由過去的研究結果知道，台灣東北海域陸棚與陸坡區，在季風與黑潮
的影響下，是東海與深洋物質交換最為劇烈的區域。本研究於此區域的峽
谷、陸坡和海槽等不同地形施放沈積物收集器串列，藉由收集器樣品顆粒
通量、粒徑組成及 210 Pb 和 210 Po 活度的量測，再配合水流儀資料，並由
這些參數的時空變化，來探討峽谷與陸坡地形在顆粒傳輸作用上所扮演的
角色及顆粒物的可能傳輸途徑。
研究區域內沈降顆粒通量的時序變化與表水基礎生產率和主要河川
懸浮顆粒的輸入量並無明顯的關聯性，但棉花峽谷及其西南下部陸坡與北
棉花峽谷內的顆粒通量變化明顯受潮流波動的影響，其與潮流流速變化有
良好正相關。顆粒通量與 210 Pb 和 210 Po 通量觀測結果：棉花峽谷與其西
南下部陸坡有最高值，沖繩海槽及北棉花峽谷內次之，而棉花與北棉花峽
谷間之陸坡區及北棉花峽谷上層水體中之觀測值最低，且皆呈現隨深度遞
增而隨離岸距離遞減的趨勢，顯示研究區域內顆粒物與親顆粒元素的搬運
深受側向傳輸作用影響。棉花峽谷及其西南下部陸坡是顆粒物與親顆粒元
素傳輸的重要途徑，北棉花峽谷則明顯不如棉花峽谷重要，而二峽谷間之
陸坡區並非顆粒傳輸的主要路徑。另與國外其他邊緣海域比較，台灣東北
海域之顆粒通量與 210 Pb 和 210 Po 通量，僅二峽谷間之陸坡區與北棉花峽
谷上層水體與國外其他邊緣海域相近，其餘大都高出一個數量級以上，說
明此區域為世界上陸棚與深洋物質交換的重要海域之一。
在顆粒粒徑組成的分佈上，沈降顆粒樣品大都以粉砂為主要組成，棉
花峽谷及其西南下部陸坡的含砂量最高，棉花峽谷出口處及北棉花峽谷內
次之，沖繩海槽中最低。砂含量顯現隨離岸距離增加而遞減的趨勢，粉砂
與黏土組成百分比則相反，呈現往深海顆粒粒徑變細之現象。其中砂質顆
粒，應與棉花峽谷周圍(棚緣和上部陸坡處)的砂質沈積物受潮流波動影響
而再懸浮有關。粒徑組成通量部份，三粒徑組成皆顯示與顆粒通量相似的
空間變化，隨離岸距離而遞減，隨深度而增加，再次反映了沈降顆粒的側
向傳輸。
210 Pb 活度與顆粒通量和砂質組成大都呈現負相關性，但與粉砂及黏
土組成則大都為正相關，顯示 210 Pb 活度的變化受顆粒通量及砂質組成的
稀釋效應影響，而粉砂與黏土顆粒，在表面吸附面積較大的情形下，為清
除 210 Pb 的主要粒徑組成。210 Po 與顆粒通量及各粒徑組成含量間則大都
無良好相關性，說明 210 Po 受顆粒通量與粒徑組成變動的影響並不顯著。210 Pb 活度與Mn 、Fe 和 POC 含量三者間大都呈現良好的正相關，
其中與 Mn 和 Fe 的相關性，反映了來自陸棚及上部陸坡和沖繩海槽海底
熱泉之 Mn 和 Fe 的氧化與氫氧化物沈澱是加強 210 Pb 清除的重要機
制。而 210 Pb 與 POC 的相關則顯示，細顆粒物經由與浮游動物糞球(fecal
pellets)或膠質聚合物(aggregates)結合而加速沈降的沈降模式，或 POC 與
細顆粒物的來源相似。210 Po 與各主要組成及 Mn 和 Fe 含量間大都無良
好或明顯的相關性，反映了在以陸源無機顆粒為主的沈降顆粒中，生源組
成與 210 Po 的關聯性已被干擾而模糊了。
研究區域內 210 Po/210 Pb 比值，僅二峽谷間之陸坡區與北棉花峽谷上層
水體例外，其餘大都小於 1.0 。經 210 Pb 和 210 Po 核種與各參數比較，及
參閱前人的研究後，可推論造成樣品 210 Po/210 Pb 比值小於 1.0 的可能原
因：1 、陸源無機顆粒偏好清除 210 Pb 而不喜 210 Po ，且有機質於沈降顆粒
傳輸過程中易氧化分解，釋出 210 Po 。再加上 Mn 和 Fe 的氧化和氫氧化
物沈澱加強 210 Pb 的清除，形成此二核種的分異現象。2 、沈降顆粒於懸
浮狀態下有利 210 Pb 和 210 Po 核種分異的進行，故研究區域內顆粒物的輸
送過程，應大都處於懸浮狀態，即使沈積下來亦只是短暫停留。3 、黑潮
於往北流途中，收集來自東亞大氣塵降的 210 Pb ，使得沖繩海槽之黑潮水
體中有大量 210 Pb 的累積。經黑潮之入侵與渦漩，210 Pb 被帶入陸棚與陸
坡區，成為東海 210 Pb 的重要側向來源，此時在邊界清除作用的加強清除
下，更增加顆粒物上的 210 Pb 含量。
二峽谷間陸坡區與北棉花峽谷之上層水體和研究區域內其他區域相
較，顆粒通量極低(平均低一個數量級以上)，且 POC 含量最高(平均約為
其他收集器的 1.5~6.2 倍)，在陸源性顆粒影響較小及表水沈降之生源顆粒
相對較多的情形下，展現異於其他串列之特性：210 Po/210 Pb 比值皆大於
1.0 ，210 Pb 與 POC 無良好相關，與 Mn 為負相關，而二峽谷間陸坡之淺
層收集器的 210 Po 與 POC 和 PIC 有良好正相關。
藉由顆粒通量及 210 Pb 通量收支平衡的檢視，配合本研究其他結果和
水流資料，對此區域水深三百公尺以下之沈降顆粒的沈積動力與傳輸途徑
有以下瞭解：陸源顆粒經陸棚被輸送至棚緣與上部陸坡後，在潮流波動影
響下，藉由再懸浮作用而順著峽谷輸出。砂質沈降顆粒大部份沈積於棉花
峽谷內，而粉砂和黏土顆粒則一部份被搬運至沖繩海槽，一部份往棉花峽
谷西南下部陸坡傳輸。棉花峽谷西南下部陸坡除棉花峽谷之來源外，仍接
收黑潮渦漩併入主軸前，自上部陸坡清掃下來的再懸浮顆粒。至於北棉花
峽谷及二峽谷間之陸坡區，由於位處黑潮渦漩中心，來自陸棚之懸浮顆粒不易進入，其顆粒通量極低。另外，北棉花峽谷兩側邊坡坡頂之水深皆深
於 750 公尺，所以北棉花峽谷內的(906 公尺)高顆粒通量，應大部份是受
潮流波動影響而再懸浮的峽谷邊坡或周圍沈積物。

Previous studies have shown that the continental shelf and slope area off
northeastern Taiwan is a region where the material exchange processes between the
East China Sea and open ocean are most rigorous under the influences of the
Kuroshio and the monsoons. In order to understand the topographic effects on the
particulate flux and the transport path of the settling particles in this region, this study
has conducted a series of field measurements using time-series sediment traps and
current meters as tools. The temporal and spatial variations on the current, the
particulate flux and the particle-size distribution as well as the activity and flux of
210 Pb and 210 Po are presented in this thesis.
The biological productivity and the runoff of main rivers from Taiwan were not
correlated with the particulate fluxes in our study area. However, the variations of
the particulate flux in the canyon and on the slope areas were clearly affected by the
tidal currents, showing good positive correlation with their amplitudes. The
particulate, 210 Pb and 210 Po fluxes all showed an increase toward the ocean bottom but
a decrease away from the shore, suggesting that the transports of particle and particle
reactive elements were strongly influenced by the lateral transport process in the study
area. Highest fluxes were observed in the Mien-Hua Canyon(MHC) and the lower
slope southwest of the canyon. Intermediate values were observed in the South
Okinawa Trough and the North Mien-Hua Canyon(NMHC). The intercanyon slope
and the shallow traps in the NMHC had lowest values. The particulates and
particle reactive elements were transported out of the shelf or upper slope area
essentially through the MHC toward the slope southwest of the canyon. The NMHC
and the intercanyon area were not major pathways for these materials. The fluxes of
particle, 210 Pb and 210 Po in the study area were generally at least an order of
magnitude greater than those observed from other continental margins in the world,
except for the lowest values at the intercanyon station and the shallow water in the
NMHC. Thus the continental margin off northeastern Taiwan is one of the most
important areas for material exchanges with open oceans in the world.
The trapped particulates were mainly silt with variable sand fractions. High
sand contents were observed in the MHC and the lower slope southwest of the canyon,
the intermediate values were in the outlet of the MHC and the NMHC, and the lowest
in the South Okinawa Trough. This shows that the sand content decreases awayfrom the shore. On the contrary, silt and clay fractions in percent increase away
from the shore. Under the influence of tidal currents, the settling sand particles in
the MHC and its adjacent lower slope were laterally transported from resuspended
sandy sediments of the continental shelf and upper slope area adjoining the head of
the MHC. The fluxes of sand, silt and clay all decreased toward the South Okinawa
Trough but increased toward the bottom. This particle-size distribution pattern also
reflected the effect of lateral transport process in the study area.
Variations of the 210 Pb activity in this study area were generally correlated
inversely with the particulate flux and the sand content, indicating the effect of
dilution of the mass flux and the sand content, but were positively correlated with the
silt and clay contents because they were major 210 Pb scavengers. No apparent
correlations of 210 Po with the mass flux and the three particle-size fractions were
observed, suggesting that the variation of 210 Po activity was not related to the mass
fluxes or the three particle-size fractions.
High 210 Pb activities were found to be associated with high contents of POC, Mn
and Fe. Correlations of 210 Pb with both Mn and Fe indicate that the oxide and
hydroxide precipitates of Mn and Fe supplied from sediments on the continental shelf,
upper slope area and submarine hydrothermal activities might serve as important
mechanisms for enhanced 210 Pb scavenging. The relationship between the 210 Pb
activity and the POC content might reflect either the settling mode of the fine particles
incorporated with fecal pellets or aggregates, or sharing the same source with fine
particles. The variatio ns of 210 Po activity were not correlated with Mn, Fe, major
components or biogenic components, implying that the association of 210 Po with
biogenic components might be masked by the enormous terrigenous materials.
Except for the upper-trap samples collected at the intercanyon slope and the
NMHC, the 210 Po activity was lower than the 210 Pb activity with 210 Po/210 Pb ratios less
than unity. Based on comparisons of 210 Pb and 210 Po with relevant parameters and
references of past studies, we can propose several possible mechanisms to explain
why the ratios were less then unity: 1. 210 Pb was preferentially scavenged by
advecting and settling particulates of terrigenous origin. 210 Po, known to be
biophilic, might remain associated with the suspended organic particulates which
could be dissolved or not settling. Moreover, the oxide and hydroxide precipitates of
Mn and Fe in the study area would further enhance the scavenging of 210 Pb. 2. The
particulates in suspension were favorable for differentiation between 210 Pb and 210 Ponuclides while those settled in sediments would allow them to grow toward the
secular equilibrium. Therefore, the trapped particulates might be in frequent
suspension and short in deposited sediments during their lateral transport. 3. The
210 Pb supplied from the East Asia aerosol in large quantity was accumulated in water
column abd carried by the Kuroshio to the study area. The intrusion and eddies of
Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan could bring large amount of 210 Pb into the region of
continental shelf and slope, allowing particulates to scavenge 210 Pb more effectively
from the surrounding water.
The upper trap in the NMHC and that in the intercanyon site yield lowest
particulate flux but highest POC content. With less terrigenous material and more
biogenic components in these samples, 210 Po/210 Pb ratios were greater than unity and
variations of 210 Pb activity were hardly correlated with those of POC contents but
were inversely correlated with those of Mn contents. However, the 210 Po activities
of upper trap at the intercanyon site were well positively correlated with POC and PIC
contents, indicating effects of the fresh biogenic particles.
Based on the mass balance calculations of particulate and 210 Pb fluxes, current
data and other related data gathered in this study, we may infer the sedimentation
dynamics and transport path of the settling particles below 300m depth in the study
area. Under the influence of tidal oscillation, terrigenous sediments on the shelf and
the shelf break as well as the upper slope would be resuspended and carried into the
MHC and transported further away. Most of the sand particles would deposit in the
canyon while part of the silt and clay would be transported to the South Okinawa
Trough directly and the rest to the lower slope southwest of the MHC. The
particulate flux at the lower slope southwest of MHC might also have a portion of
particulates swept from the upper slope by the Kuroshio eddies. As the NMHC and
the intercanyon sites are located in the central area of the Kuroshio eddies, the
particulates from the continental shelf and upper slope area would be blocked,
resulting in very low particulate fluxes. High particulate fluxes observed in the
lower NMHC trap should largely be due to resuspension of the sediments from the
banks of the canyon.

目 錄
誌謝 ……………………………………………………………………… Ⅰ
摘要 ……………………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………… Ⅴ
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………… Ⅷ
圖目錄 …………………………………………………………………… XI
表目錄 …………………………………………………………………… XIV
一、緒論 ………………………………………………………….…….. 1
1.1 前言 …………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 研究背景 ………………………………………………………... 1
1.2.1 東海整體特性 ……………………………………………….. 1
1.2.2 台灣東北海域沈積物地化的相關研究 …………………….. 6
1.3 研究目的 ………………………………………………………... 9
二、研究區域 …………………………………………………………… 11
2.1 地形 ……………………………………………………………... 11
2.2 流場 ……………………………………………………………... 15
2.3 海底沈積物 ……………………………………………………... 17
2.4 錨碇(採樣)情況 …………………………………………….…... 17
三、實驗方法 …………………………………………………………… 22
3.1 樣品分割與沈降通量的量測 …………………………………... 22
3.2 顆粒粒徑分析 …………………………………………………... 27
3.3 210 Po 核種分析 …………………………………………….……. 27
3.4 210 Pb 核種分析 ………………………………………………….. 30
3.5 採樣時 210 Po 活度之計算方法 ………………………………... 32
3.6 實驗品質之監控 ………………………………………………... 33
四、顆粒通量時空變化與粒徑分析之研究 …………………………… 37
4.1 前言 ……………………………………………………………... 37
4.2 東北海域沈降顆粒通量分佈與時序變化 ……………………... 39
4.2.1 顆粒通量的深度與時序變化 …………………..…………… 39
4.2.2 顆粒通量的區域性變化 ………………………..…………… 42
4.3 顆粒通量時序變化可能原因之探討 …………………………... 46
4.3.1 基礎生產率與顆粒通量之相關性 ………………………….. 46
4.3.2 河川輸出物與顆粒通量之相關性 ………………………….. 48
4.3.3 潮流對顆粒通量的影響 …………………………………….. 53
4.4 顆粒粒徑分析結果 ……………………………………………... 64
4.4.1 棉花峽谷內(T1~T3 站)沈降顆粒粒徑組成分佈 …………... 67
4.4.2 沖繩海槽內(T4~T6 站)沈降顆粒粒徑組成分佈 …………... 73
4.4.3 下部陸坡與北棉花峽谷(T8~T10 站)沈降顆粒粒徑組成
分佈 ………………………………………………………….. 73
4.5 收集器沈降通量與沈積物堆積通量的收支平衡 ……………... 78
4.6 小結 ……………………………………………………………... 84
五、沈降顆粒中
210
Pb 與 210 Po 之地化研究 …………………………. 87
5.1 前言 ……………………………………………………………... 87
5.2 210 Pb 與 210 Po 結果的時、空分佈及成因之探討 ……….……. 90
5.2.1 210 Pb 和 210 Po 活度 …………………………………………. 90
5.2.1.1 210 Pb 在各不同深度之時序變化 ……………………….. 90
5.2.1.2 210 Po 在各不同深度之時序變化 ………………………... 91
5.2.1.3 210 Pb 和 210 Po 與顆粒通量及各粒徑組成含量之
比較 ……………………………………………………… 94
5.2.1.3.1 210 Pb 與顆粒通量之關係 …………………………... 94
5.2.1.3.2 210 Pb 與各粒徑組成含量之關係 …………………... 98
5.2.1.3.3 210 Po 與顆粒通量及各粒徑組成之關係 …………... 105
5.2.1.4 綜合討論 …………………………………………….….. 105
5.2.2 210 Pb 和 210 Po 通量 …………………………………………. 107
5.2.2.1 210 Pb 和 210 Po 通量在各不同深度之時序變化 ……….. 107
5.2.2.2 210 Pb 和 210 Po 通量變化之討論 ……………………….. 109
5.2.3 210 Po / 210 Pb 比值 ……………………………………………… 111
5.2.3.1 210 Po/ 210 Pb 比值之深度與時序分佈 ……………………. 111
5.2.3.2 相較於國內、外之研究結果 …………………………... 113
5.2.3.3 210 Pb 和 210 Po 活度與主要組成及 Mn 和 Fe 元素
之關係 …………………………………………………… 117
5.2.4 210 Pb 和 210 Po 的區域分佈 …………………………………. 127
5.2.5 研究區域內 210 Po 相對於 210 Pb 不足之探討 …………….. 130
5.3 由 210 Pb 和210 Po 的質量平衡探討研究區域內的物質傳輸 …. 132
5.4 沈降顆粒之可能傳輸路徑 ……………………………………... 137
5.5 小結 ………………………………………………………………. 140
六、總結 ………………………………………………………………… 145
中文參考文獻 …………………………………………………………… 149
英文參考文獻 …………………………………………………………… 151
Appendix 1.1. The detailed data of particle size distribution of the trap
samples except T7 mooring …..………………….……….. 164
Appendix 1.2. The frequency-distribution and cumulative-frequency
curves of the trap samples except T7 mooring …………… 181
Appendix 2. Apparent mass flux, 210 Pb and 210 Po activities and associated
fluxes determined from trap samples ……………………….. 198
Appendix 3. Correlation coefficients of 210 Pb and 210 Po with major
constituents of sediment trap samples ……………………… 205
Appendix 4. Time series plots of 210 Pb and 210 Po fluxes (dpm/m 2 /d) in
trap samples …………………………………….…………… 209
作者簡介 ………………………………………………………………… 211

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