治理較統治有更廣的涵義，治理除了包括政府的制度，也涵蓋非正式及非政府的機構，本研究認為良好的治理機制應該具備：1.靈活反應，2.結構調整與3.利益平衡的特性才能充分發揮功能，達到善治的境界。對於地方分權制度的實施，本研究提出五種地方分權的治理結構類型：1.授權型2.開創型3.保守型4.集權型與5.合作型，並認為地方分權的成功必須要結合治理機制且權責相符；同時本研究也證明了在訊息不完全時，中央政府對地方政府補助之前若不清楚其治理結構類型，將導致扭曲資源分配的後果。對於區域經濟發展而言，以治理角度觀之，由於各地方政府競相吸引資源，因此會形成「競爭性政府」的府際關係，本研究將其分為四種類型：1.問責型2.勾結型3.獨善型4.負責型，面對公共議題，唯有各地方政府均屬問責型才能完善處理；再者，在發展地方特色與吸引投資的考量下，發展產業聚群成為政府的重要發展策略，此外，本研究認為應結合區域創新、產業網絡與社會資本，落實產業植根性，以形成有利於創新性的產業聚群，由於對知識的交流與傳播具有地理鄰近之利，係屬於動態聚群，有利於降低交易成本與創新活動，可形成具競爭優勢的產業。面對全球化趨勢及生產要素快速移動下，往往容易造成產業出走，形成產業空洞化，因此，地方政府應評估本地產業特性與資源，加強軟硬體基礎建設的投資，支持與鼓勵發展網際網路以及共同研究，加強產、官、學的合作，以建立創新性的動態聚群。準此，為發展區域競爭優勢，三方須靈活反應的運用各種資源，以促進資訊交流；妥善調適平衡在地化合作夥伴間的關係；調整各個利害關係人之間的衝突；並關注全球化引發的企業內外環境變化，以期在全球框架下定位本地的區域產業區塊，發展區域產業特色，使區域經濟發展因而更具競爭力。

Governance vis-à-vis management has broad means, it includes formal and informal institutions, which need to have 1.agile, 2.adapt and 3.adjust ability in order to achieve “Good” governance. The taxonomy of local decentralization includes: 1.delegate type, 2.creative type, 3.conservative type, 4.concentrative type and 5.coorperative type, that is essential for central government providing subsidy fund to local government under imperfect information to prevent misallocation of resources. Looking at intergovernmental relationship, this thesis classified it as 1.accountable type, 2.collusive type, 3.self-interest type and 4.responsible type, and utilizes this classification to study public issues, and argue that only the accountable-type local government can well manage local public affairs. In order to incubate and local competitiveness and attract outside investment, industrial cluster has became the most important development strategy for government to pursue, this thesis argues that integrate regional innovation, industrial network and social capital for concreting industrial embeddedness would be inductive to industrial cluster and helpful to create industry’s competitive advantage. To develop regions competitive advantage, the cooperation between business entrepreneur, government officials and scholars to concrete 1.agile, 2.adapt 3.adjust and 4.atmosphere ability is essential to cope with changing environment and enlarging globalization.

目 錄
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與目的 1
第二節 研究內容 5
第三節 研究架構與章節安排 9
第貳章 政府治理與地方分權 15
第一節 前言 15
第二節 政府與治理 16
第三節 地方分權與治理 26
第四節 小結 37
第參章 分權治理之賽局理論分析 39
第一節 前言 39
第二節 基本模型 43
第三節 均衡分析 44
第四節 小結 51
第肆章 區域經濟發展與府際關係 53
第一節 前言 53
第二節 地方經濟發展架構 54
第三節 區域經濟發展與區域創新 60
第四節 府際關係與地方發展 69
第五節 產業聚群與地方經濟發展 81
第六節 小結 99
第伍章 地方經濟發展與就業創造之誘因機制 103
第一節 前言 103
第二節 基本模型 105
第三節 對地方政府提出包含直接投入專案經費的誘因契約 110
第四節 對第三部門提出間接補助創業資本的誘因契約 116
第五節 專案補助與地方機構型態 119
第六節 小結 120
第陸章 結論 123
參考文獻


表 目 次
表4.1 LED的三個階段 59
表4.2 不同區域創新模式的創新觀 64
表4.3 地方政府賽局行為對照表 79
表5.1 不同地方區域型態的disutility參數與機率 106
表5.2 不同型態地方政府均衡條件 114


圖 目 次
圖1.1 研究架構 11
圖1.2 章節安排 13
圖2.1 地方分權的指標(Soufflé 理論) 31
圖2.2 地方分權的治理結構 36
圖3.1 中央政府與地方政府之訊號傳遞賽局 42
圖3.2 完全訊息之均衡 46
圖3.3 不完全訊息下扭曲資源分配 46
圖3.4 不完全訊息下之分離均衡 48
圖3.5 不完全訊息下之混合均衡 51
圖4.1 區域創新視角下的產業發展 69
圖4.2 府際關係 75
圖4.3 地方政府競爭的結構 76
圖4.4 公共議題的善治模式 80
圖4.5 地方經濟類型 91
圖4.6 產業發展類型 92
圖5.1 有無專案補助及不同區域狀態( )之混合均衡(P)、半分離均衡(SS)及分離均衡(S)區域 120

參考文獻
一、中文部分
王鳳生，「全球經濟下企業致勝之策略思維」，民眾日報，第5版，2004年11月26日。
王鳳生，「決策問責不必苛責」，民眾日報，第5版，2004年12月8日。
王鳳生，高雄市產業網絡建構與區域競爭力之研究，高雄市政府研究發展考核委員會委託研究，2001年。
王鳳生與曾雅真，「就業希望工程與分權就業政策」，亞太經濟管理評論，第5卷，第1期，高雄，2001年，第1-21頁。
史美強與廖興中，「知識經濟、網絡社會與新治理模式之探討」，知識經濟與政府施政學術研討會，2001年4月14日。
朱文暉，走向競合，1版，北京：清華大學出版社，2003年11月。
李青、李文軍與郭金龍合箸，區域創新視角下的產業發展：理論與案例研究，北京：商務印書館，2004，初版。
周業安、馮興元、趙堅毅，「地方政府競爭與市場秩序的重構」，中國社會科學，總第145期，2004年1月10日。
林水波編著，政府再造，初版，台北：智勝文化，1999。
俞可平主編，治理與善治，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2000年9月。
孫彥譯，Shu Shin Lu，索尼之路，北京：中國人民大學出版社，2004年3月。
張四明，「府際間的協調：問題與解決途徑」，行政學報，第29 期，1998，第213-250頁。
張四明，「從府際關係運作的觀點探討我國山坡地開發管制政策之執行」，行政暨政策學報，第33期，2001年12月，第77-100 頁。
張四明，1989，「執行人員意向與政策執行：我國體罰禁令執行的個案分析」，公共行政學報，第4期，第357-417頁。
許恩得譯，Brandenburger, A. M. & B. J. Nalebuff，競合策略，初版，台北：培生教育出版集團，2004年。
陳敦源，「跨域管理：部際與府際關係」，黃榮護主編，公共管理，第六章，台北市：商鼎文化出版社，1999。
陳德昇，「大陸市場轉型期珠三角府際關係：競合觀點」，中華經濟協作系統第10屆國際學術研討會，澳門，2004年12月3-7日。
曾梓峰著，「就業希望工程與地方區域發展」，亞太經濟管理評論，第5卷，第1期，高雄，2001年，第23-37頁。
謝慶奎，「中國政府的府際關係研究」，北京大學學報，總第197期，2002，第26-33頁。
二、英文部分
Adamolekun, L., Public administration in Africa, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
Akerlof, G. A., “The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.84, 1970, pp.488-500.
Aldrich, H. and A. Elam, A Guide to Surfing the Social Networks—Mastering Enterprise, London: Pitman, 1997.
Alter, C. and J. Hage, Organizations Working Together, CA: Sage, 1993.
Anderson, W., Intergovernmental Relations in Review, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1960.
Bailey, S., Local government Economics: Principles and Practice, London, UK: Macmillan, 1999.
Bardach, E., The Implementation Game, Cambridge, MT: MIT Press, 1977.
Becattini, G. and E. Rullani, “Sistema locale e mercato globale”, Economia e politica industriale, Vol.80, 1993, pp.25–48.
Blair, H. “Participation and Accountability at the Periphery: Democratic Local Governance in Six Countries”, World Development, 2000, pp.21-39.
Blau, P. M., Exchange and Power in Social Life, N.Y.: John Wiley, 1964.
Boyne, G. A., Public Choice Theory and Local Government, New York, NY: Macmillan, 1998.
Breton, A., Competitive Government, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Breton, A., Competitive Government: An Economic Theory of Public Finance, London: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Buchanan, J., “An Economic Theory of Clubs”, Economica, Vol.33, 1965, pp.1–14.
Bullock, C. S. III., “Implementation of Equal Education Opportunity Programs: A Comparative Analysis”, Effective Policy Implementation, Ed. by Mazmanian, D. A. and P. A. Sabatier , Lexington, M.A.: Lexington Books, 1980.
Cadbury Report, The Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, London: Gee& Co., 1992.
Camegni, R., Innovation Networks: Spatial Perspectives, London: Bellhaven, 1991.
Chandler, A., The Visible Hand. The Managerial Revolution in American Business, Cambridge, MA.: The Belknap Press, 1977.
Chang, H. J., The Political Economy of Industry Policy, London, UK: Macmillan, 1994.
Cheema, G.S., D.A. Rondinelli, and J.R. Nellis, “Decentralization in Developing Countries: A Review of Recent Experience”, World Bank Staff Working Papers, No.581, World Bank Washington, D.C., 1983.
Chen, J. H., T. G. Liu and S. S. Chen, “The Resources Transmition Between NPOs and Government: A Signalling Game Model”, Working Paper(manuscript), 2004.
Coase, R. H., “The Nature of the Firm”, Economica, Vol.4, 1937, pp.386–405.
Coleman, J., “Social capital in the creation of human capital”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.94, 1988, pp.95-120.
Coleman, J., Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.
Cooke, P., “Regions in a Global Market: The Experiences of Wales and Baden Wurttemburg”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol.4, 1997, pp.349-381.
Crook, R. C. and A.S.Sverrisson, “Decentralisation and Poverty-Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis or, Is West Bengal Unique?”, IDS Working Paper, No.130, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2001.
Crook, R. C. and J. Manor, Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Crook, R. C. and Sverrisson, A. S., “Decentralisation and Poverty-Alleviation in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis or, Is West Bengal Unique?”, IDS Working Paper, No.130, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2001.
Dalen, D. M., “Efficiency-Improving Investment and Ratchet Effect,” European Economic Review, 39, 1985, pp.1511-1522.
Doeringer, P. B. and D. G. Terkla, “Business strategy and cross-industry clusters”, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol.9, 1995, pp.225-37.
Domhoff, G. W., The Bohemian Grove and Other Retreats: Astudy in Ruling Class Cohesiveness, N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1974.
Elmore, R. F., “Background Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decision”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.94, 1979, pp.601-616.
Elmore, R. F., “Forward and Backward Mapping: Reversible Logic in the Analysis of Public Policy”, Policy Implementation in Federal and Unitary Systems: Questions of Analysis and Design, Ed. by Hanf, K. and T. A. J. Toonen, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985.
Emerson, R. M., “Power-dependence Relation”, American Sociological Review, Vol.27, 1962, pp.31-41.
Evans, P., Embedded Autonomy. States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Francis, P. and R. James, “Balancing Rural Poverty Reduction and Citizen Participation: The Contradictions of Uganda’s Decentralization Program”, World Development, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2003, pp. 325–337.
Frederickson, H. G., The Spirit of Public Administration, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1997.
Freixas, X., R. Guesnerie, and J. Tirole, “Planning Under Incomplete Information and the Ratchet Effect”, Review of Economic Studies, 52, 1985, pp.173-191.
Friedman J. J., “The Role of Microenterprise Development in Stimulating Social Capital and Rebuilding Inner City Economies: A Practitioner Perspective”, Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.30, 2001, pp.139-143.
Garfinkel, H., Studies in Ethnomethodology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.
Glaister, K. W. and P. J. Buckley, “Strategic Motives for International Alliance Formation”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.33, 1996, pp.301-332.
Goffee, R. and R. Scase, Corporate Realities: The Dynamics of Large and Small Organizations, London: Routledge, 1995.
Granovetter, M., “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.91, 1985, pp.481-510.
Granovetter, M., “Problems of Explanations in Economic Sociology”, Networks and Organizations: Structure Form and Action, Ed. by Nohira, N. and R. Eccles, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997.
Held, D., “Democracy, the Nation State and the Global System”, Economy and Society, 20, 1991, pp.138-172.
Herrigel, G. B., Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press,1995.
Hibbitt, K., P. Jones, and R. Meegan, “Tackling Social Exclusion: The Role of Social Capital in Urban Regeneration on Merseyside—From Mistrust to Trust?”, European Planning Studies, Vol.9, 2001, pp.141-161.
Hirst, P. and G. Thompson, “Globalization and the Future of the Nation State”, Economy and Society, 24, 1995, pp.408-442.
Hjern, B. and D. O. Porter, “Implementation Structures: A New Unit for Administrative Analysis”, Organization Studies, Vol.2, 1981, pp.211-237.
Hogwood, B. W. and L. A. Gunn, Policy Analysis for the Real World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Hooghe, E., Cohesion and European Integration: Building Multi-Level Governance, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Hoover, E. M. and F. Giarratani, An introduction to regional economics, 3th ed., Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1985, www.rri.wvu.edu.
Hull, C. and B. Hjern, Helping Small Firms Grow: An Implementation Approach, London: Croom Helm, 1987.
Jacobs, D. and A.P. DeMan, “Clusters, Industrial Policy and Firm Strategy: A Menu Approach”, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol.8, 1996, pp.425-437.
Jacobs, D. and M. W. DeJong, “Industrial Clusters and the Competitiveness of the Netherlands”, De Economist, Vol.140, 1992, pp.233-52.
Jarello, J. C., Strategic Networks: Creating the Borderless Organization , Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993.
Jesse C. R., Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources：Institutionalizing Popular Participation, World Resources Institute, 2002.
Kooiman, J., Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions, London: Sage, 1993.
Lane, C. and R. Bachman, “The Social Constitution of Trust: Supplier Relations in Britain and Germany”, Organization Studies, Vol.17, 1996, pp.365-393.
Leftwich, A., “Governance, Democracy and Development in the Third”, Third World Quarterly, 14, 1993, pp.605-624.
Lindberg, L. N., “The State and the Organization of Economic Activity”, Governance of the American Economy, Ed. by Campbell, J. L., R. Hollingsworth, and L. Lindberg, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Lipnack, J. and Stamps, J., The Age of the Network: Organizing Principles for 21st Century, N.Y.: John Wiley, 1994.
Lipsky, M., Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services, New York, N.Y.: Rusell Sage Foundation, 1980.
Luhmann, N., The Differentiation of Society, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1982.
Manor, J., The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralisation, Directions in Development Series, Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999.
Marin, B., “Generalized Political Exchange: Preliminary Considerations”, Generalized Political Exchange: Antagonistic Cooperation and Integrated Policy Circuits, Ed. by Marin, B., Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1990.
Mazmanian, D. A. and P. A.Sabatier, Implementation and Public Policy, Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1983.
Mehmet Ögütçü, “Good Governance and Best Practices for Investment Policy and Promotion”, UNCTAD Workshop on Efficient and Transparent Investment Promotion Practices: The Case of LDCs Geneva, 2002, June.
Mniwasa, E. and V. Shauri, Review of the Decentralization Process and it's Impact on Environmental and Natural Resources Management in Tanzania, Lawyers' Environmental Action Team, 2001, 11. http://www.leat.or.tz/publications/decentralization
Moore, M. and J. Putzel, Politics and Poverty: A Background Paper for the World Development Report 2000/1, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex , 1999.
Morgan, R., “The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal”, Regional Studies, Vol.31, 1997, pp.491-503.
Morgan, R., “The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal”, Regional Studies, Vol.31, 1997, pp.491-503.
Morgan, S. L., “Social Capital, Capital Goods, and the Production of Learning”, Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.29, 2000, pp. 591-595.
Moulaert, F. and F. Sekia, “Territorial Innovatiov Models: a Critical Survey”, Regional Studies, Vol.37, 2003, pp.289-302.
Nakamura, R. T. and F. Smallwood, The Politics of Policy Implementation, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, 1980.
Nickson, A., Local government in Latin America, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
Norman, V. D. and A. J. Venables, “Industrial Clusters: Equilibrium, Welfare and Poliy”, Economica, Vol.71, 2004, pp.543-558.
North, D.C., “Location Theory and Regional Economic Growth”, Journal of Political Economics, Vol.63, 1955, pp.243-258.
O’Toole, L. J., Jr. and R. S. Montjoy, “Interorganizational Policy Implementation: A Theoretical Perspective”, Public Administration Review, Vol.44, 1984, pp.491-503.
O’Toole, L. J., Jr., “Multiorganizational Implementation: Comparative Analysis for Wastewater Treatment”, Strategies for Managing Intergovernmental Policies and Networks, Ed. by Gage, R. W. and M. P. Mandell, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990.
O’Toole, L. J., Jr., “Policy Recommendations for Multi-Actor Implementation: An Assessment of the Field”, Journal of Public Policy, Vol.6, 1986, pp.181-210.
O’Toole, L. J., Jr., “Strategies for Intergovernmental Management: Implementing Programs in Interorganizational Networks”, International Journal of Public Administration, Vol.11, 1988, pp.417-441.
Oates, W. E., Fiscal Federalism, New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Academic Press, 1972.
OECD, Decentralizing Employment Policy – New Trends and Challenges, 1999.
OECD, Governance in Transition: Public Management Reform in OECD Countries, Paris: OECD, 1995.
OECD, Local Partnerships for Better Governance, 2001.
Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T., Reinventing Government, Mass.: Addison-Welsey, 1992.
Parker, A. N., “Decentralisation: The Way Forward for Rural Development?”, Policy Research Working Paper, No.1475, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1995. www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralisation/toolkit.htm
Peters, B. G., “Managing Horizontal Government: The Politics of Coordination”, Public Administration, Vol.76, 1998, pp.295-311.
Peters, G. B., “Introducing the Topic”, Governance in a Changing Environment, Ed. by Peters, B. G. and D. J. Savoie, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994.
Peters, G. B., The Future of Governing: Four Emerging Models, Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Press, 1995.
Pfeffer, J. and G. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations, N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1978.
Porter, M. E. and M. B. Fuller, “Coalitions and Global Strategy”, Competition in Global Industries, Ed. by Porter, M. E., Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1986, pp.315-344.
Pressman, J. L. and A. Wildavsky, Implementation, 3rd., Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984.
Putman, R. D., “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life”, The American Prospect, Vol.13, 1993.
Rhodes, R. A. W., “Beyond Whitehall: Researching Local Governance”, Social Science, No.13, Nov., 1992.
Rhodes, R. A. W., “The New Governance: Governing without Government”, Political Studies, 44, 1996, pp.652-667.
Ribot, J. C., Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources：Institutionalizing Popular Participation, World Resources Institute, 2002(a).
Ribot, J. C., “Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources: Institutional Choice and Discretionary Power Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Public Administration and Development, 2002(b).
Ribot, J. C., “African Decentralization: Local Actors, Powers and Accountability”, United Nations Research Institute on Social Development (UNRISD) Programme on Democracy, Governance, and Human Rights, Paper No. 8, Geneva: UNRISD, 2002(c).
Ripley, R. B. and G. A. Franklin., Congress, the Bureaucracy and Public Policy, Pacific Grove, C.A.: Brooks/Cole Publications, 1991.
Rondinelli, D., “Government Decentralization in Comparative Perspective: Theory and Practice in Developing Countries”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1981.
Rosenau, J. N., “Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics”, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Ed. by James N. R. and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Rosenfeld, S. A., “Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development”, European Planning Studies, Vol.5, 1997, pp.3-23.
Rosenfeld, S. A., Industrial Strength Strategies: Regional Business Clusters and Public Policy, Aspen Institute, 1995.
Rosenfeld, S. A., Overachievers, Business Clusters that Work: Prospects for Regional Development, Chapel Hill, NC: Regional Technology Strategies, 1996.
Sabatier, P. A., “Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches to Implementation Research: A Critical Analysis and Suggested Synthesis”, Journal of Public Policy, 1986, pp.21-48.
Sabel, C., “Flexible Specialisation and the Re-emergence of Regional Economies”, Reversing Industrial Decline, Ed. by P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin, Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1988.
Samuelson, P. A., “The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 36, 1954, pp.387-389.
Saxenian, A. L., Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Scharpf, F. W., “Interorganizational Policy Studies: Issues, Concepts, and Persptectives”, Interorganizational Policy Making, Ed. by Hanf, K. and F. W. Scharpf, London: Sage Publications, 1978.
Scheberle, D., Federalism and Environmental Policy: Trust and the Politics of Implementation, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1997.
Scott, W. R., “The Adolescence of Institutional Theory”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.32, 1987, pp.493-511.
Seibel, W. and H. K. Anheier, “Sociological and Political Science Approaches to the Third Sector”, The Third Sector Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, Ed. by Anheier and Seibel, Berlin, Ger: Walter de Gruyter, 1990.
Selznick, P., TVA and the Grass Roots, Berkeley, C.A.: University of California Press, 1949.
Shah, A., and Z. Qureshi, “Intergovernmental fiscal relations in Indonesia: issues and reform options”, World Bank Discussion Paper, No.239, 1994.
Snider, C. F., “County and Township Government in 1935-36”, American Political Science Review, 31, 1937.
Steinle, W. J., “Regional Competitiveness and the Single Market”, Regional Studies, Vol.26, 1992, pp.307-318.
Stoker, G., “Governance as Theory: Five Propositions”, International Social Science Journal, 155, 1998, pp.17-28.
Streeck, W., “Productive Constraints: On the Institutional Conditions of Diversified Quality Production”, in Social Institutions and Economic Performance, London: Sage, 1992.
Tendler, J., Good Government in the Tropics, Baltimore, MD and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Thompson, J. D., Organizations in Active, N.Y.: McGraw Hill, 1967.
Tiebout, C.M., “A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 64, No. 5, 1956, pp. 416-424.
Tricker, R. I., International Corporate Governance, N.J.: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1984.
Trigilia, C., “Social Capital and Local Development”, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol.4, 2001, pp.427–442.
UNDP, Decentralization Governance Programme-Strengthening Capacity for People Centered Development, Management and Governance Division, Bureau of Development Policy, New York, 1997.
Uphoff, N. T. and M. J. Esman, “Local Organization for Rural Development: Analysis of Asian Experience”, RLG No. 19, Rural Development Committee, Special Series on Rural Local Government, Ithaca: Cornell University, 1974.
Useem, M., The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the US and the UK, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1984.
Varian, H. R., Microeconomic Analysis, New York: W. W. Norton & Company Press, 1992.
Vickerman, R. W., “Measuring Changes in Regional Competitiveness: the Effects of International Infrastructure Investments”, Annals of Regional Science, Vol.23, 1989, pp.275-286.
Warner, M., “Building Social Capital: The Role of Local Government”, Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol.30, 2001, pp.187-192.
Whitley, H. B. and P. H. Kristensen, Governance at Work: The Social Regulation of Economic Relations, London: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Williams, D. and Young, T., “Governance, the World Bank and Liberal Theory”, Political Studies, 42, 1994, pp.84-100.
Williamson, O. E., Market and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications, N.Y.: Free Press, 1975.
Wilson, D. and C. Game, Local Government in the United Kingdom, Hampshire, England: Macmillian Distribution Ltd, 1994.
Wolfe, D. A., Social Capital and Cluster Development in Learning Regions, in Knowledge, Cluster and Learning Region, ed, Holbrook, J. A. and D. A. Wolfe, Kingston: School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, www.utoronto.ca.
World Bank, Program Brief：Strengthening Indonesia’s Framework for Decentralization, 2001, 11. World Bank’s network.
Wright, D. S., Understanding Intergovernmental Relations, 3rd ed., Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1988.
Zajac, E. J. and C. P. Olsen, “From Transaction Coast to Transational Value Analysis: Implications for the Study of Interorganizational Strategies”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.30, 1993, pp.131-145.
Zald, M. N., “Political Economy: A Framework for Comparative Analysis”, Power in Organizations, Ed. by Nald, M. N., Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970, pp.221-261.
Zeitlin, M., “Corporate Ownership and Control: The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol.79, 1974, pp.1073-1119.
三、網站
http://www.worldbank.org/urban/led/