本論文是以社會資本的概念出發，探討在不同社區事件或行動中，社會資本的分散與整合現象。本研究嘗試從不同的社區事件或行動之中，居民之背景屬性不同來探討社會資本的組成要素，以及探討不同的社會資本組成來剖析與社區事件解決之間的關係。並指出社區行動中關鍵的人士之社經背景、組織活動、社區行動的參與和角色，以及其社區行動中所能動用和運作的人力、財力和其他資源。並試圖找尋這些資源或資本在不同行動和不同重要程度的類別中，其分散與整合的模式。主要之研究目的為：一、研究個案社區之社會資本的建構型態與來源。二、探討社區中個人因背景不同，如何取得特殊的社會資本，以致形成社會資本的分散與整合的現象。三、研究社區中不同個人如何透過社區行動而使分散的社會資本整合於社區領袖身上。並以高雄縣旗山鎮為實證調查地區。
在理論探討方面則回顧社會資本理論、社區行動理論、社會網絡分析概念等，藉以分析在社區行動中的社會資本之分散與整合現象。本文以高雄縣旗山鎮214個居民為調查樣本，從其因公共事務的需求中建立請求協助網絡，並建構社會資本流動的基本網絡結構及從屬關係，再藉由此網絡檢視在不同的社區爭議事件中，其資源動員的效果與社區行動的力量強度。
本論文發現透過居民對於公共事務需求而形成的請求協助網絡，可以用於實際觀察社會資本分散與整合的現象，社會資本是會流動的，平時是靜態性的分散於一般居民中，一但社區議題出現，若進行社區行動時，社會資本便會集中整合於核心居民身上，以進行集體動員。但並不是所有的核心或重要居民網絡都有效，要促進此類型網絡的有效動員，仍須有重要與核心居民的參與，也就是說，在進行某些集體行動之時，說服重要與核心居民是首要之任務，經由重要與核心居民的請求協助網絡動員，也就是透過此一運作機制運作，社區行動更具有效性。社區行動進行時所產生的資源流動現象，可以用來詮釋社會資本的分散與整合，在三種不同的爭議事件之下，社區的社會資本進行不同程度與規模的整合，最後則整合於核心居民進行動員。社會資本的整合可以透過請求協助網絡，並形成一個社區事務的運作機制，社會資本的流動在社區議題發生時由一般居民流向重要居民，最後整合於少數的核心居民。由此途徑可以實際觀察社會資本的流動量，也可以理解社會資本的整合與分散路徑。透過網絡式的觀察，可以理解在個人層次的微觀結構中，嵌植於其中的社會資本是無法利用的，唯有透過某些性質的網絡，如本論文的請求協助網絡，在某些議題下，社會資本整合向核心居民進而形成整個鉅觀結構的動員，社會資本便具有效使用性。社會資本透過此一運作機制，在社會網絡中進行整合。

This study is base on the concept of social capital to discuss the dispersion and integration of social capital in different community actions. And try to understand the elements of social capital by the survey of the residents in community action. Further more, to indicate the background, status, participation and role to community organization and activities of all residents. Also, what all can be used in community action, include human, finance and other resources. This study tries to looking for the model of dispersion and integration of social capital through the mobilization of resources in different community action. The purposes of this study are,(1) to research the model and origin of social capital in community, (2) discussing the way to get social capital by the different kind of residents, and how it make the dispersion and integration to social capital, (3) to research why the dispersed social capital integrated to community elites. For these purposes, Chi-San Town is choice to be the area for empirical survey.
In the discussion of relative theory, the concepts of social capital, community action theory and social network theory will help to analysis the mobilization of social capital. Through the demand and need to public affair, the assistant network is established in the survey of 214 residents in Chi-San Town. This network is the base structure and relation of the mobilization of social capital. Furthermore, it will be used to examine the effect and degree of resources mobilization in different community actions.
The assistant network of public affair can be used to observe the dispersion and integration of social capital. When community action is processing, social capital will be integrated to the elite of residents. Residents will give the resources what the community action can use to the persons who used to assist in the demand for public affair. Through this network, community action will be more efficiency. Different community action will result in different mobilization model and degree for social capital. By this way, social capital can be observed. The social capital embedded personal relationship can be used when community act and integrate to the elite of residents.

第一章 序論
第一節 研究動機……………………………………………………………..1
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………………..3

第二章 文獻探討
第一節 社會資本的探討……………………………………………………..5
第二節 社區行動理論………………………………………………………..16
第三節 社會資本在社區行動中的呈現……………………………………..19
第四節 社會網絡的分析概念………………………………………………..23
第五節 其他相關理論的探討………………………………………………..29

第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究策略……………………………………………………………..35
第二節 研究問卷設計……………………….……………………………….36
第三節 調查研究計畫………………………………………………………..40
第四節 居民重要程度的選取方式…………………………………………..42

第四章 基本背景分析
第一節 旗山鎮簡介…………………………………………………………..47
第二節 全體樣本基本背景資料分析………………………………………..49

第五章 社會資本的建構探討
第一節 教育變項……..………………………………………………………55
第二節 財務變項……………………………………………………………..57
第三節 其他社會資本變項分析…………………………....………………..63



第六章 社會資本的分散與整合探討
第一節 社區公共事務的參與方式探討…………………………………......71
第二節 各種爭議事件的資本分散與整合呈現……………………………..80

第七章 結論
第一節 社會資本與社會背景的關係………………………………………..93
第二節 社會資本的分散與整合…………………………………………..…94
第三節 研究發現與建議……………………………………………………..94

參考文獻...…………………………………………………………………………97

附圖……...……………………………………………………….……..111
附錄
附錄：本研究之調查問卷………..…………………………………….……..121

王中天，2003，社會資本：概念、源起及現況，問題與研究，42:5，頁139-163。

李增祿，1995，論社區意識、社會建設與國家發展，社區發展季刊，第69期，頁21-24。

李惠斌、楊雪冬編著，〈〈社會資本與社會發展〉〉，中國：社會科學文獻出版社。

林振春，1994，整建社區社會，凝聚社區意識，理論與政策，第32期，頁117-129。

林瑞穗，1978，都市社區鄰里關係與社區團結與社區發展之研究，社區發展季刊，第5期，頁38-62。

吳秋田，2001，社區居民之社區意識與產業文化活動認同度關係之研究—以白河蓮花節為例，國立中山大學公共事務管理研究所碩士論文。

奐平清，2002，農村社區社會資本狀況研究—以西北張村實地研究，中國西北師範大學社會學研究所碩士論文。

高雄縣政府，2002，高雄縣統計要覽，高雄縣政府。

詹秀員，2002，〈〈社區權力結構與社區發展功能〉〉，台北：洪葉出版社。

張文紅，2003，中國城市的階級結構與社會網絡，香港中文大學社會學研究所博士論文。

張其仔，1999，〈〈社會資本論：社會資本與經濟增長〉〉，中國：社會科學文獻出版社。

張其仔，2001，〈〈新經濟社會學〉〉，中國：中國社會科學出版社。

蔡宏進，1989，〈〈鄉村社會學〉〉，台北：三民書局。

蔡宏進，1993，〈〈鄉村發展的理論與實際〉〉，台北：東大圖書公司。

蔡宏進，1996，〈〈社區原理〉〉，增訂版，台北市：三民書局。

蔡宏進，2002，〈〈鄉村社會發展理論與應用〉〉，台北：唐山出版社。

莊淑姿，1995，香蕉產業與鄉村發展之研究－以旗山鎮為例，國立台灣大學農業推廣研究所碩士論文。

蔡佳容，1996，快速成長郊區社區意識的形成，東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文。

Agnew, J. 1989. “The Devaluation of Place in Social Science.” Pp. 9-29 in Agnew and Duncan (eds.), The Power of Place: Bringing Together the Geographical and
Sociological Imaginations. Winchester, MA: Unwin and Hyman.

Albrow, Martin. 1999. Sociology: The Basic, London: Routledge.

Baker,W. 1990. ‘’Market Networks and Corporate Behavior,’’ American Journal of Sociology, 96, 589-625.

Bernard, J. 1973. “Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: Rural and Urban Communities.” pages 91-120 in The Sociology of Community. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Brehm, J .,and Wendy Rahn. 1997. “Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital,” American Journal of Political Science, 41, 3, 999-1023.

Brady, Henry E., Sidney Verba, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1995. “Prospecting for Participants: Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists.” American Political Science Review 89 (2): 271-294.

Briggs, Xavier de Souza. 1997. “Social Capital and the Cities: Advice tro Change Agents,” National Civic Review, 86, 2, 111-118.

Bian, Janjie. 2001. “Guanxi Capital and Social Eating in Chinese Cities: Theoretical Models and Empirical Analyses.” Pp.275-296 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Blau, Peter M. 1964. Exchange of Power in Social Life. New York: J. Wiley Press.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” Pp. 241-258 in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, John G. Richardson, (ed.). New York: Greenwood Press.

Bridger J. and A.E. Luloff. 1999. “Toward and Interactional Approach to Sustainable Community Development”. Journal of Rural Studies. 15:377-387.

Brown, R. 1991. “Rural Community Satisfaction and Attachment in Mass Consumer Society.” Rural Sociology 58:387-403.

Burt, Ronald S. 1991. Structure: A General Purpose Network Analysis Program Providing Sociometric Indices, Cliques, Structural and Role Equivalence, Density Tables, Contagion, Autonomy, Power and Equilibria in Multiple Network Systems. New York: Columbia University.

Burt, Ronald S. 2000. “The Network Structure of Social Capital.” Pp. 345-423 in Research in Organizational Behavior, Robert Sutton and Barry Staw, eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Burt, Ronald S. 1997. “The Contingent Value of Social Capital.” Administrative Science Quarteral 42:339-365.

Burt, Ronald S. 1992. “Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Burt, Ronald S. 2001. “Structural Holes versus Network Closure as Social Capital.” Pp.31-56 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin , Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Castle, Emory. 2002. “Social Capital: An Interdisciplinary Concept.” Rural Sociology 67 (3):331-349.

Chavis, D. and A. Wandersman. 1990. “The sense of community in the urban environment: a catalyst for participation and community development.” American Journal of Community Psychology 18:55-81.

Christenson, James A. and Jerry W. Robinson, Jr. 1989. Community Development in Perspective. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

Claude, L., J. Bridger and A.E. Luloff. 2000. “Community Well-Being and Local Activeness.” Pages 39-45 in Schaeffer and Loveridge (eds.), Small Town and Rural Economic Development: A Case Studies Approach. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Clayson, William. 2002. “‘The Barrios and the Ghettos Have Organized!’:

Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital and the Creation of Human Capital”. American Journal of Sociology 94:S95-S119.

Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Coleman, James S. 1994. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: The Belknop Press of Harvard University Press.

Coleman, James S., Elihu Katz, and Herbert Menzel. 1957. “The Diffusion of Innovation Among Physicians.” Sociomerty 20:253-70.

Couto, Richard A and Catherine S Guthrie. 1999. Making Democracy Work Better:Mediating Structure, Social Capital, and the Democratic Prospect, Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press.

Dasgupta. 1988. “Trust as a Commodity.” Pp. 49-72 in Trust, D. Gambetta, ed. Oxford: Basil Blackford.

De Souza riggs, Xavier. 1998. “Doing Democracy Up Close: Culture, Power, and Communication in Community Building.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 18:1-13.

Duran, Rafael. 2001. “Regime Change, State Capacity, and Mass Behavior: Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe in Comparative Practice.” South European Society and Politics 6 (2):1-26.

Elkin, S. L. 1987. City and Regime in the American Republic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fedderke, Johannes, Raphael DeKadt, and John Luiz. 1999. “Economic Growth and Social Capital: A Critical Reflection.” Theory and Society 28 (5):709-745.

Fischer, C. 1977. Comments on the History and Study of Community. New York, NY: The Free Press.

Fischer, C. 1982. To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press.

Flap, Henk and Ed Boxman. 2001. “Getting Started: The Influence of Social Capital on the Start of the Occupational Career.” Pp.159-184 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Freudenburg, W. 1986. “The density of acquaintanceships: an overlooked variable in community research?” American Journal of Sociology 92:27-63.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Properity. New York: The Free Press.

Fukuyama, Francis. 1999. The GreatDisruption:Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. New York: Touchstone.

Gittell, Ross and Avis Vidal. 1998. Community Organizing: Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Goudy, W. 1990. “Community Attachment in a Rural Region.” Rural Sociology. 55(2):178-198.

Govier, Trudy. 1997. Social Trust and Human Communities. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Granovetter, Mark S. 1976. “Network Sampling: Some First Steps.” American Journal of Sociology 81 (6):1287-1303.

Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The strength of weak ties”. American Journal of Sociology 78(6):360-1380.

Grootaert, Christiaan and Thierry van Bastelaer. 2001. “Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Synthesis of Findings and Recommendations from the Social Capital Initiative.” Social Capital Initative Working Paper NO. 24. Washington DC: The World Bank.

Grootaret, Christaan.1997. “Social Capital: The Missing Link.” In World Bank, Expanding the Measure of Wealth: Indicators of Environmentally Sustainable Development. Washington, D.C.

Grootaret, Christaan.1998. “Social Capital, Household Welfare and Poverty in Indonesia,” Washington, DC:World Bank.

Gusfield, J. 1975. Community: A Critical Response. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell Publishers.

Hall,Peter A.1999. “Social Capital in Britain,” British Journal of Political Science, 29, 417-461.

Hummon, D. 1990. “Part I: Introduction;” “Community Identity.” Pp. 3-43 and 141-164 in Commonplaces: Community Ideology and Identity in American Culture. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Hunt, Robert W. and M. Lal Goel. 1980. “Unconventional Political Participation.” Pp.133-152 in Participation in Social and Political Activities: A Comprehensive Analysis of Political Involvement, Expressive Leisure Time, and Helping Behavior,

Hunter, Floyd. 1953. Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.

Kasarda, J and M. Janowitz. 1974 “Community Attachment in Mass Society”. American Sociological Review. 39: 328-339.

Kaufman, H. 1959. “An interaction approach to community development.” in Focus on Community, edited by F. Fear and H. Schwarzweller. Greenwich, CT: JAP Press.

Kaufman, H. 1977. “Toward an Interactional Conception of Community.” Social Forces 38:8-17.

Kawachi, I. B. Kennedy, and R. Wilkinson. 1999. “Crime: Social Disorganization and
Relative Deprivation.” Social Science and Medicine 48:719-731.

Kemmis, D. 1990. Community and the Politics of Place. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Kirby, A. 1989. “A Sense of Place.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 6:322-326.

Knack,Stephen and Philip Keefer.1997. “Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 52(4):1251-87.

Knoke, David. 1994. “Networks of Elite Structure and Decision Making.” Pp. 274-294 in Advances in Social Network Analysis, Stanley Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

Knoke, David. 1983. “Organization Sponsorship and Influence Reputation of Social
Influence Associations.” Social Forces 61:1065-1087.

Knoke, David and James H. Kuklinski. 1982. Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Krannich, R., E. Berry, and T. Greider. 1989. “Fear of crime in rapidly changing rural communities: A longitudinal analysis.” Rural Sociology 54(2): 195-212.

Krannich, R. and C. Humphrey. 1983. “Local Mobilization and Community Growth: Toward an Assessment of the 'Growth Machine'.” Rural Sociology 48 (3):60-81.

Krannich, R. and C. Humphrey. 1986. “Using Key Informant Data in Comparative Community Research: An Empirical Assessment.” Sociological Methods and Research 14:473-493.

Krishna,Anirudh and Elizabeth Shrader. 2000. “Cross-Cultural Measures of Social Capital: A Tool and Results from India and Panama.” Social Capital Initiative Working Paper NO.21. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.

Krishna,Anirudh and Norman Uphoff. 1999. “Mapping and Measuring Social Capital: A Conceptual and Empirical Study of Collective Action for Conserving and Developing Watersheds in Rajasthan, India.” Social Capital Initiative Working Paper NO.13. Washington, D. C.: The World Bank.

Lauglo, J. 1999. “Working Harder to Make the Grade: Immigrant Youth in Norweigian Schools.” Journal of Youth Studies 2 (1):77-100.

Laumann, E. O. 1973. Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social
Networks. New York: Wiley Interscience.

Laumann, E. O. 1969. “Friends of Urban Men. An Assessment of Accuracy in Reporting Their Socioeconomic Attributes, Mutual Choice, and Attitude Agreement.” Sociometry 32: 54-69.

Laumann, E. O. and F. U. Pappi. 1976. Networks of Collective Action: A Perspective on Community Influence Systems. New York: Academic Press

Laumann, E. O., P. V. Marsden, and J. Galaskiewicz. 1977. “Community Influence
Structures: Replication and Extension of a Network Approach.” American Journal of
Sociology 31:169-178.

Lazega, Emmanuel and Phillipa E. Pattison,2001. “Social Capital as Social Mechanisms and Collective Assets: The Example of Status Auctions Among Colleagues.” Pp. 185-208 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lin, Nan. 1999b. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” Connections 22 (1):28-51.

Lin, Nan. 1999a. “Social Networks and Status Attainment.” Annual Review of Sociology 25:467-487.

Lin, Nan. 1990. “Social Resources and Social Mobility: A Structural Theory of Status
Attainment.” Pp. 247-271 in Social Mobility and Social Structure, Ronald L. Breiger, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lin, Nan. 1982. “Social Resources and Instrumental Action.” Pp. 131-145 in Social
Structure and Network Analysis, Peter Marsden and Nan Lin, eds. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage

Lin, Nan, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt. 2001. Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lin, Nan, Jang-chih Fu, and Ray-May Hsung. 2001. “The Position Generator:
Measurement Techniques for Investigations of Social Capital.” Pp. 57-84 in
Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

Lauglo, J. 1999. “Working Harder to Make the Grade: Immigrant Youth in Norweigian
Schools.” Journal of Youth Studies 2 (1):77-100.

Loury, G .1992. “ The Economics of Discrimination: to the Core of the Problem.” Harvard Journal for African American Public Policy,1, 91-110.


Luloff, A.E. and K. Wilkinson. 1977. “Is Community Alive and Well in the Inner-City? A Comment on Hunter’s Loss of Community.” American Sociological Review 42(5): 827-828.

Luloff, A. E. and K. Wilkinson. 1990. “Community Action and the National Rural Development Agenda.” Sociological Practice 8:48-57.

Luloff, A.E. 1990. “Community and Social Change: How Do Small Communities Act?” pages 214-227 in A.E. Luloff and L.E. Swanson (ed.), American Rural Communities. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Luloff, A. E. and L. Swanson. 1995. "Community Agency and Disaffection: Enhancing Collective Resources.", pages 351-372 in Beaulieu and Mulkey (eds.), Investing in People: The Human Capital Needs of Rural America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Luloff, A. E., S. Jacob, and S. Seshan. 1995. Farm and Non-Farm Interdependencies at the Rural-Urban Interface. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology.

Luloff, A.E., and J. Bridger. 2002. Community Agency and Local Development. Forthcoming.

Luloff, A.E., and J. Bridger, and R. Krannich. 2002. “Community Change and Community Theory” in Persistence and Change in Rural Communities: A Fifty Year Follow-up to Six Classic Studies, A.E. Luloff (ed.). Oxford, UK: CABI Press

McAdam, D., J. McCarthy, and M. Xald. 1997. “Introduction: Opportunities, mobilization structures, and framing processes – toward a synthetic, comparative perspective on social movments.” Pp. 1-22 in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities., Mobilization Structures and Cultural Framings, edited by D. McAdam, J. McCarthy, and M. Zald. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

McAdam, D. and R. Paulsen. 1997. “Specifying the Relationship Between Social Ties and Activism.” Pp. 145-157 in Social Movements: Readings on their Emergence, Mobilization and Dynamics, edited by D. McAdam and D. Snow. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.

McCarthy, J. and M. Zald. 1993. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.”, pages 40-51 in Russell Curtis and Benigno Aguirre (ed.), Collective Behavior and Social Movements. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Medoff, Peter and Holly Sklar. 1994. Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood. Boston: Souty End Press.

Morris, Matthew. 1998. “Social Capital and Poverty in India.” Working Paper, Institute of Development Studies, Sussex.

Murdoch, Jonathan. 2000. “Networks-a New Paradigm of Rural Development?” Journal of Rural Studies 16:407-419

Morrison, D. and J. Steeves. 1967. “Deprivation, discontent, and social movement participation: evidence on a contemporary farmers' movement, the NFO.” Rural Sociology 32:414-434.

Morris, Martina. 1994. “Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion.” Pp.26-52 in Advances in Social Network Analysis, Stanley Wasserman and Joseph Galaskiewicz, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.

Nahapiet, Janine and Sumantra Ghoshal. 2002. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage,” in Eric L. Lesser, ed ., Knowledge and Social Capital: Foundation and Application, Boston: Butterworth Heinemann.

Narayan, Deepa and Lant Pritchett. 1997. “Cents and Sociability :Household Income and Social Capital in Rural Tanzania.” World Bank.

O'Brien, D.,E. Hassinger, and L. Dershem. 1994. “Community Attachment and Depression Among Residents in Two Rural Midwestern Communities. “Rural Sociology 57:521-534.

Oliver, Pamela. 1993. “Formal Models of Collective Action.” Annual Review of Sociology 19:271-300.

Oliver, Pamela. 1985. “Let the People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America.” Contemporary Sociology 15 (5):583-584.

Oliver, Pamela. 1984. “‘If You Don’t Do It, Nobody Else Will’: Active and Token Contributors to Local Collective Action.” American Sociological Review 49:601-610.

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.

Onyx, Jenny and Paul Bullen. 2000. “Measuring Social Capital in Five Communities.”Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 36 (1):23-42

Oxley,D., M. Barrera, and E. Sadalla. 1981. “Relationships among community size, mediators, and social support variables: a path analytic approach.” The American Political Science Review 63:361-378.

Paxton, Pamela. 1999. “Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple
Indicator Assessment.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (1):88-127.

Perrucci, R. and M. Pilisuk. 1970. “Leaders and Ruling Elites: The Interorganizational bases of community Power.” American Sociological Review 35:1040-1057.

Portney, Kent E. and Jeffrey M. Berry. 1997. “Mobilizing Minority Communities:

Portes, Alejandro. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modem
Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:1-24.

Portes, Alejandro. And Patricia Landolt. 1996. “The Downside of Social Capital.” The
American Prospect 26:18-21.
Social Capital and Participation in Urban Neighborhoods.” American Behavioral Scientist, 40(5):632-44.

Portes, Alejandro. and Patricia Landolt. 2000. “Social Capital: Promise and Pitfalls of its Role in Development.” Journal of Latin American Studies 32:529-547.

Portes, Alejandro and Dag MacLeod. 1999. “Educating the Second Generation:
Determinants of Academic Achievement among Children of Immigrants in the United
States”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 25 (3):373-396.

Presthus, Robert. 1964. Men at the Top: A Study in Community Power. New York: Oxford University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. 1996. “Who Killed Civic America?” Prospect March: 66-72.

Putnam, Robert D. 1995. “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America.” Political Science and Politics 28 (4):664-83.

Putnam, Robert D. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Putterman, Louis. 1995. “Social Capital and Development:The Example of Rural Tanzania,” Development Policy Review, 1, 13, 5-22.

Riger, S. and P. Lavrakas. 1981. “Community Ties: Patterns of Attachment and Social Interaction in Urban Neighborhoods.” American Journal of the Community Psychology 9(6):55-56.

Rose, Richard. 1998. “Getting Things Done in an Anti-Modern Society:Social Capital Networks in Russia,” Social Capital Initiative Working Paper No.6,1-23, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

Rothstein, Bo. 1998. “Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Saegert, Susan, J. Phillip Thompson, and Mark R. Warren. 2001. Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Sampson, Robert J. 1988. “Local Friendship Ties and Community Attachment in Mass Society: A Multilevel Systems Model.” American Sociological Review 53:766-799.

Sampson, Robert J., S. W. Raudenbush and F. Earls. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective E fficacy.” Science,277:918-24.

Schneider, Mark, Paul Teske, Melissa Marschall, Michael Mintrom and Christine Roch. 1997. “Institutional Arrangements and the Creation of Social Capital: The Effects of Public School Choice.” American Political Science Review 91(1):82-93.

Schuller, Tom, Stephen Baron, and John Field. 2000. “Social Capital: A Review and
Critique.” Pp. 1-38 in Social Capital: Critical Perspectives, Stephen Baron, John Field, and Tom Schuller, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Schulman, Michael D. and Cynthia Anderson. 1999. “The Dark Side of the Force: A Case Study of Restructuring and Social Capital.” Rural Sociology 64 (3):351-372.

Scott, John. 1991. Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. London: Sage Publications.

Sewell, L., D. Sjoquist, and P. Stephan. 1989. “The Educational and Early Occupational Attainment Process.”, pages 336-346 in W. Grusky and D. Grusky (ed), Social Stratification, Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Sharp, Jeff S. 2001a. “Place Social Structure and Culture: A Review Essay on
Community.” Rural Sociology 66(1):137-145.

Sharp, Jeff S. 2001b. “Locating the Community Field: A Study of InterorganizationalNetwork Structure and Capacity for Community Action.” Rural Sociology 66 (3):403-424.

Sharp, Jeff S. 1998. The Interactional Community: A Structural Network Analysis of Community Action in Three Midwestern Towns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Sidney, Callahan.1996. “The Capital that Counts,” Commonwealth, 123,20,7-8.

Smith, David Horton. 1994. “Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 23:243-263.

Stolle, Dietlind and Thomas R. Rochon. 1998. “Are All Assciations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type, and the Creation of Social Capial,” American Behavioral Scientist, 42, 1, 47-65.

Stone, Clarence N. 2001 a. “Powerful Actors Versus Compelling Actions.” Educationa Policy 15 (1):153-167.

Stone, Clarence N. 1989. Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946-1988. Lawrence, KS:University Press of Kansas.

Stone, Clarence N. 1987. “Summing Up: Urban Regimes, Development Policy, and Political Arrangements.” Pp. 269-290 in The Politics of Urban Development, C. N. Stone and
H. T. Sanders, eds. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

Stone, Wendy. 2001b. “Measuring Social Capital: Towards a Theoretically Informed Measurement Framework for Researching Social Capital in Family and Community Life.”Australian Institute of Family Studies, Research Paper No. 24, February.

Stone, Wendy. 2001. “Measuring Social Capital: Towards a Theoretically Informed Measurement Framework for Researching Social Capital in Family and Community Life.”Australian Institute of Family Studies, Research Paper No. 24, February.

Stone, Wendy and Jody Hughes. 2002. “Why Social Capital Matters.” Family Matters Winter:62-67.

Sudman, S. 1985. “Experiments in the Measurement of the Size of Social Networks.” Social Networks 10:93-108.

Taylor, V. 1997. “Social Movement Continuity: The Women'S Movement in Abeyance.” Pp. 409-421 in Social Movements” Readings on their Emergence, Mobilization and Dynamics, edited by D. McAdam and D. Snow. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.

Theodori, G. 2000. “Levels of Analysis and Conceptual Clarification in Community Attachment and Satisfaction Research: Connections to Community Development.” Journal of the Community Development Society 31(1): 35-58.

Theodori, G and A.E. Luloff. 2000. “Urbanization and Community Attachment in Rural Areas.” Society and Natural Resources. 13: 399-420.

Tilly, Charles. 1973. “Do Communities Act?” Sociological Inquiry 43:209-240.

Toennies, F. 1957. Community and Society. East Lansing, MI.: Michigan State University Press.

Uslaner, E. M. 1999. “Trust but Verify: Social Capital and Moral Behavior.” Social Science Information 38:29-56

Walsh, E., R. Warland, and D. Smith. 1997. Don't Burn It Here: Grassroots Challenges to Trash Incinerators. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

Warren, R. 1978. The Community in America. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.

Weber, M. 1947. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York, NY: Free Press.

Wellman, Barry. 1979. “The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers.” American Journal of Sociology 84:1201-1231.

Wellman, Barry and Kenneth Frank. 2001. “Network Capital in a Multilevel World: Getting Support from Personal Communities.” Pp. 233-276 in Social Capital: Theory and Research, Nan Lin, Karen Cook, and Ronald Burt, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter

Wellman, Barry and Barry Leighton. 1979. “Networks, Neighborhoods, and Communities:Approaches to the Study of the Community Question.” Urban Affairs Quarterly 15:363-390

Wilkinson, Kenneth P. 1970. “Phases and Roles in Community Action.” Rural Sociology 35:54-68

Wilkinson, Kenneth P. 1991. The Community in Rural America. Middleton, WI: Social Ecology Press.

Wilson, John and Marc Musick. 1997. “Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work.” American Sociological Review 62:694-713.

Woolcock, Michael. 1998. “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework.” Theory and Society 27:151-208

Uslaner, E. M. 1999. “Trust but Verify: Social Capital and Moral Behavior.” Social Science Information 38:29-56.

Zekari, Andrew A. 1999. “Community-ness of a Major Economic Development Effort in a Biracial Community of Alabama.” Journal of Rural Studies 15 (2):159-169.