此研究旨在闡述人民之求職行為，並了解其實際求職過程。在過去的幾十年間，求職此議題已被勞動經濟學、心理學及社會學三個領域不斷探討。然而，這些學科的研究主要基於定量實證研究和在各種假設下的理論模型。很少有定性研究來證實這些理論模型和實證研究的結果。因此，本文的第一部分著重於總結三個領域基於求職的四大面（搜索階段、信息類型、信息管道和決策），對於求職過程及求職行為方面的觀點總結 。在第二部分中，分析了12個定性訪談，旨在發現求職者在尋找新工作時的真實行為，並從這一分析中得出了各種各樣的發現，有些證實了當前的文獻，有些則與之矛盾。然而，主要研究結果與現有文獻相反：求職可能不會按順序發生。再者，弱連結並不一定能帶來更好的就業結果，因為求職者並不總是使用它們。此外，求職者對一般資訊並不滿意，而是希望獲得有關其就業機會的詳細資訊。最後，求職者會根據特定要約的性質決定是否接受要約。

The aim of this research is to shed more light into the job searching behavior and understand how people actually approach the job searching process. Job search has been researched for the last decades by three disciplines, labor economics, psychology and sociology. However, the research of these disciplines is mostly based on quantitative empirical studies and theoretical models which are considered under various assumptions. There is seldom qualitative research to examine the assumptions of these theoretical models and empirical studies. Accordingly, the first part of this paper will focus on summarizing the views of the three disciplines on job search process and job search behavior, based on a framework that considers four dimensions of job search, search phases, information type, information channels and decision making. In the second part there is an analysis of 12 qualitative interviews that aim to discover how job seekers behave when searching for a new job and how they experience the job search process.
The analysis was based on an analytical framework which captures four dimensions of job search, concretely: the search phases, the type of information required, the information channels used and the decision making. Various findings emerged from this analysis, some confirming the current literature and some contradicting it. The main findings suggest that contrary to current literature on job search phases, job search might not happen in sequential order, rather, it looks more like a non-sequential process. Moreover, in terms of information channels, weak ties do not necessarily lead to better employment results because job seekers do not always use them. Further, regarding the type of information required, job seekers are not satisfied with general information, rather, they desire to get detailed information about their employment offers. Lastly, the analysis of decision making suggests that people decide on whether to accept an offer or not based on the attributes of that particular offer. These findings suggest that the assumptions used for the theoretical models might not always represent what happens in the labor markets.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 5
2.2. LABOR ECONOMICS APPROACH 10
2.3. PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH 14
2.4. SOCIOLOGY APPROACH 18
2.5. LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY 22
3. METHODOLOGY 25
3.1. DATA SAMPLING 25
3.2. METHOD 26
3.3. DATA TRUSTWORTHINESS AND AUTHENTICITY 28
4. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS & FINDINGS 29
4.1. SEARCH PHASES 29
4.2. TYPE OF INFORMATION 34
4.3. INFORMATION CHANNELS 38
4.4. DECISION MAKING 42
4.5. ANALYSIS SUMMARY 46
5. DISCUSSION 47
5.1. LIMITATIONS 51
5.1. FUTURE RESEARCH 52
5.2. CONCLUSION 52
6. REFERENCES 54
7. APPENDIX 58
7.1. INTERVIEW GUIDE 58
7.2. SUMMARIZED INTERVIEWEE DATA 59

Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Lectures in labor economics. Manuscript. http://economics. mit. edu/files/4689, 22.

Addison, J. T., & Portugal, P. (2002). Job search methods and outcomes. Oxford Economic Papers, 54(3), 505-533.

Albrecht, J. W., & Axell, B. (1984). An equilibrium model of search unemployment. Journal of political Economy, 92(5), 824-840.

Austrian Institute for SME Research. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.kmuforschung.ac.at/zahlen-fakten/kmu-daten/

Bao, Z., & Luo, P. (2015). How college students' job search self-efficacy and clarity affect job search activities. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 43(1), 39-51.

Barber, A. E., Daly, C. L., Giannantonio, C. M., & Phillips, J. M. (1994). Job search activities: An examination of changes over time. Personnel psychology, 47(4), 739-766.

Barbulescu, R. (2015). The strength of many kinds of ties: Unpacking the role of social contacts across stages of the job search process. Organization Science, 26(4), 1040-1058.

Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2018). Business research methods. Oxford university press.

Blau, G. (1993). Further exploring the relationship between job search and voluntary individual turnover. Personnel Psychology, 46(2), 313-330.

Bloemen, H. G. (2005). Job search, search intensity, and labor market transitions an empirical analysis. Journal of Human resources, 40(1), 232-269.

Borgatti, S. P., & Halgin, D. S. (2011). On network theory. Organization science, 22(5), 1168-1181.

Boswell, W. R., Zimmerman, R. D., & Swider, B. W. (2012). Employee job search: Toward an understanding of search context and search objectives. Journal of Management, 38(1), 129-163.

Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college graduates. Journal of applied psychology, 91(3), 717.

Brown, S., & Taylor, K. (2009). Reservation Wages Expected wages and the duration of Unemployment: evidence from British Panel data.

Burdett, K. (1978). A theory of employee job search and quit rates. The American Economic Review, 68(1), 212-220.

Burt, R. S. (2000). The network structure of social capital. Research in organizational behavior, 22, 345-423.

Cable, D. M., & Turban, D. B. (2001). Establishing the dimensions, sources and value of job seekers' employer knowledge during recruitment. In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 115-163). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Caliendo, M., Cobb-Clark, D. A., & Uhlendorff, A. (2015). Locus of control and job search strategies. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(1), 88-103.

Calvó-Armengol, A., & Zenou, Y. (2005). Job matching, social network and word-of-mouth communication. Journal of urban economics, 57(3), 500-522.

Cappellari, L., & Tatsiramos, K. (2011). Friends' networks and job finding rates, ISER Working Paper Series, No. 2011-21, University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), Colchester

Cappellari, L., & Tatsiramos, K. (2015). With a little help from my friends? Quality of social networks, job finding and job match quality. European Economic Review, 78, 55-75.

Conley, T. G., & Topa, G. (2002). Socio‐economic distance and spatial patterns in unemployment. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 17(4), 303-327.

Côté, S., Saks, A. M., & Zikic, J. (2006). Trait affect and job search outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 233-252.

Devine, T. J., & Kiefer, N. M. (1991). Empirical labor economics: the search approach. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Duttweiler, P. C. (1984). The internal control index: A newly developed measure of locus of control. Educational and psychological measurement, 44(2), 209-221.

Feinberg, R. M., & Johnson, W. R. (1977). The superiority of sequential search: a calculation. Southern Economic Journal, 1594-1598.

Franzen, A., & Hangartner, D. (2006). Social networks and labour market outcomes: The non-monetary benefits of social capital. European Sociological Review, 22(4), 353-368.

Freitag, M., & Kirchner, A. (2011). Social capital and unemployment: A macro-quantitative analysis of the European regions. Political studies, 59(2), 389-410.

Granovetter, M. (2005). The impact of social structure on economic outcomes. Journal of economic perspectives, 19(1), 33-50.

Granovetter, M. (2018). Getting a job: A study of contacts and careers. University of Chicago press.

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. In Social networks (pp. 347-367). Academic Press.

Heckman, J. J., LaLonde, R. J., & Smith, J. A. (1999). The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. In Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3, pp. 1865-2097). Elsevier.

Horváth, G. (2014). Occupational mismatch and social networks. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 106, 442-468.

Huang, X. (2008). Guanxi networks and job searches in China's emerging labour market: a qualitative investigation. Work, employment and society, 22(3), 467-484.

Ioannides, Y. M., & Datcher Loury, L. (2004). Job information networks, neighborhood effects, and inequality. Journal of economic literature, 42(4), 1056-1093.

Kiefer, N. M., & Neumann, G. R. (1979). An empirical job-search model, with a test of the constant reservation-wage hypothesis. Journal of political Economy, 87(1), 89-107.

Kreemers, L. M., van Hooft, E. A., & van Vianen, A. E. (2018). Dealing with negative job search experiences: The beneficial role of self-compassion for job seekers' affective responses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 165-179.

Kuhn, P., & Skuterud, M. (2004). Internet job search and unemployment durations. American Economic Review, 94(1), 218-232.

Lin, N. (1999). Social networks and status attainment. Annual review of sociology, 25(1), 467-487.

Lindsay, C. (2010). In a lonely place? Social networks, job seeking and the experience of long-term unemployment. Social Policy and Society, 9(1), 25-37.

Lippman, S. A., & McCall, J.J. (1976). The economics of job search. A survey. Economic Inquiry, 14(2), 155-189.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American psychologist, 57(9), 705.

Manroop, L. (2017). A multiparadigm approach to job search scholarship. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(4), 330-356.

McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. T. (2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity and human and social capital. Journal of vocational behavior, 71(2), 247-264.

McCall, J. J. (1970). Economics of information and job search. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113-126.

McDonald, S. (2010). Right place, right time: serendipity and informal job matching. Socio-Economic Review, 8(2), 307-331.

McDonald, S. (2015). Network effects across the earnings distribution: Payoffs to visible and invisible job finding assistance. Social Science Research, 49, 299-313.

Morgan, P. B. (1983). Search and optimal sample sizes. The Review of Economic Studies, 50(4), 659-675.

Mortensen, D. T. (1986). Job search and labor market analysis. Handbook of labor economics, 2, 849-919.

Mouw, T. (2003). Social capital and finding a job: do contacts matter?. American sociological review, 868-898.

Ng, E. S., & Burke, R. J. (2006). The next generation at work–business students' views, values and job search strategy: Implications for universities and employers. Education+ Training, 48(7), 478-492.

Ommeren, J. V., & Russo, G. (2014). Firm Recruitment Behaviour: Sequential or Non‐sequential Search?. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 76(3), 432-455.

Österreich - Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern 2019 | Statistik. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/289501/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-oesterreich-nach-bundeslaendern/

Petersen, T., Saporta, I., & Seidel, M. D. L. (2000). Offering a job: Meritocracy and social networks. American Journal of Sociology, 106(3), 763-816.

Pissarides, C. A. (1979). Job matchings with state employment agencies and random search. The Economic Journal, 89(356), 818-833.

Poovey, M. (1995). Making a social body: British cultural formation, 1830-1864. University of Chicago Press.

Rees, A. (1966). Information networks in labor markets. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 559-566.

Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1997). A longitudinal investigation of the relationships between job information sources, applicant perceptions of fit, and work outcomes. Personnel psychology, 50(2), 395-426.

Saks, A. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (1999). Effects of individual differences and job search behaviors on the employment status of recent university graduates. Journal of Vocational behavior, 54(2), 335-349.

Salop, S. C. (1973). Systematic job search and unemployment. The Review of Economic Studies, 40(2), 191-201.

Schwab, D. P., Rynes, S. L., & Aldag, R. J. (1987). Theories and research on job search and choice. Research in personnel and human resources management, 5(1), 129-166.

Soelberg, P. O. (1967). Unprogrammed decision making. Industrial Management Review, 8, 19–29.
Stigler, G. J. (1962). Information in the labor market. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 94-105.

Turban, D. B., Eyring, A. R., & Campion, J. E. (1993). Job attributes: Preferences compared with reasons given for accepting and rejecting job offers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66(1), 71-81.

Van Hooft, E. A., & Noordzij, G. (2009). The effects of goal orientation on job search and reemployment: A field experiment among unemployed job seekers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1581.

Van Hoye, G., Van Hooft, E. A., & Lievens, F. (2009). Networking as a job search behaviour: A social network perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(3), 661-682.

Wanberg, C. R., Glomb, T. M., Song, Z., & Sorenson, S. (2005). Job-search persistence during unemployment: A 10-wave longitudinal study. Journal of applied psychology, 90(3), 411.

Wanberg, C. R., Hough, L. M., & Song, Z. (2002). Predictive validity of a multidisciplinary model of reemployment success. Journal of applied psychology, 87(6), 1100.

Wanberg, C. R., Kanfer, R., & Rotundo, M. (1999). Unemployed individuals: Motives, job-search competencies, and job-search constraints as predictors of job seeking and reemployment. Journal of Applied psychology, 84(6), 897.

Williams, C. R., Labig, C. E., & Stone, T. H. (1993). Recruitment sources and posthire outcomes for job applicants and new hires: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of applied psychology, 78(2), 163.

Wright, R. (1986). Job search and cyclical unemployment. Journal of Political Economy, 94(1), 38-55.
Zottoli, M. A., & Wanous, J. P. (2000). Recruitment source research: Current status and future directions. Human Resource Management Review, 10, 353–382.