation on the translation of Snyder from four aspects: the overall impression, the academic value, the source-text-selection, and translation techniques. The third chapter investigates the characteristics of Snyder’s source-text selection for translation and summarizes his strategies of selection, namely, theme-based approach, genre-based approach, existing-selection-based approach, advice-based approach, and task-based approach. The fourth chapter elaborates on Gary Snyder’s translation thoughts based on related materials and then discusses and expounds four aspects of his translation ideas, namely, concept of selecting materials for translation, concept of the translator’s role, discussion on imagination and visualization as well as translatability and untranslatability. The fifth chapter expatiates and analyzes the translation methods Snyder adopted by combining specific translation examples. It also points out that Snyder succeeded in using both domestication and foreignization strategies in the transmission of original cultural images, and achieved the balance between fidelity and readability. Chapter six, via detailed textual research based on Snyder’s own descriptions and Prof. Chung Ling’s speculations, proves that The Collected Poems by Han Shan published by Tokyo Shinbi Shoin in 1928 is the most important master copy of Snyder’s translation of Cold Mountain Poems, so as to solve some mysteries and correct some errors in the existing research. The seventh chapter summarizes the main contents of this dissertation, and then points out the shortcomings in this study and future research directions.
Since Snyder’s translation can be seen as an important case in the cultural exchange between East and West, the overall investigation of his translation activities, source text-selection, translation strategies and methods, translation thoughts, and the relation between his translation and writing, may not only help us to have a more comprehensive understanding and more objective assessment of his identity as translator, but also deepen our rational thinking of the current “going global” strategy of Chinese culture.

Table of Contents
論文審定書…………………………………………………………………i
Acknowledgements……………………………………………...…………ii
中文摘要.……………………………………………………………….... iv
Abstract ..…………………………………………………………………. vi
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………...1
1.1 Overview on Gary Snyder and His Achievements………………….2
1.2 Literature Review………………………………………………….4
1.3 Research Purpose and Motivation………………………………...20
1.4 Research Methods and Significance……………………………...21
1.5 Content and Structure Preview……………………………………22
Chapter 2 Gary Snyder’s Writing and Translation Career…………………27
2.1 Family and Childhood……………………………………………27
2.2 Education Background……………………………………………33
2.3 Writing Career…………………………………………………….39
2.4 Translation Career………………………………………………...45
2.5 Evaluation of Snyder’s Translation……………………………….57
2.6 Summary………………………………………………………….60
Chapter 3 On the Strategies of Gary Snyder’s Source-Text Selection……..63
3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………63
3.2 The Features of Snyder’ Source-text Selection…………………...65
3.3 Factors Influencing Snyder’s ST Selection……………………….70
3.4 Strategies and Methods of Snyder’s ST Selection………………..74
3.5 Summary………………………………………………………….81
Chapter 4 Gary Snyder’s Translation Thoughts…………………………85
4.1 Views on ST Selection—Excellence and Similarities…………85
4.2 Visulization and Imagination……………………………………..94
4.3 Translators’ Role—Switch………………………………………..97
4.4 Translatability and Untranslatability…………………………….101
4.5 Summary………………………………………………………...105
Chapter 5 Gary Snyder’s Translation Strategies and Methods…………107
5.1 Domestication and Foreignization………………………………108
5.2 Translation Methods under Domesticating Strategy….…………109
5.3 Translation Methods under Foreignizing Strategy………………118
5.4 Summary……………………………………………………….. 132
Chapter 6 Research of Snyder’s Master Copy in Translating Han-shan Poems………………………………………………………………135
6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………135
6.2 Snyder and His Translation of Hanshan Poems…………………136
6.3 Prof. Chung Ling’s Speculation on the Master Copy...........…….137
6.4 Snyder’s Statements on the Master Copy………...……………...141
6.5 Retrieving of the Relevant Library Catalogues….………………142
6.6 Textual Comparison……………………………………………145
6.7 Conclusion…………..…………………………………………154
Chapter 7 Summary and Prospect……………………………………..…157
7.1 Main Viewpoints of This Dissertation…………………………157
7.2 Inadequacies of the Present Study………………………………159
7.3 Questions to be Discussed………………………………………160
Works Cited……………………………………………………………...163
Appendix 1 Gary Snyder’s Translation Timeline……………………...…173
Appendix 2 Gary Snyder’s Translation of the Preface to Cold Mountain Poems by Lu Ch’iu-Yin…………………………………...177
Appendix 3 Gary Snyder’s Translation of 24 Cold Mountain Poems…….183
Appendix 4 Xu Ming’s Translation of 24 Cold Mountain Poems………...189
Appendix 5 Gary Snyder’s Translation of 17 Tang Poems………………195
Appendix 6 Xu Ming’s Translation of 17 Tang Poems…………………...205
Appendix 7 Xu Ming’s Translation of Gary Snyder’s “Note for Sixteen T’ang Poems” …………………………………………….211
Appendix 8 Xu Ming’s Translation of Gary Snyder’s “Bai Juyi’s ‘Long Bitter Song’” ……………………………………………...213
Appendix 9 Xu Ming’s Translation of Gary Snyder’s “Reflections on My Translations of the T’ang Poet Han-shan” ………………...215
Papers and Awards During Ph.D. Study………………………………….217

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Leed, Jacob. “Gary Snyder, Han Shan, and Jack Kerouac.” Journal of Modern Literature 11.1 (1984): 185-93. Web.
---. “Gary Snyder: An Unpublished Preface.” Journal of Modern Literature 13.1 (1986): 177–80. Web.
Lefevere, Andre. Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010. Print.
Lin, Yao-fu. “The Mountains Are Your Mind: Orientalism in the Poetry of Gary Snyder.” Tamkang Review 6.7 (1975):357-391. Web.
Maerhofer, John and John Suiter. “The Village and Beyond - Zen Lunacy: Therapeutic? Poets on the Peaks: Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen & Jack Kerouac in the North Cascades.” The American Book Review 24.4 (2003). Web.
Mahar, Michael J.. “Scenes from the Sidelines.” Gary Snyder: Dimensions of A Life. Ed. Jon Halper. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991. Print.
Mao, Nathan. “The Influence of Zen Buddhism on Gary Snyder.” Tamkang Review 5.2 (1974): 125-133. Print.
Martin, Julia. “True Communionism: Gary Snyder’s Transvaluation of the Some Christian Terminology.” Journal for the Study of Religion 1.1 (1988): 63-75. Print.
---. “Practicing Emptiness: Gary Snyder’s Playful Ecological Work.” Western American Literature 27. 1 (1992): 3-19. Print.
McLeod, Dan. “Some Images of China in the Works of Snyder, Gary.” Tamkang Review 10.3-4 (1980): 369-83. Web.
---. “Gary Snyder.” Dictionary of Literary Biography: The Beats: Literary Bohemians in Postwar America. Ed. Ann Charters. Vol. 16. Detroit: Gale, 1983. Print.
McNeil, Katherine. Gary Snyder: A Bibliography. New York: Phoenix Bookshop, 1983. Print.
Molesworth, Charles. Gary Snyder’s Vision: Poetry and the Real Work. Columbia: U of Missouri P, 1983. Print.
Murphy, Patrick. Critical Essays on Gary Snyder. Boston: GK Hall, 1991. Print.
---. Understanding Gary Snyder. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, 1992. Print.
---. A Place for Wayfaring: The Poetry and Prose of Gary Snyder. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 2000. Print.
O’Connell, Nicholas. At the Field’s End: Interviews with Twenty Pacific Northwest Writers. Seattle: Madrona Publishers, 1987. Print.
Okada, Roy. “Zen and the Poetry of Gary Snyder.” Diss. University of Wiscosin-Madison, 1973. Web.
Padwa, David. “What is the Sanskrit Word for Coyote?” Gary Snyder: Dimensions of A Life. Ed. Jon Halper. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books Press, 1991. Print.
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Park, Byoungkook. “The Biographic and Poetic Dimensions in Gary Synder’s Green Buddhism Poetry: ‘Cold Mountain’, ‘Mountains and Rivers Without End’, and ‘Danger on Peaks’.” Diss. Western Michigan University, 2007. Web.
Pound, Ezra. Cathay. London: Elkin Mathews, 1915. Web.
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Schleiermacher, Friedrich. “On the Different Methods of Translating.” Theories of Tranaslation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Ed. Rainer Schulte & John Biguenet. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1992. Print.
Shu, Yunzhong. “Gary Snyder and Taoism.” Tamkang Review 17.3 (1987):245-261. Web.
Snyder, Jim. “Riprap and The Old Ways: Gary Snyder in Yosemite, 1955.” Gary Snyder: Dimensions of A Life. Ed. Jon Halper. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991. Print.
Snyder, Gary. “Cold Mountain Poems.” Evergreen Review 2.6 (1958): 69-80. Print.
---. Ryosen-an Zendo Practices (cited as RZP). Kyoto: The First Zen Institute of America in Japan, 1960. Print.
---. Riprap and Cold Mountain Poems (cited as RC). New York: North Point, 1965. Print.
---. The Back Country (cited as BC). New York: New Directions, 1968. Print.
---. Earth House Hold (cited as EHH). New York: New Directions, 1969. Print.
---. Turtle Island (cited as TI). New York: New Directions, 1969. Print.
---. The Old Ways (cited as OW). San Francisco: City Lights, 1977. Print.
---. Myths & Texts (cited as MT). New York: New Directions, 1978. Print.
---. Left Out in the Rain (cited as LO). San Francisco: North Point Press, 1986. Print.
---. The Practice of the Wild (cited as PW). San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990. Print.
---. Passage through India (cited as PI). San Francisco: Grey Fox Press, 1992. Print.
---. A Place in Space (cited as PS). Washington: Counterpoint Press, 1995. Print.
---. Mountains and Rivers without End (cited as MR). Washington: Counterpoint, 1996. Print.
---. The Gary Snyder Reader: Prose, Poetry, and Translations, 1952-1998 (cited as RPT). Counterpoint Press, 2000. Print.
---. “Reflections on My Translation of the T’ang Poet Han-shan.” Manoa 12.1(2000):137-39. Print.
---. Cold Mountain Poems: Twenty-Four Poems by Han-Shan (cited as CM). Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2013. Print.
---. The Great Clod (cited as GC). Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2016. Print.
Snyder, Gary, and Gutetsu Kanetsuki. The Wooden Fish: Basic Sutras and Gathas of Rinzai Zen (cited as WF). Kyoto: The First Zen Institute of America in Japan, 1961. Print.
Snyder, Gary, and Wendell Berry. Distant Neighbors: The Selected Letters of and Gary Snyder (cited as DN). Berkeley: Counterpoint Press, 2015. Print.
Snyder, Gary, and William Scott McLean. The Real Work: Interviews & Talks, 1964-1979 (cited as RW). New York: New Directions, 1980. Print.
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Suiter, John. Poets on the Peaks: Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen & Jack Kerouac in the North Cascades. Washington: Counterpoint Press, 2003. Print.
Tan, Joan Qionglin. “Visualization and Gary Snyder’s Translation of Cold Mountain Poems.” Journal of Translation Studies 11.2 (2008): 31-53. Print.
---. Han Shan, Chan Buddhism and Gary Snyder’s Ecopoetic Way. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2009. Print.
Tanikawa, Shuntaro. “Four Images.” Sections: Miyazawa Kenji. Ed. Hiroaki Sato. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. Print.
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---. “Translating Nature: Gary Snyder and Cultural Translation.” Neohelicon 34.2 (2007): 149-63. Print.
---. “Gary Snyder and the Nature of Nature.” Comparative American Studies: An International Journal 7.2 (2009): 151-61. Print.
---. “The Ethics of Translation: Gary Snyder and Chinese Literature.” ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature 40.2-3 (2009):63-88. Print.
---. Gary Snyder, Nature and Ecological Communication. Taipei: Bookman, 2010. Print.
---. “Gary Snyder: Translator and Cultural Mediator between China and the World.” Comparative Literature Studies 49.4 (2012): 596-609. Print.
Vendler, Helen. American Zen: Gary Snyder’s No Nature. Belknap Press, 1995. Print.
Venuti, Lawrence. “Strategies of Translation.” Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Ed. Mona Baker. New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.
---. The Translation Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2000. Print.
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Wyss, Antoine. “Regarding Wave” or the Voice of the Unspoken: Zen as an Approach to the Poetry of Gary Snyder. Genève, 1980. Print.
Yamazato, Katsunori. “Seeking a Fulcrum: Gary Snyder and Japan (1956-1975).” Diss. University of California, Davis, 1987. Print.
---. “Snyder, Sakaki and the Tribe.” Gary Snyder: Dimensions of A Life. Ed. Jon Halper. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991. Print.
---. “Establishing a Sense of Place: A Comparative Study of Two Ecopoets, Miyazawa Kenji and Gary Snyder.” Tamkang Review 34.3-4 (2004): 113-27. Print.