將傳統音樂素材結合現代元素的創作手法已成為近代音樂主要潮流之一，而二十世紀美國當代的重要作曲家－威廉•波爾肯（1938- ）即順應此音樂風潮，並創作雙鋼琴作品《回憶－為雙鋼琴的三首傳統拉丁美洲舞曲》（1991），此曲是受到傳統拉丁美洲舞蹈風格的啟發，因而使波爾肯以拉丁美洲音樂素材為創作基礎。這首作品共有三個樂章，除了分別喚起巴西、阿根廷與委內瑞拉這三個南美洲國家的民間音樂特色外，波爾肯更是藉此曲來呼應艾涅斯托•納扎雷奇（1863-1934）、路易士•馬里奧•高夏克（1829-1869）和拉蒙•戴尼克•巴拉西歐（1863-1902）這三位作曲家的音樂風格。
波爾肯在《回憶》這首作品中運用了許多拉丁美洲的音樂素材，亦融合二十世紀的現代創作手法，如複調性的運用、序列技法的使用、拼貼手法…等。本文第一章為介紹波爾肯的生平背景與其音樂創作經歷，並探討他所創作的五首雙鋼琴作品之風格特色；第二章為《回憶》之創作背景，主要是針對波爾肯欲喚起的三個國家與三位作曲家之音樂風格特色做探討，以利研究第三章的樂曲素材運用；第三章則是深入探討〈梭洛〉、〈大道〉與〈委內瑞拉華爾滋〉這三個樂章的創作特色，以及波爾肯如何在這些多元的音樂素材中使其樂章之間仍具關聯性。

Combining traditional source and modern technique in musical composition has become one of the major trends in the contemporary music development. William Bolcom (1938- ) is an important composer in the 20th century, who followed this trend to compose the two-piano work Recuerdos – Three Traditional Latin-American Dances for Two Pianos (1991). Inspired by characteristics of traditional Latin American dance, Bolcom employed the elements of the Latin American music as the structural foundation. In each of the three movements, Bolcom has tried to recall the stylistic features of the folk music in Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela, as well as musical languages of Ernesto Nazareth (1863-1934), Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829-1869), Ramón Delgado Palacios (1863-1902).
Bolcom uses a lot of Latin America music materials in Recuerdos, and also applied contemporary compositional technique to this work, such as polytonality, serialism, collage, etc. Chapter One in this paper will introduce Bolcom’s life background and musical composition experience, and the special characteristics of his five two-piano works. Chapter Two contains the historical background of Recuerdos, mainly discussing musical styles of three countries and three composers which Bolcom wanted to evoke in this composition. Chapter Three includes the compositional manners of Choro, Paseo, and Valse Venezolano, and researches how Bolcom intergrating diverse musical materials and still creating the unity among three movements.

表格目錄 ………………………………………………………………………ii
譜例目錄 ……………………………………………………………………… iii
前言 ………………………………………………………………………1
第一章 波爾肯之創作經歷與音樂風格
第一節 創作經歷 ……………………………………………………………3
第二節 音樂風格 ……………………………………………………………8
第二章 《回憶－為雙鋼琴的三首傳統拉丁美洲舞曲》之創作背景
第一節 拉丁美洲民間音樂特色 …………………………………………17
第二節 創作背景 ………………………………………………………22
第三章 《回憶－為雙鋼琴的三首傳統拉丁美洲舞曲》之創作特色
第一節 〈梭洛〉 …………………………………………………………29
第二節 〈大道〉 …………………………………………………………37
第三節 〈委內瑞拉華爾滋〉 ……………………………………………44
第四節 樂曲統整性 ………………………………………………………52
結論 ……………………………………………………………………………57
參考書目 …………………………………………………………………………60
附錄
附錄一 …………………………………………………………………63
附錄二 ………………………………………………………………………64

【外文書籍】
Bolcom, William. “Linking Performer and Audience.” Piano and Keyboard 201 (November-December 1999): 42.
____________. “Song and Dance,” in The Lives of the Piano, ed. James R. Gaines. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.
Caldwell, Eleanor. “Bolcom, William (Elden).” Contemporary Composers, ed. Brian Morton and Pamela Collins. Chicago : St. James Press, 1992.
Carl, Robert. “Six Case Studies in New American Music: A Postmodern Portrait.” College Music Symposium 30 (Spring 1990): 45-63.
Feingold, Michael. “Bolcom Goes for Gold.” Village Voice (September 1, 1992): 89-90.
Ferguson, Howard. Keyboard Duets from the 16th to the 20th Century: for One and Two Pianos. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Friedrich, Otto. “Where the Old Joins the New.” Time (January 29, 1990): 77.
Hinson, Maurice. Music for More Than One Piano, An Annotated Guide. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.
Hitchcock, Hugh Wiley. Music in the United States: A Historical Introduction. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Kaiser, Audrey Kathleen. “William Bolcom: A Survey of the Two-piano Music.” D. M. A. diss., University of Kentucky, 2000.
Kerner, Leighton. “Molto Milhaud.” Village Voice (November 3, 1992): 100.
Liang-Hsuan, Chen. “Selected Duo Piano Compositions by American Composers: Performance and Pedagogy.” D. M. A. diss., University of Miami, 1998.
Luciana, Kathryn H. “Composer Spotlight: William Bolcom.” Keyboard Classics (March / April 1990).
Slonimsky, Nicolas. Music of Latin America. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972.
Struble, John Warthen. The History of American Classical Music : MacDowell through Minimalism. New York: Facts On File, 1995.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “Argentina,” by Gerard Béhague.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “Brazil,” by Gerard Béhague.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “choro,” by Gerard Behague.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “Ernesto Nazareth,” by Gerard Behague.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “Louis Moreau Gottschalk,” by Irving Lowens/s & Frederick Starr.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “paseo,” by Richard hudson.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “tango,” by Gerard Béhague.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2001). S. V. “Venezuela,” by Richard Crawford, Walter Guido.

【中文書籍】
馬清。《二十世紀歐美音樂風格》。台北市：揚智文化，2000。
何真真。《爵士和聲樂理》。台北市：新茂文化，2001。
陳自明。《拉丁美洲的音樂》。人民教育出版社，2003。

【網站資料】
Choro. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choro.（搜尋時間2007.4.25）
Ramon Delgado Palaciosについて. http://www.geocities.jp/latinamericapiano/
delgadopalacios/delgadopalaciosintro.html.（搜尋時間2007.4.25）
Venezuelan waltz. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelan_waltz.（搜尋時間2007.4.25）
William Bolcom & Joan Morris. http://www.bolcomandmorris.com/（搜尋時間2007.4.25）

【樂譜】
Bolcom, William. Frescoes. New York: Edward B. Marks; Michigan: Bolcom Music, 1975.
____________. Recuerdos: Three Traditional Latin-American Dances for Two Pianos. New York: Edward B. Marks; Michigan: Bolcom Music, 1993.
____________. Sonata for Two Pianos in One Movement. New York: Edward B. Marks; Michigan: Bolcom Music, 1994.
____________. The Garden of Eden. New York: Edward B. Marks; Michigan: Bolcom Music, 2006.
____________. Three Dance Portraits. New York: Edward B. Marks; Michigan: Bolcom Music, 1991.
Gottschalk, Louis Moreau. Piano Music of Louis Moreau Gottschalk: 26 Complete Pieces from Original Editions. Ed. Richard Jackson. New York: Dover Publications, 1973.
___________________. Gottschalk: A Compendium of Piano Music. Ed. Eugene List. New York: Carl Fischer, 1971.
Nazareth, Ernesto. 25 Tango Brasileiros for the Piano. Germany: Schott Musik International, 1988.
_____________. Ernesto Nazareth: Brazilian Tango and Dances for the Piano. Ed. David P. Appleby. Van Nuys: Alfred Publishing, 1997.
Palacios, Ramón Delgado. Ramón Delgado Palacios: Obras Completas Para Piano. Ed. Juan Francisco Sans. Caracas: Yamaha Musical de Venezuela, 2004.

【有聲資料】
Behs, Iara. Ernesto Nazareth: Tangos, Waltzes and Polkas. Naxos, 8.557687, 2005.
Bergmann, Elizabeth, and Marcel Bergmann. William Bolcom: Music for Two Pianos. Naxos, 8.559244, 2005.
Duphil, Monique. Venezuela: Piano Music of Venezuela. Maestro CMP, ECCD-2034, 1998.
Licad, Cecile. Louis Moreau Gottschalk: Piano Music. Naxos,8.559145, 2003

【訪談】
Bolcom,William. Interview by Yu Yung-Ching, e-mail, May 2007.