每天打開電視，行車紀錄器、監視器、民眾自拍影片po網爆料，這些第三方影音素材充斥新聞，回顧相關研究發現，原因在於家用攝影器材和智慧型手機的普及、Web2.0的興起，影音上傳、下載不再是難事、素人自拍影音和YouTube等新媒體崛起，尤其2008年YouTube熱潮席捲全球，新聞組織不免其外，取材於民增加了新聞的豐富性。除了台灣新聞圈「取材於民」，國際新聞亦然，2006年倫敦地鐵爆炸事件、2011年日本大海嘯等、2015年巴黎遭遇恐怖襲擊，百人死亡，國內外電視新聞使用素人拍攝影像發布新聞，都屢見不鮮。

本研究以高雄的電視新聞圈為例，探討使用第三方影音素材當成消息來源時，新聞產製過程中所產生的變化。本研究採用質性研究之參與觀察法和深度訪談法，因研究者身為新聞工作者一員，可親身觀察電視新聞作業時如何取用第三方影音素材，並深度訪談新聞工作者了解其相關脈絡，再以2014年七月高雄氣爆事件為例，探討電視記者如何使用第三方影音素材發佈氣爆事件新聞。

研究顯示，記者以往是以「人脈」做為第一線消息來源，但現今第三方影音素材盛行，「網搜」當道，這股風潮打破傳統媒體的採訪策略；而第三方影音素材的新聞價值在於畫面性極佳，但對提升電視新聞的公共性不大，查證困難；電視台之所以大量取用第三方影音素材，是因不願擴張投資人力，減少成本達到獲利；本研究將有助於電視新聞工作者了解取用第三方影音素材的利弊、記者專業度和守門行為所受之影響。

Everyday when you turn on the news,it is filled with dashboard camera, surveillance camera and videos taken by the public,postings on the internet for scoops. A review of literature suggests that it is due to the popularity of domestic camera devices and cellphones, as well as the rising of Web 2.0,uploading and downloading videos are no longer difficult, videos taken by laymen and the rise of new medias such as YouTube.Especially since 2008,YouTube gained popularity worldwide, unavoidably, news organizations crowdsourced and increased the richness of their news coverage.
Not only the news circle in Taiwan“crowdsouces”,but it is also seen in international news.From 2006 London Underground bombing,2011 Japan Tsunami, to 2015 Paris terrorist attack, with hundreds being killed, foreign television newsuses videos taken from the public as press releases are very common. The current research is based on the television news circle in Kaohsiung,and sets out to explore the changes in the production processes in news broadcast,when television news reporters are increasingly using third party audio and video as their news sources.Through a qualitative approach,the current research adopts participant observation and in-depth interviews.Since the researcher is a journalist himself, with personal observations on how television news utilizes third party audio and video materials,along with in-depth interviews with journalists,cameraperson and directors to understand the relevant context.The current research further uses the gas explosion incident that happened in Kaohsiung in July 2014 as an example,to explore how television news reporters use third party audio and video as a sources in their news coverage.
According to the interview results, the reporters used to rely on the “networking” as their reliable sources. However, with the popularity of third party audio and video materials, “web search” prevails. This trend has apparently changed the procedure of making a news report. On the other hand, the value of the third party videos are witnessing the first scene of the fast events. Nevertheless, it is difficult to verify the authenticity of the videos, but also scarcely improving the public interest of the TV news reports. The reason of TV stations tend to use the third party videos as the source materials is due to they are grudging to recruit journalists, in addition, cost down for more profit. This study is beneficial for journalists to realize the advantage and disadvantage of choosing the third party audios and videos as the source material of news reports. Also, the influence of both the journalistic professionalism and gatekeeping.

目錄
論文審定書-------------------------------------------------i
誌謝----------------------------------------------------------ii
中文摘要---------------------------------------------------iii
英文摘要---------------------------------------------------iv
第一章 緒論--------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究動機--------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究背景--------------------------------------------------3
第三節 研究目的--------------------------------------------------6
第四節 研究問題--------------------------------------------------7
第二章 文獻與理論探討---------------------------------------8
第一節 電視新聞產製模式-------------------------------------8
第二節 電視新聞守門行為與新聞價值---------------------15
第三節 電視新聞記者與消息來源互動模式---------------31
第四節 科技發展對新聞之影響-------------------------------40
第五節 何謂第三方影音素材 --------------------------------- 48
第六節 氣爆個案研究背景--------------------------------------52
第三章 研究方法 -------------------------------------------------54
第一節 參與觀察法------------------------------------------------55
第二節 深度訪談法------------------------------------------------58
第三節 訪談對象選取---------------------------------------------59
第四節 訪談大綱---------------------------------------------------60
第四章 資料分析---------------------------------------------------62
第一節 記者採訪策略的轉型-----------------------------------62
第二節 第三方影音素材對新聞產製之衝擊----------------66
第三節 第三方影音素材之求證--------------------------------73
第四節 新聞工作者的認知、反抗與妥協-------------------80
第五章 結論與建議 ----------------------------------------------88
第一節 研究發現 --------------------------------------------------88
第二節 對電視新聞工作者與未來入行學子之建議-----96
第三節 研究貢獻 --------------------------------------------------99
第四節 研究限制與未來研究建議 ---------------------------101
參考文獻-------------------------------------------------------------104

參考文獻
王泰俐（2005）。〈電視新聞節目「感官主義」對閱聽人接收新聞影響〉，《新聞學研究》，91-133。
王凌霄(1998)〈紀錄片在電視新聞引用之辨偽〉。
王凌霄、陳百齡、袁涵郁(2010)。〈判讀影音素材：援引考據辨偽方法於新聞畫面查證工作〉。中華傳播學會2010年會論文。
王維芬、黃柏恒、楊雅婷譯( 2010) 。《一位數位移民的告白－facebook ipad twitter e-reader 如何翻轉我們的世界》。台北：行人文化出版社。
李金銓（1984），大眾傳播理論，台北：三民書局。
李雅倫(1995)。《電腦化對報業的影響—一個報紙的個案研究》。政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
林瑜霜(2002)。《2002年台北市長選舉候選人新聞媒體守門研究》。中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
周慶祥(2005)。網路新聞：理論與實務。風雲論壇，台北市。
沈路等譯( 2011)。Facebook 效應（The inside story of the company that is connecting the world）。北京：美華文出版社。David Kirkpatrick 原著。
翁秀琪(1995)。〈消息來源與新聞記者的自主性探討：談新聞記者聯誼會的功能〉，《新聞學與術的對話》，國立政治大學新研所編印。
徐佳士(1966)：《大眾傳播理論》。台北：台北市新聞記者公會。
胡幼慧、姚美華(2002)。〈一些質性方法上的思考〉，胡幼慧(編) 《質性研究理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁195-221台北：巨流圖書公司。
張詠晴(2008)。《電視監視器新聞的真實再現與釋義》。政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
邱慧菁（2009）。《140 字推爆全世界－今天一定要學會的推特力》。台北：三采文化。
楊志弘(1994)。整合傳播的模糊現象。廣告人文摘。1994年春季號：13-18。
歐用生(1993)。內容分析法。刊於黃光雄、簡茂發主編。教育研究法(頁229-254) 。台北:師大書苑。
劉仲冬(1996)。〈民族誌研究法及實例〉，胡幼慧(編)《質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁173-193。台北：巨流。
劉仲冬(2002)。〈量與質社會研究的爭議及社會研究未來的走向及出路〉，胡幼慧(編)《質性研究理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁121-139。台北：巨流圖書公司。
劉惠苓（2012）。〈為公共？為方便？電視新聞使用網路影音之研究〉。
陳向明(2002)。〈訪談〉，《社會科學質的研究》，頁221-284。台北：五南圖書。
陳文俊譯(2005)。《社會學研究方法》，台北：雙葉書廊。(原書Babbie, E. (1975). The practice of social research .Wadsworth Publishing Co:Belment.)
陳煜彬（2007）。《電視新聞素材採集活動的知識面貌：攝影工作中的資訊蒐集活動》。政治大學傳播學院碩士在職專班。
陳曉宜（2006），＜報社記者扺抗資源研究＞，政大傳院碩土在職專班論文。
潘家慶、王石番、謝瀛春(1986)：《台灣地區民眾傳播行為研究》，行政院國科會專題研究報告。
楊志弘(1994)。整合傳播的模糊現象。廣告人文摘。1994年春季號：13-18。
鄭瑞城 (1991)。〈從消息來源途徑詮釋近用媒介權：台灣的驗證〉，《新聞學研究》，45：39-56。
臧國仁 (1999)。《新聞媒體與消息來源》，台北：三民。
羅文輝、張凱蒂、張寶芳（2007）。〈新聞記者之網路使用與預測〉，《傳播與社會 學刊》，2，頁51-83。
蕭伊貽（2000）。〈電視新聞工作者取用第三方影音素材之研究〉。
曠湘霞（1882）：＜記者形象研究：不同群體持記者形象之內容與差異分析＞。《新聞學研究》，第三十期：79-113。
嚴祥鸞(2002)。〈參與觀察法〉，胡幼慧(編) 《質性研究理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁195-221。台北：巨流圖書公司。

Adams,W.C.(1978).Local public affairs content of TV news.Journalism Quarterly,55(4),690-695.
Altheid,D.L(1976).Creating reality:How TV news distorts events Beverly Hills:Sage.
Bass,A.Z.(1969).Refining the gatekeeper concept: An UN radio case study.
Journalism Quarterly,46,69-72.
Bowman, S., and C. Willis. We Media2.0:Executive Summary, the Media Center at the American Press Institure, 2005.
Bailey,C.A.,& Licty,L.W.(1972).Rough justice on a saigon street: A gatekeeper study of NBC’s tet execution film. Journalism Quarterly,49,221-229.
Breed (1955). Social control in the news room. Social Forces, 33, 323-335.
Burgess, J.,＆ Green,J.（2009）. Youtobe:Online video and participatory culture:polity.
Bruns, A.（2008）.Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond. From Production to Prouusage. New York: Peter Lang.
Berkowitz, D, and Adams, D. B. (1990).＂Information subsidy and agenda-building in local television news＂. Journalism Quarterly 67: 723-731.
Bernt,J.P.,Fee,F.E.,Gifford,J.,＆ Stempel III,G.H.（2000）.How well can editors predict reader interest in news. Newspaper Research Journal.21(2),2-10
Bowman, S., and C. Willis. We Media2.0:Executive Summary, the Media Center at the American Press Institure, 2005.
Chatman, S. (1978). Story and discourse: Narrative structure in fiction and film. Ithaca,NY: Cornell University Press.
Calhoun, C. (1992). “Introduction,” pp. 1-51 in C. Calhoun (Ed.),Habermas and the
Public Sphere. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Dimmick, J., & Coit, P. (1982) Levels of analysis in mass media decision making: A taxonomy, research strategy, and illustrative data analysis. Communication Research, 9, 3-32.
Fico,F.,& Drager,M.(2001).News stories about conflict generally balanced.Newspaper Research Journal,122,12-11.
Ganes,H.J.(1979).Deciding What's News.New York:Vintage Books.
Gunter, B. (1987). Poor reception: Misunderstanding and forgetting broadcast news. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Graber,D.A. (1994). The infotainment quotient in routine television news:A director’s perspective. Discourse in Society, 5(4), 483-808.
Gieber, W., and Johnson, W. (1961).“The city hall beat: A study of reporters and sources roles＂. Journalism Quarterly, 38: 289-297.
Gieber,W.(1964).News is What a Newspaperman Makes It. In D. Liwis, & D.M.
White, (Eds.), People Society and Mass Communication. The Free Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Grossman﹐M.B. and Rourke﹐F.F（1976）.＂The Media and the Presidency：An Exchange Analysis＂﹒Political Science Quarterly 91（3）：455—470﹒
Glick, E. M. (1966). “Press-government relationships: State and H. E. W. departments＂.Journalism Quarterly, 43(1): 49-56.
Habermas, J. (1974).“The public sphere: An encyclopedia article,” New German critique, 3: 44-55.
Hirsch,P.M.(1977).Occupational, organizational and institutional models in mass communication. In P.M.Hirsh, P.V.Miller, & F.G.Kline,(eds.), Strategies for Communication Research.
Herman,E.S.and Chomsky,N.（1988）.Manufacturing Consent:the political Economy of the Mass Media.New York:pantheon.
Hulteng﹐J.L.（1976）﹒The Messenger's Motives：Ethical Problems of the NewsMedia﹒Englewood Cliffs﹐N﹒J﹒：Prentice–Hall﹒
Kawamoto,K.( 2003). Digital journalism: Emerging media and the changing horizons of journalism. In Kevin Kawamoto(Ed.),Digital journalism: Emerging media and the changing horizons of journalism. ( pp. 1-29).Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC.
Lasica, J. D. "Blogs and Journalism Need each Other," Nieman Reports (57:3), 2003, .
Leung, L. (2010). User-generated content on the internet: an examination of gratifications, civic engagement and psychological empowerment. New Media & Society, 11(8):1327-2347.
Lewin,K.(1947).Channels of Group Life. Human Relations ,1,143-153.
Liebes,B.H.(1966).Decision-making by telegraph editors-AP or UPI?, Journalism Quarterly,43,434-442.
Lazarsfeld,P.F.& Merton,R.K.(1948). Mass communication,Popular Taste and Organized Social Action. in Schramm, W& Robert,D.(eds.) The Process and Effect of Mass Communication. Urbana, Illinois:University of Illinois Press,pp.554-578.
Maletzke, G.(1963)Psychologie der Massenkommunikation. Humberg:Verlag Hans Bredow-Institute.
Marwick, A. & Boyd, D.(2011). Too see and be seen: Celebrity practice on Twitter.Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies , 17(2): 139-158.
Nimmo,D.D.（1964）. Newsgathering in Washington：A Study in Political .New York：Atherton Press﹒
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company.Oxford
University Press , USA.
O•Reilly,T.（2005）.What is web 2.0?Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software.Available:
http//www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
Park,Robert E.(1940)“News as a Form of Knowledge”.American Journal of Sociology, Vol.XLV(5), pp.669-86.
Roshco, Bernard.(1975). Newsmaking. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress.
Robinson, N. (2009). ‘If you had been with us’: Mainstream press and citizen journalists jockey for authority over the collective memory of Hurricane Katrina. New Media & Society, 11(5), 795-814.
Shoemaker,P.J.,& Reese,S.D.(1991).Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. New York:Longman.
White,David Manning.(1950)“The Gatekeeper”.Journalism Quarterly,27:383-90.
Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1991). Mediating the message. New York: Longman.
White (1950).The gatekeeping. Journalism Quarterly, 27: 383-390.
Weber, S.( 2007). Plug your business: Marketing on MySpace, YouTube, blog and 32podcasts and other Web2.0 social networks. Falls Church, Va.: Weber Books
Wolfsfeld﹐G﹒（1984）.＂Symbiosis of Press and Protest：An Exchange Analysis＂﹒Journalism Quarterly ,61（3）: 550—556,742﹒
Weaver, D. H. and Wilhoit, G. C. (1986). The American journalists: A portrait of U. S.news people and their work. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1991).＂ Media, protest, and political violence: transactional analysis＂.Journalism Monographs, 127.