本研究探討高雄西子灣地區山豬枷開花週期與其授粉蜂互利共生的機制。野外觀察時間為2004年12月至2006年5月，並於2005年4月中至2006年5月中進行黏蜂板陷阱的實驗。
山豬枷雌、雄株接受期（B期）果徑（雌株為8.1 ± 1.9 mm、雄株為9.0 ± 1.1 mm）有顯著差異（P < 0.01），但其顏色不易區分。山豬枷榕果從前接受期（A期）發育到小蜂釋放期（D期）或種子成熟期（E期）所經歷的時間於冬、春季較長（8.3-8.8週），其於夏、秋季較短（6.8-7.0週）。山豬枷之株內及株間的花期皆不同步，且雌、雄株B期花期大量重疊（佔82.6%），而雌、雄株B期榕果於每月皆有出現，其B期花期不具明確的季節性變化。山豬枷雄株之抽芽期及雌雄株之幼葉期的頻度與雨量及氣溫有正相關，雌雄株之落葉期的頻度與雨量及氣溫有負相關。雌株間花期（C期）榕果的頻度與雨量及氣溫有負相關，雌株B期榕果的頻度與雨量有正相關，但雄株各期榕果的頻度則與雨量及氣溫無相關性。
本研究於山豬枷榕果內共發現有5種榕果小蜂、1種廣肩小蜂。其中包括山豬枷授粉蜂（Liporrhopalum gibbosae） 1種、Sycoscapter屬1種、Philotrypesis屬2種、Neosycophila屬1種，以及廣肩小蜂Sycophila屬1種。D期榕果內羽化的四種小蜂平均數量分別為山豬枷授粉蜂6.3隻、Philotrypesis sp.1 8.8隻、P. sp.2 5.7隻及Sycoscapter sp.1 5.7隻，但差異皆不顯著（P > 0.05）。
山豬枷雄株D期與雄株B期榕果的配合度為26.2%，此相似於其與雌株B期榕果的配合度（29.5%）。山豬枷授粉蜂的黏獲量在雄株是其在雌株的6.8倍。山豬枷授粉蜂與雄株B期榕果的配合度（43.0%）高於其與雌株B期榕果的配合度（14.6%），雄株對授粉蜂的吸引力仍較雌株大。因此山豬枷與其授粉蜂共生的維繫可能是藉由山豬枷株內及株間花期不同步使其全年B期花期呈非季節性變化的方式，且雌株可能只需要少數山豬枷授粉蜂傳粉，便可以維持雙方子代的存續。

The mutualism between the dioecious Ficus tinctoria and its pollinators was studied at Hsitzewan, Kaohsiung. I investigated the phenology of F. tinctoria from December 2004 to May 2006. Wasps trapped in sticky boards were recorded from April 2005 to May 2006.
The average diameter of receptive figs (B phase) of female F. tinctoria was significantly different from that of functional male trees (P < 0.01), but both with similar coloration. The durations of pre-receptive figs (A phase) through wasp- releasing figs (D phase) or mature figs (E phase) in F. tinctoria were slight longer in winter and spring (8.3-8.8 weeks) than in summer and autumn (6.8-7.0 weeks). The receptive figs were asynchronous both within-tree and among-trees. The receptive figs occurred in every month of 2005 and without seasonality. There were considerable overlaps (82.6%) in the receptive figs between functional male and female trees. The frequency of tender leaf phase of F. tinctoria was positively correlated with local rainfall and temperature, but the frequency of leaf falling phase was negatively correlated with them. The frequency of receptive figs of female trees was only positively correlated with rainfall, and the frequency of their interforal figs (C phase) were both negatively correlated with rainfall and temperature. Fig production of functional male F. tinctoria was not correlated with rainfall and temperature.
There are five species of fig wasps, including one species of pollinator (Liporrh opalumgibbosae), one species of Sycoscapter, two species of Philotrypesis, and one species of Neosycophila. No significant difference was found in the average number of 4 species of fig wasps from D phase figs (6.3 pollinators, 8.8 Philotrypesis sp.1, 5.7 P. sp.2, and 5.7 Sycoscapter sp.1 per fig). In addition, one species of Sycophila (Eurytomidae) was also found inside figs of F. tinctoria.
The coordination between D phase figs of male F. tinctoria to its B phase was
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26.2%, which was similar to the coordination of it to B phase of female trees (29.5%). However, more pollinators arrived on male trees than that on female trees. The coordination between pollinators and B phase figs of male trees (43.0%) was higher than that of female trees (14.6%). Fig-pollinator mutualism in F. tinctoria is probably maintained by its asynchronous phenology, and aseasonal changes of the receptive figs. Seed production at female trees can be maintained by a small size of pollinator populations.

誌謝.................................................................................................................i
摘要................................................................................................................ii
Abstract.......................................................................................................iii
目錄................................................................................................................v
前言................................................................................................................1
材料與方法...................................................................................................5
一、研究對象.............................................................................................5
二、物候調查及形態觀察.........................................................................6
三、榕果小蜂的種類及其食性.................................................................9
四、統計分析...........................................................................................11
結果..............................................................................................................13
一、形態、發育及物候...........................................................................13
二、榕果小蜂的種類及其食性...............................................................18
三、授粉蜂、B期及D期榕果三者的關係..........................................22
討論..............................................................................................................25
雌、雄株榕果對授粉蜂的吸引力...........................................................25
影響山豬枷物候的因素...........................................................................26
山豬枷與其授粉蜂互利共生的模式......................................................27
山豬枷榕果小蜂的相互關係...................................................................27
本研究山豬枷與其他地區或其亞種之榕果及榕果小蜂的比較..........29
雌雄異株榕屬植物的演化.......................................................................30
檢討與展望...............................................................................................31
參考文獻.....................................................................................................32
圖..................................................................................................................38
表..................................................................................................................52
附錄一：本研究涉及之山豬枷榕果小蜂.................................................72

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