2006年首次於蘭嶼及綠島發現星野黑皮海綿（Terpios hoshinota）族群大爆發的現象，造成蘭嶼和綠島的石珊瑚覆蓋率急遽下降。星野黑皮海綿呈灰黑色，其遮光度高達98.5%以上，可覆蓋於所有的石珊瑚上，並可感染相鄰的珊瑚群體。本研究提出3種星野黑皮海綿殺死珊瑚方法的假說：1.只用毒 2.只用遮光 3.毒加遮光。本研究實驗皆在野外進行，利用海綿碎片、磨碎的海綿或磨碎海綿後離心之上清液，加上黑瓶蓋及透明瓶蓋以成對方式進行實驗。透過水下相機拍照，利用ImageJ影像分析RGB色彩強度（color intensity），並比較不同處理間色彩強度改變值（changes in color intensity）來驗證假說。實驗結果顯示，毒加遮光對珊瑚的影響高於只用毒或只用遮光，因此推測星野黑皮海綿利用毒加遮光的方式殺死珊瑚。另外，為了檢驗星野黑皮海綿殺死珊瑚是為了得到生長所需底質或是從珊瑚得到養分。本研究也利用在珊瑚中添加穩定同位素13C與15N的方法來探討星野黑皮海綿殺死珊瑚的目的。穩定同位素分析結果顯示，覆蓋於添加組珊瑚上星野黑皮海綿的穩定同位素含量高於對照組，顯示星野黑皮海綿可能從其所覆蓋的珊瑚獲得養分。但是經推算，從珊瑚獲得的養分僅佔星野黑皮海綿所有養分來源之一小部分（碳：9.5±0.8%；氮：16.9±0.7%）。此結果顯示珊瑚並不是星野黑皮海綿主要的養分來源。除此之外，實驗中也未發現支持星野黑皮海綿將從珊瑚獲得之13C與15N往生長端後方海綿傳輸的證據。基於此結果，推測星野黑皮海綿可能是為了獲取生長所需底質的目的而殺死珊瑚。

An outbreak of Terpios hoshinota population first occurred at Orchid Island and Green Island in 2006. The grayish to blackish encrusting sponge reduces light reaching the underling corals by more than 98.5%. T. hoshinota covered and killed all kinds of stony corals in shallow waters causing decline of living coral coverage. Here, I examined how T. hoshinota killed corals. Three hypotheses were proposed, i.e., 1)by toxicity only; 2)by shading only; and 3)both toxicity and shading, and tested. Field experiments using sponge fragments, grinded sponge tissues, or supernatant of grinded sponge tissues, as well as black vs. transparent caps, were applied on live corals in paired designs. We used the image analysis software, ImageJ, to compare the changes in color intensities of RGB channels as an index of damage to the corals among treatments. The results showed that the toxicity of sponge tissues with shading had stronger effects on corals than those of single factors applied, suggesting that besides toxicity, shading is also a tool T. hoshinota used to kill corals. In addition, I tested the ultimate factors, i.e., for substrate, or for nutrients, that the sponge kill corals by using stable isotope tracers 13C and 15N. The results showed that stable isotope signature in sponges covering labeled corals were higher than control sponges covering natural corals, suggesting that T. hoshinota probably gained nutrients from corals. However, the contribution from underlying corals represented only small percentages, i.e., 13C: 9.5±0.8%, 15N: 16.9±0.7%, of the composition of new sponge growth. Besides, there was no evidence that T. hoshinota transplanted 13C or 15N to the back part of the sponge. Based on these results, I suggest that T. hoshinota kills corals primarily for the substrate.

前言.................................1
材料與方法......................4
實驗結果........................15
討論................................21
參考文獻........................26
附錄................................47

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