冷戰結束後，歐洲雖然不再處於緊繃的軍事威脅陰影，卻因為非軍事議題逐漸浮上檯面，成為各國安全議程中的討論主題。其中，哥本哈根學派之Barry Buzan與Ole Waever觀察歐洲地區正處於「社會安全」的爭論，而促使兩人發展出新的理論工具來探討社會安全範疇中的移民問題、競爭認同等新興安全議題。本文的討論重點即在於還原社會安全的理論演變、安全化的分析途徑，同時佐以歐洲移民議題的認同爭議作為檢視前述安全想法的例證。在這回顧與檢視的過程中，逐漸揭開哥本哈根學派觀點之中的矛盾想法，並且試圖從現實世界的移民話題以及學者對於社會安全的批評中汲取出解開此等矛盾的可能途徑。

Since the end of cold war, Europe have been suffering non-military security issues, such as migration, competing identity, which attract attention of Barry Buzan and Ole Waever who are named for Copenhagen School. They observer the evolution of new security issues and work out a specific explanatory concept Societal Security and Securitization to analysis why does societal security come out and become a serious issue in European. The main tasks of this thesis is try to figure out what does Societal Security and Securitization work and how to use these conceptual tool to analysis European migration issue, which are the basis for further reflection. After that, this article will also adduce critical opinion to demonstrate the deficiency of the theory of Societal Security and Securitization.

「社會安全」視角中的歐洲移民議題及其省思

目 次

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 文獻回顧 11
第四節 研究方法、範圍與限制 13
第五節 章節安排 17
第二章 「社會安全」之意涵 19
第一節 「社會安全」概念的成型 20
第二節 社會安全研究方向之差異 25
第三節 安全研究的新途徑—安全化 29
第四節 從安全化來解析社會安全議題 35
第五節 小結 37
第三章 歐洲移民議題與「社會安全」 39
第一節 二次大戰以來的歐洲移民概況 41
第二節 言說中的歐洲移民威脅 44
第三節 移民與社會安全：法國的經驗 53
第四節 小結 61
第四章 反思「社會安全」理論 63
第一節 「社會」難題 65
第二節 「安全化」之疑問 70
第三節 社會安全的理論困境 78
第四節 小結 82
第五章 結論 84
第一節 研究發現 84
第二節 省思與啟發 86
參考文獻 89
圖表
（圖1.1）法國的安全 36
（圖3.1）EU-25「淨移民」趨勢圖（1960-2005） 41
（表3.1）歐洲國家失業率（1996-1998） 48
（表3.2）二○○五年歐洲穆斯林人口比例前十位國家 49

參考文獻
王寧，2002，〈個體主義與整體主義對立之新思考—社會研究方法論之基本問題之一〉《中山大學學報（社會科學版）》42：2。
朱寧，2003，〈安全與非安全化—哥本哈根學派安全研究〉《世界經濟與政治》，10：21-26。
李櫻，2000，〈漢語研究中的語用面向〉《漢學研究》，18：323-356。
李明歡，2003，〈共和模式的困境：法国移民政策研究〉，《歐洲研究》，4：9-20。
柯雨瑞，2004，〈「2002年加拿大移民及難民保護法」對我國移民法制之啟發〉《國境警察學報》，3：125-150。
高俊，2005，〈哥本哈根學派複合安全安全理論的修正和演進〉《教學與研究》，10：89-96。
莫大華，2002，〈建構主義式的安全研究途徑－哥本哈根學派與批判性安全研究學派之比較研究〉《復興崗學報》，74：303-323。
莫大華，1998，〈「安全研究」理論之評析〉《問題與研究》，37（8）：19-33。
夏曉鵑，2006，〈新移民運動的形成—差異政治、主體化與社會性運動〉《臺灣社會研究》，61：1-71。
夏曉鵑，2005，〈解開面對新移民的焦慮〉《學生輔導》97：6-72。
張祥山，2006，〈國家安全意涵的持續與轉變〉《展望與探索》，4（11）：27-43。
陳牧民，2005，〈經濟與安全：全球化時代的新安全理論〉《全球政治評論》，12：19-46。
陳欣之，2003，〈國際安全研究之理論變遷與挑戰〉《遠景季刊》，4（3）：1-14。
曾嬿芬，2006，〈誰可以打開國界的門？—移民政策的階級主義〉《臺灣社會研究》，61：73-107。
黃秋龍，2004，《非傳統安全研究的理論與實際》台北：法務部調查局。
葉定國，2004，〈文化、認同與國家安全〉《遠景基金會季刊》，5（1）：125-156。
葉定國，2002，〈後現代國際關係理論中的安全研究趨勢〉《航空技術學院學報》，1（1）：149-157。
傅士珍，2006，〈德希達與「悅納異己」〉，《中外文學》，34（8）：87-106。
蔡錦昌，2005，《涂爾幹社會學方法論正義》台北：唐山。
謝立功，2005，〈我國移民政策之檢討〉《國境警察學報》，4：57-94。
趙彥寧，2004，〈公民身分、現代國家與親密生活：以老單身榮民與「大陸新娘」的婚姻為研究案例〉《臺灣社會學》，8：1- 41。
趙彥寧，2002，〈家國語言的公開秘密：試論下階層中國流亡者自我敍事的物質性〉《臺灣社會研究》，46：45-85。
趙彥寧，1999，〈國族想像的權力邏輯--試論五○年代流亡主體、公領域、與現代性之間的可能關係〉《臺灣社會研究》，36：37-83。
劉中民與桑紅，2004，〈西方國際關係理論視野中的非傳統安全研究〉《世界經濟與政治》，4：32-37。
羅天虹，1999，〈哥本哈根學派的安全理論評析〉《教學與研究》，8：47-53。
盧倩儀，2000，〈區域整合中之修約理論與阿姆斯特丹條約談判過程—移民相關規定之個案研究〉，《美歐季刊》，14（2）：171-204。
盧倩儀，2003，〈從歐盟與會員國公民概念之比較評估歐洲公民之實質化〉，《問題與研究》，42（5）：55-79。
盧倩怡，2006，〈政治學與移民理論〉，《台灣政治學刊》，10（2）：209-260。
藍玉春，2001，〈解析歐盟阿姆斯特丹條約〉，《政治科學論叢》，15：15-44。
Albrecht, Hans- Jörg. 2002. “Fortress European? Controlling Illegal Immigration,”
Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 10(1):1-22.
Baldwin, David A. 1997. “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies,
23: 5-26.
Baldwin, David A. 1995. “Security Studies and the End of Cold War,” World Politics, 48(1): 117-141.
Behar, Joseph. 2003. “Diplomacy and Essential Workers: Official British Recruitment
Foreign Labor in Italy, 1945–1951,” Journal of Policy History, 15(3): 324-344.
Behnke, Andreas. 2000. “The Message or the Messenger? Reflections on the Role of Security Experts and the Securitization of Political Issues,” Cooperation and conflict, 35(1): 89-105.
Bigo, Didier. 2002. “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 27: 63-92.
Blair, Tony. 2002. “EU signals asylum action,” BBCNEWS, May21, http://news.bbc.
co.uk/ 1/hi/uk_politics/1998760.stm (29/08/07)
Bréchon, Pierre and Subrata Kumar Mitra, 1992. “The National Front in France: The
Emergence of an Extreme Right Protest Movement,” Comparative Politics,
25(1): 63-82.
Booth, Ken, 1997. “Security and Self,” in Krause, Keith and Michael Williams (eds.) 1997.
Buzan, Barry. 1993a. “Societal Security, State Security and Internationalization,” in Ole Waever et al. 1993.
Buzan, Barry. 1993b. “From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School,” International Organization, 47(3): 327-352.
Buzan, Barry, 1991. “New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century,” International affairs, 67(3): 431-451.
Buzan, Barry. 1983. People, States, and Fear: the national security problem in international relations, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Buzan, Barry. 2000. “The Logic of Regional Security in Post-Cold War World,” in Bjorn Hettne et al. 2000.
Buzan, Barry et al. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 朱寧譯，2003《新安全論》浙江：浙江人民出版社。
Buzan, Barry and Ole Waever. 1997. “Slippery? Contradictory? Sociologically Untenable? The Copenhagen School Replies,” Review of International Studies, 23: 242-9.
Buzan and B.A. Roberson, 1993. “Europe and the Middle East: Drifting towards Societal Cold War?” in Ole Waever et al. 1993.
Campani, Giovanna and Chiietophe Bertossi, 2004. “Migratory Policies in France,”
http://www.emz-berlin.de/projekte_e/pj32_1pdf/MigPol/Migpol_France.pdf
Eldering, Lotty and Erik J. Knorth, 1998. “Marginalization of Immigrant Youth and
Risk Factors in Their Everyday Lives: The European Experience,” Child & Youth Care Forum, 27(3): 153-169.
Emmer, P. C. 2004. “Europe and the immigration debate,” European Review, 12(
3): 329–338.
Eriksson, Johan. 1999. “Observers or Advocates?: On the Political Role of Security
Analysts,” Cooperation and Conflict, 34: 311-330.
Eurostat. 2006. Eurostat yearbook 2006, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/
page?_pageid=1090,1&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL (29/08/07)
Freedman, Jane. 2004. Immigration and Insecurity in France, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Fysh, Petter and Jim Wolfreys, 1998. The Politics of Racism in France, New York:
St.Martin’s Press.
Fysh, Petter and Jim Wolfreys, 1992. “Le Pen, the National Front and the Extreme
Right in France,” Parliamentary Affairs, 45(3): 309-326.
Garner, J. W. 1928. “The New French Code of Nationality,” The American Journal
of International Law, 22(2):379-382.
Giddens, Anthony. 1971. Capitalism & Modern Social Theory, New York:Cambridge.簡惠美譯，1996，《資本主義與現代社會理論：馬克思、涂爾幹、韋伯》，台北：遠流。
Hansen, Randall and Jobst Koehler, 2005. “Issue Definition, Political Discourse and
the Politics of Nationality Reform in France and Germany,” European Journal of
Political Research, 44: 623-644.
Hansen, Randall and Patrick Weil.(eds.) 2001. Towards a European nationality: citizenship, immigration, and nationality law in the EU, New York: Palgrave.
Hargeaves, Alec G. 1995. Immigration, ‘Race’ and Ethnicity in Contemporary
France, New York: Routledge
Heisler, Martin O. and Zig Layton-Henry. 1993. “Migration and the Links Between Social and Societal Security,” in Ole Wæver et al. 1993.
Hettne, Bjorn. et al. 2000. The New Regionalism and the Future of Security and Development, New York: St. Martin's Press.
Huysmans, Jef. 1995. “Migrants as a Security Problem: Dangers of ‘Securitizing’ Societal Issues,”in Robert Miles and Dietrich Thraenhart, (eds.) 1995.
Léonard, Sarah, 2004. “Studying Migration as a Security Issue: Conceptual and
Methodological Challenges,” Conference paper at the SGIR Fifth Pan-European
International Relations Conference, http://www.sgir.org/archive/index.htm.
(05/22/07)
Lipschutz, Ronnie D. (ed.), 1995. On Security, New York: Columbia University Press
Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth. 2006. “Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties
Failed in Western Europe, 1980-2005,” paper for the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association in Philadelphia, http://www.nuffield. ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/(08/09/07)
Kaczmarczyk, Paweł and Marek Okólski 2005. “International National Migration In
Central and Eastern European— Current and Future Trends,” United Nations
Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development(UN/POP/ MIG/ 2005/12) http://www.un.org/esa/population/migration/turin/ (09/09/07)
Krause, Keith and Michael Williams (eds.) 1997. Critical Security Studies：Concepts
and Cases Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Masci, David. 2005. “An Uncertain Road: Muslims and the Future of Europe,”
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, http://pewforum.org/publications/
reports/muslims-europe-2005.pdf. (09/09/07)
Maillard, Dominique. 2005. “The Muslims in France and the French Model of
Integration,” Mediterranean Quarterly, 16(1): 62-78.
Malik, Mustafa. 2004. “Muslim Pluralize The West, Resist Assimilation,” Middle
East Policy, 11(1): 70-83.
Mertus, Julie. 1998. “The State and the Post-Cold War Refugee Regime: New
Models, New Questions,” International Journal of Refugee Law, 10(3): 321-348.
Miles, Robert and Dietrich Thraenhart.(eds.) 1995. Migration and European Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion, London: Pinter.
Mores, Claude. 2003. “The Politics of European Union Migration Policy,” The
Political quarterly, 74(1): 116-131.
Muus, Philp. 2001. “International Migration and the European Union, Trends and Consequences,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9:31–49.
McSweeney, Bill. 1998 “Durkheim and the Copenhagen School: a Response to Buzan and Waever,” Review of International Studies, 24: 137–140.
McSweeney, Bill. 1996 “Identity and security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School',” Review of International Studies, 22: 81–93.
Muir, Richard. 1997. Political Geography: A New Introduction, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sassen, Saskia. 1999. Guests and aliens, New York : New Press.黃克先譯，2006，《客人？外人？－遷移在歐洲（1800∼）》，台北：巨流。
Shaw, Brent D. 2003. “A Peculiar Island: Maghrib and Mediterranean,”
Mediterranean Historical Review, 18(2): 93–125
Silverman, Maxim. 1992. Deconstructing the Nation: Immigration, Racism and
Citizenship in Modern France, London: Routledge.
Smith, Steven. 2005. “The Contested Concept of Security,” in Ken Booth (ed.) Critical Security Studies and World Politics, London: Lynne Rienner.
Stören, Liv Anne. 2004. “Unemployment Experiences During Early Career of
Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Graduates,” Journal of Education and Work,
17(1): 71-92.
Taspinar, Omer. 2003. “Europe's Muslim Street,” Foreign Policy, 135:76-77.
Tanaka, Hiroyuki. 2007. “Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections,”
The Migration Policy Institute (MPI), http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/
France_Elections050307.pdf(18/09/07)
Tapinos, Georges. 1993. “The Dynamics of International Migration in Post-War
Europe,” in G. Luciani (ed) 1993. Migration Policies in Europe and the United
States, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
O'Kane, Maggie. 2001. “Sadiq's story,” The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/
immigration/story/0,15729,1421447,00.html(06/08/07)
Roe, Paul. 2005. Ethnic Violence and the Societal Security Dilemma, New York:
Routledge.
Roemer, John E. and Karine Van der Straeten. 2006. “The Political Economy of
Xenophobia and Distribution: The case of Denmark,” Scandinavian Journal of
Economics, 108(2): 251-277.
Rudolph, Christopher. 2003. “Security and the Political Economy of International
Migration,” American Political Science Review, 97: 603-620.
Waever, Ole. 2004. “Aberystwyth, Paris, Copenhagen: New "Schools" in Security
Theory and their Origins between Core and Periphery,” paper for ISA in
Montreal, March 2004. http://zope.polforsk1.dk/securitytheory/waever
montreal/(2/26/07)
Waever, Ole. 2003. “Securitisation: Taking Stock of a Research Programme”, paper
presented to PIPES, University of Chicago, March. http://zope.polforsk1.dk/
securitytheory/oletext/ (2/26/07)
Waever, Ole, 1999. “Securitizing Sectors? Reply to Eriksson,” Cooperation and Conflict, 34(3): 334-340.
Waever, Ole, 1998a. “Security Analysis: Conceptiontual Apparatus,” in Buzan, Barry
et al. 1998.
Waever, Ole, 1998b. “The Societal Sectoral,” in Buzan, Barry et al. 1998.
Waever, Ole, 1998c. “How sectors Are Synthesized,” in Buzan, Barry et al. 1998.
Waever, Ole. 1996. “European Security Identities,” Journal of Common Market
Studies, 34(1): 103–32.
Waever, Ole. 1995. “Securitization and Desecuritization,” in Ronnie D. Lipschutz
1995.
Waever, Ole. 1993. “Societal Security: the Concept,” in Ole Waver et al. 1993.
Waever, Ole. 1992. “Nordic Nostalgia: Northern Europe after the Cold War,” International Affairs, 68(1): 77-102.
Waever, Ole. et al. 1993. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe, London: Pinter.
Walt, Stephen M. 1991. “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly, 35(2) : 211-239
Weber, Cynthia. 2001. International Relations Theory: a Critical Introduction, New York: Routledge.
Weil, Patrick, 2001. “The History of French Nationality: A Lesson for European,” in Randall Hansen and Patrick Weil.(eds.) 2001
Werner, W.G. 1998. “Securitization and Legal Theory,” COPRI Working Papers 27.
Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute.
Williams, Michael. 2005. “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International
Politics,” International Studies Quarterly, 47: 511-531.
Weiner, Myron.1992. “Security, Stability, and International Migration,” International Security, 17(3): 91-26.
Zimmermann, Klaus F. 2005. “Introduction: What We Know About European
Migration,” in Klaus F. Zimmermann, (ed.) European Migration: What Do We
Know? New York: Oxford.