隨著經濟的成長中國對石油的依賴越來越深，在國內產量無法供應的情況下，中國現在超過70%以上的石油是經由進口取得，而海上運輸線就是中國取得石油進口最重要的管道。這條由中國通往麻六甲海峽到達印度洋的航線卻是不安全的，中間存在著海盜攻擊、恐怖活動以及大國之間的政治角力，再加上麻六甲海峽在地理上的狹窄性和不可替代，加深了運輸線在安全上的風險。這些問題都可能造成運輸線的中斷，一旦這條海上生命線中斷中國將馬上面臨石油短缺的困境，石油的缺乏將造成中國經濟發展發生問題以及社會動亂，也將進一步造成中國共產黨執政的合法性遭受質疑。因此中國透過「珍珠鏈戰略」在運輸線所經過的沿岸建立據點，期望透過這些據點的設立可以保護航行於印度洋上的中國運輸船，並加強發展海軍實力以維護運輸安全，此外建立陸上石油管線分擔海上運輸的風險。「珍珠鏈戰略」是結合政治、經濟、外交、軍事等多方面因素而成的，這戰略除了保護海上運輸線外，更可做為中國拓展海權的基礎，一旦「珍珠鏈」完成中國將可取得在印度洋上的據點，這將會造成區域地緣戰略的改變，中國將有能力插手控制海上能源線的運作，面對這樣的問題美國和印度兩國是不會袖手旁觀的。在美國高喊「重返亞洲」和印度提倡「向東政策」政策的當今，新一波的地緣戰略較勁將會在印度洋和西太平洋展開，中國將會面對到兩方勢力的壓迫，在如此的戰略壓力下要如何保護好海上生命線並走進海洋，成了中國在走向大國的過程中必須要解決的困難。因此本文將由地緣戰略的角度探討中國在保護海上運輸線的過程中所遇到的問題，分析中國近年來海權建立對地緣政治的衝擊，以及觀察周邊國家對於中國走向海洋所做出的應對，並試圖理解中美兩國對當今國際體系架構的影響。

With the rise of China’s economic growth, so has risen China’s oil demand. The demand far exceeds what the nation can independently produce, and as such the PRC imports 70% of its total national oil consumption. The chief mode of transport for oil imports into China remains by sea, passing through the Indian Ocean and the Malacca Strait. This route poses various security concerns for the PRC due to threats of piracy, terrorist activity, and hostile or tense relations with nations in the region. The Malacca Strait is strategically irreplaceable as a transportation route, but such threats to the importation of oil have the potential to severely damage economic development that depends so acutely on a dependable and constant supply of oil. The China Communist Party’s regime stability may too be threatened in such an event as social unrest would likely follow economic insecurity.

To offset these security concerns, the PRC is determined to establish its naval power along its sea lines of communication in the region in what is referred to as the “String of Pearls” and hopes to protect navigation in the India Ocean with its carriers.Through continued economic development, strengthening its naval presence in the Indian Ocean, and constructing more oil pipelines, China hopes to reduce the risks of maritime transportation.

The “String of Pearls” strategy is central to China’s national political, economic, diplomatic, and security interests. By establishing its military presence along its chief import/export routes, China will have the capacity to control the sea lines. However, in doing so, the PRC will also disrupt the maritime power structure dynamic in the region. The String of Pearls strategy is developing concurrently with American “Rebalancing/Pivot toward Asia” policy and the Indian “Look East Policy,” which also emphasize naval presence in the region. Thus bears the question, is China’s String of Pearls strategy a response to maritime threats against its oil imports or a response to perceived aggression from the United States and India?

This thesis examines how China adapted its String of Pearls strategy to protect its sea routes from a geopolitical perspective while examining regional perceptions of the development of China’s naval power, and investigates the potential effects of this policy on today’s international structure.

第壹章 緒論
第一節研究動機與目的
一、研究動機 ............................................................................................................ P.1
二、研究目的 ............................................................................................................ P.7
第二節 文獻回顧
一、珍珠鏈戰略的相關文獻 ................................................................................ P.10
二、能源安全問題及中國海權發展相關文獻 ................................................. P.15
第三節 研究途徑與方法
一、研究途徑 .......................................................................................................... P.24
二、研究方法 .......................................................................................................... P.29
第四節 研究範圍與限制
一、研究範圍.......................................................................................................... P.31
二、研究限制.......................................................................................................... P.32
第五節 研究安排與流程
一、研究安排.......................................................................................................... P.33
二、研究流程.......................................................................................................... P.35

第貳章 中國石油資源的現況
第一節能源與經濟發展的關係
一、能源安全定義與目標 .................................................................................... P.36
二、經濟全球化與能源的關係 ........................................................................... P.41
三、能源效率與國內生產總值的關係 .............................................................. P.45
第二節 中國海外石油戰略的規劃
一、石油企業「走出去」 .................................................................................... P.50
二、陸上石油管線的鋪設 .................................................................................... P.56
三、戰略石油儲備................................................................................................. P.68
第三節 十二五規劃的能源政策
一、十二五的能源政策調整 ................................................................................ P.71
二、節能減碳與能源價格問題 ........................................................................... P.76

第參章 海上石油運輸現況與挑戰
第一節中國海上戰略通道的安全問題
一、戰略海上通道的重要性-地緣戰略學說.................................................... P.80
二、石油運輸航道面對的問題與挑戰-麻六甲海峽、荷姆茲海峽............... P.91
三、海上石油航道的內部問題-油輪運輸力、港阜設施.............................. P.103
第二節 周邊國家海洋發展對運輸線安全的影響
一、印度的海權發展與「東向政策」............................................................ P.108
二、美國在亞太的海權發展與「重返亞洲」戰略......................................... P.118
三、近代日本的海權政策的發展....................................................................... P.132
第三節 海軍的現代化與能源保護的功能
一、索馬利亞-亞丁灣遠洋護航行動................................................................. P.140
二、解放軍海軍現代化的成果 ........................................................................... P.146

第肆章 珍珠鏈戰略的佈局
第一節中國海權發展思想
一、中國總體發展與海權關係........................................................................... P.154
二、海權發展與地緣政治架構 ........................................................................... P.165
第二節 珍珠鏈戰略的佈局
一、珍珠鏈戰略的建構方式................................................................................ P.179
二、珍珠鏈戰略的設計與分析 ........................................................................... P.196
第三節珍珠鏈戰略對印度洋的地緣戰略影響
一、珍珠鏈戰略對印度的影響 ........................................................................... P.206
二、美國在印度洋的地緣戰略對中國珍珠鏈影響......................................... P.214

第伍章 結論
一、中國當前的能源問題................................................................................... P.220
二、珍珠鏈戰略對海上石油運輸線安全建立的影響.................................... P.222
三、維護海上運輸安全和建構海權所面臨到的政治問題........................... P.226
四、海權的擴張對現今國際體系的影響......................................................... P.228
五、對中國維護海上石油安全的想法.............................................................. P.230

參考書目
一、中文書籍......................................................................................................... P.234
二、中文論文資料................................................................................................ P.236
三、中文期刊資料................................................................................................ P.236
四、中文研討會報告............................................................................................ P.238
五、中文雜誌......................................................................................................... P.239
六、中文網路資料................................................................................................ P.239
五、英文書籍......................................................................................................... P.245
六、英文論文資料................................................................................................ P.248
七、英文期刊資料................................................................................................ P.248
八、英文研討會報告............................................................................................ P.253
九、英文雜誌......................................................................................................... P.254
十、英文政府報告................................................................................................ P.254
十一、英文網路資料............................................................................................ P.254

圖表目錄

表格
表1-1 中國石油依存度(2000-2020) ..................................................................... P.2
表 1-2 中國現階段石油管線的運輸量和未來的預估......................................... P.5
表 2-1 影響石油價格的重大事件.......................................................................... P.43
表 2-2 中國國營石油企業投資動機與策略........................................................ P.51
表 2-3 中亞現存輸油管線主要方案..................................................................... P.61
表 3-1 美國應該掌握的22 個海上戰略航道...................................................... P.88
表 3-2 2011 年世界上十大油船公司運載量..................................................... P.104
表 3-3 亞丁灣歷次護航編隊資料........................................................................ P.142

圖片
圖1-1 2011 年世界十大能源淨進口國.................................................................. P.3
圖 1-2 GDP 與能源需求圖........................................................................................ P.4
圖 1-3 影響石油安全的關鍵因素.......................................................................... P.24
圖 1-4 本文研究架構圖........................................................................................... P.28
圖 2-1 能源-經濟影響預測模型............................................................................. P.42
圖 2-2 1970-2010 原油價格變化........................................................................... P.44
圖 2-3 中國國內各級產業生產值變化................................................................. P.45
圖 2-4 中國歷年石油產量及進口比較................................................................. P.46
圖 2-5 改革開放後中國歷年GDP 增長率&石油消費年增長率.................... P.47
圖 2-6 2011 年石油進口來源................................................................................. P.47
圖 2-7 2011-2015 年中國擴展煉油廠分布圖...................................................... P.47
圖 2-8 每單位能源(千噸)所創造的GDP 百分比............................................... P.49
圖 2-9 泰納線&中俄石油管線............................................................................... P.58
圖 2-10 中亞地區石油管線分佈圖........................................................................ P.60
圖2-11 TAPI&IPI 油管示意圖.............................................................................. P.63
圖 2-12 中緬石油管道示意圖................................................................................ P.65
圖 2-13 計畫中的中國-巴基斯坦石油管線......................................................... P.67
圖 2-14 中國戰備石油儲存據點分布圖............................................................... P.69
圖 2-15 中國2001-2012 年汽車產量變化........................................................... P.74
圖 2-16 中國2010 與2015 年(預估)各種能源資源消耗比例......................... P.75
圖 2-17 智能電網示意圖......................................................................................... P.76
圖 3-1 東南亞地區的中國海上石油運輸路線圖................................................ P.92
圖 3-2 美國海軍艦隊駐守分布圖.......................................................................... P.96
圖 3-3 荷姆茲海峽周邊據點.................................................................................. P.97
圖 3-4 2010 年中國原油港口接卸能力缺口..................................................... P.106
圖 3-5 現階段可停泊大型油輪的港口分布圖.................................................. P.107
圖 3-6 印度海軍對印度洋控制區域劃分........................................................... P.112
圖 3-7 印度海軍東進對海峽通道的控制圈...................................................... P.115
圖 3-8 中印周邊勢力分布圖及美軍的防堵圈.................................................. P.117
圖 3-9 斯皮克曼邊緣地帶論示意圖................................................................... P.121
圖 3-10 第一島鏈和第二島鏈示意圖................................................................. P.122
圖 3-11 美國制衡中國的周邊戰略圖................................................................. P.124
圖 3-12 中國當今導彈在西太平洋地區的射程示意圖................................... P.130
圖 3-13 當今日本海上運輸線路線圖................................................................. P.134
圖 3-14 “不朽的作戰－海上阻絕活動”(OEF-MIO)補給行動示意圖.... P.136
圖 3-15 包圍中國向海洋發展的鐵三角示意圖............................................... P.138
圖 3-16 中國各艦隊分布圖................................................................................... P.150
圖 4-1 中國官方海上維權隊伍的架構............................................................... P.159
圖 4-2 防禦示意圖-陸基型反艦艇彈道飛彈..................................................... P.171
圖 4-3 中國的領海界線與海上島嶼主權爭議是意圖..................................... P.175
圖 4-4 解放軍海軍進出第一島鏈的海上通道.................................................. P.177
圖4-5 中國的海上石油運送生命線路線........................................................... P.180
圖 4-6 中國珍珠鏈戰略是意圖............................................................................ P.182
圖 4-7 實兌港和<皎漂-中國>石油運輸線示意圖............................................ P.185
圖 4-8 瓜達爾港和通往中國的連接道路........................................................... P.189
圖 4-9 斯里蘭卡的地緣戰略位置........................................................................ P.192
圖 4-10 巴加莫約港位置圖................................................................................... P.194
圖 4-11 賽席爾和莫里西斯位置.......................................................................... P.196
圖 4-12 日本自衛隊海外基地吉布提和日本自衛隊在亞丁灣的巡弋範圍P.199
圖 4-13 中印兩國未來可能發生衝突的弧形航線........................................... P.210
圖 4-14 Joseph S. Nye 的現實主義與複合式依存理論的例子...................... P.215

參考書目

中文書籍

1. Brzezinski, Zbigniew著，中國國際問題研究所譯，2010。《大棋局︰美國的首要地位及其地緣戰略》(The Grand Chessboard︰American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives)。上海：上海人民出版社。
2. Kennan, George F.著，柴金如，劉覺儔譯，1980。《當前美國對外政策的現實：危險的陰雲》(The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of American Foreign Policy) 。上海：商務印書館。
3. Lehman, John F.著，方寶定、何京柱譯，1991。《制海權：建設600艘艦艇的海軍》(COMMAND OF THE SEAS：Building the 600 Ship Navy)。北京：海軍軍事學術研究所翻譯出版。
4. Lindberg, Michael & Daniel Todd著，高一中譯，2005。《近岸、近海及遠洋艦隊：自1861年迄今地理環境對海軍作戰之影響》(The Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present)。臺北：國防部史政編譯室編譯處年。
5. Mahan, Alfred Thayer 著，安常容、成忠勤譯，1998。《海權對歷史的影響(1660-1783)》(1660-1783 Influence of The Sea Power Upon History)。北京：解放軍出版社。
6. Mahan, Alfred Thayer著，範利鴻譯，2007。《海權論》。陝西：師範大學出版社。
7. Mahan, Alfred Thayer著，蔡鴻干、田常輯譯，2009。《海軍戰略》(Mahan on naval strategy: selections from the writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan)。北京：商務印書館。
8. Mahan, Alfred Thayer著，蕭偉中、梅然譯，2000。《海權對歷史的影響：1660-1783》(The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783)。北京：言實出版社。
9. Panikkar, K.M.著，德隆，望蜀譯，1965。《印度和印度洋：略論海權對印度歷史的影響》 (India and the Indian Ocean: an essay on the influence of sea power on Indian history)。北京：世界知識出版社。
10. Spykman, Nicholas J.著，劉愈之譯，1965。《和平地理學》(The Geography of the Peace)。北京：商務印書館。
11. 史文婧，張曉玉，2012。《我國能源結構》。北京：北京大學能源安全與國家發展研究中心。
12. 外山三郎著，龔建國，方希和譯，1988。《日本海軍史》。北京：解放軍出版社。
13. 朱寧，2007。《勝算:中日地緣戰略與東亞重塑點》。浙江：浙江人民出版社。
14. 杜麒棟，2012。《中國港口年鑒2012》。北京：中國港口雜誌社。
15. 沈默，1967。《地緣政治》。臺北：中央圖書供應社。
16. 肖偉，2009。《戰後日本國家安全戰略的歷史原點》。北京：新華出版社。
17. 阮光峰，1999。《印度海上力量：挺進大洋》。上海：海洋出版社。
18. 林伯強，2012。《中國能源思維》。北京：科學出版社。
19. 俞學標，2008。《海權-利益與威脅的雙刃劍》。北京：海潮出版社。
20. 信夫清三郎著，天津社會科學院日本問題研究所譯，1980。《日本外交史》(日本の外交)。北京：商務印書館。
21. 重光葵(しげみつ まもる)著，齊福霖、張穎、史桂芳、李松林譯，1987。《日本侵華內幕》(昭和の動乱)。北京：解放軍出版社。
22. 張序三，1993。《海軍大辭典》。上海：上海辭典出版社。
23. 曹永勝，羅健，王京地合著，2002。《南亞大象：印度. 軍事戰略發展與現狀》。北京：解放軍出版社。
24. 博戈列波夫，1993。《封鎖與反封鎖》。北京：海軍軍事學術研究所。
25. 鈕先鍾，2003。《戰略研究》。廣西：廣西師範大學出版社。
26. 劉雪蓮，2002。《地緣政治學》。長春：吉林大學出版社。
27. 劉華清，2004。《劉華清回憶錄》。北京：中國人民解放軍出版社。
28. 遲春潔，2011。《中國能源安全監測與預警研究》。上海：上海交通大學出版社

中文論文資料
1. 方雷，2009。《國有石油企業“走出去”戰略研究》。山東：中國石油大學工業工程碩士論文。
2. 王楠，2011。《中俄石油管道合作的戰略分析》。北京：外交學院碩士論文。

中文期刊資料
1. 朱泉鋼，2012/03。〈霍爾木茲海峽：即將燃燒的海灣油閥?〉，《國際縱橫》，第六期，頁40-43。
2. 吳永年，2006。〈論中巴闢新貿易-能源走廊〉，《世界經濟研究》，第11期，頁86-88。
3. 吳漢，2012/09。〈中國大陸研議組建「能源部」之戰略分析〉，《展望與探索》，第10卷第9期，頁12-20。
4. 宋志輝、馬春燕，2011。〈斯里蘭卡的經濟發展與中印在斯的競爭〉，《南亞研究季刊》，第147期，頁36-39。
5. 李兵，2010。〈論海上戰略通道的地位與作用〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，第2期，頁90-94。
6. 李瓊莉，2012。〈美國「重返亞洲」對區域主義之意涵〉，《全球政治評論》，第39期，頁87-103。
7. 沈明室，2010。〈中共珍珠鏈戰略的檢視〉，《中共崛起對亞太地緣戰略的影響：我國的回應與策略》，頁19-33。
8. 岳來群，2006。〈突破麻六甲困局〉，《中國石油企業》，第4期，頁6-9。
9. 修斌、姜秉國，2007。〈中國和平發展戰略視野下的海洋權益維護〉，《中國海洋大學學報》，第一期，頁1-5。
10. 孫永祥，2012。〈中俄能源合作的現狀、問題及前景〉，《國際展望》，第2期，頁48-66。
11. 孫晉中，2003。〈美國對印度的政策與美印關係〉，《國際問題研究》，第4期，頁27-31。
12. 師學偉，2011。〈21 世紀初印度大國理念框架下的亞太外交戰略〉，《南亞研究》，第3期，頁66-85。
13. 秦曉，2004/07。〈中國能源安全戰略中的能源運輸問題〉，《中國能源》，第26卷第7期，頁4-7。
14. 張文木，2002。〈全球化視野中的中國國家安全問題〉，《世界經濟與政治》，第3期，頁4-9。
15. 梁保安，2010/01。〈論當代中國海將面臨的新挑戰〉，《宿州學院學報》，第25卷第一期，頁12-14。
16. 陳永康、翟文中，200/07。〈中共海軍現代化對亞太安全之影響〉，《中國大陸研究》，第42卷第7期，頁1-25。
17. 陳柳欽，2012。〈中國健全石油儲備體系刻不容緩〉，《科學發展》，第4期，頁18-25。
18. 傅琨成，2004。〈中國周邊大陸架的劃界方法與問題〉，《中國海洋大學學報》，第3期，頁5-12。
19. 程廣中，2001。〈瀕海強國參與國際政治的世紀性規律〉，《戰略與管理》，第1期，頁61-64。
20. 黃虹堯，2003/04。〈911事件對中國與中亞政經關係的影響〉，《展望與探索》，1卷4期，頁40-55。
21. 趙可金，2011。〈深度剖析美國的“重返亞洲”戰略〉，《學期月刊》，第1期，頁41-42。
22. 劉中民，2005/02。〈中國海權發展戰略問題的若干思考〉，《外交學院學報》，第80期，頁69-74。
23. 劉雪蓮、張微微，2007/11。〈"和諧世界"視角下中國的中亞戰略〉，《西安交通大學學報》，第27卷第6期，頁5-6。
24. 劉新華，2007/04。〈中國陸權和海權的關係〉，《國際展望》，第8期，頁8-9。
25. 劉慶，2010。〈“珍珠鏈戰略”之說辨析〉，《現代國際關係》，第3期，頁8-14。
26. 顧立民，2009/07，〈中國海洋地緣戰略與石油安全研究〉，《遠景基金會季刊》，第十卷第三期，頁79-114。

中文研討會報告
1. 李春益，2010/05/14。〈印度海軍戰略發展對亞太安全的影響〉，「國防大學八十六週年校慶基礎學術」研討會。臺北：國立國防大學。頁25-42。
2. 張旭成，2010/11/20。〈變動中的亞太局勢衝擊台灣國家安全〉，「變動中的亞太局勢與台灣的戰略地位」座談會。臺北：財團法人台灣新世紀文教基金會。頁58-64。

中文雜誌
1. 天行，2003/04。〈中國能源戰略面臨挑戰〉，《鏡報月刊》，第309期，頁46-50。
2. 吳海，2012/01。〈霍爾木茲海峽爭端疑雲〉，《新民週刊》，頁54-55。
3. 區肇威，2009/12。〈解放軍護航亞丁灣一年的收穫與不足〉，《尖端科技》，第304期，頁40-45。
4. 許永強，2012。〈中國石油儲備提速〉，《晚霞》，第6期，頁36-37。
5. 衛天，2010/10。〈突破遠洋的束縛：中國遠洋補給能力及未來發展〉，《艦載武器》，頁20-35。
6. 蘭寧利，2007/08。〈從近岸跨向遠海-中國解放軍水面艦防空戰力發展〉，《全球防衛雜誌》，第276 期，頁68-75。

中文網路資料
1. Chinese Media Net，2011/04/12。〈港媒：中國力推軍事外交機制化〉，《Chinese Media Net》<http://china.dwnews.com/big5/news/2011-04-12/57607469.html>。
2. ETtoday大陸新聞，2013/02/20。〈中國接手巴基斯坦瓜達爾港經營-原油航道縮短85%〉，《ETtoday大陸新聞》，<http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130220/165410.htm#ixzz2OhicHD8s>。
3. The Glocal，2013。〈中國官方海上示威隊〉，《The Glocal》，<http://www.glocal.org.hk/articles/12728>。
4. The Glocal，2013/02。〈習近平外交戰略宣示的真實內涵〉，《The Glocal》， <http://www.glocal.org.hk/articles/10525>。
5. 人民網，2011/10/11。〈印媒：印度擔憂中國在馬爾代夫擴大影響〉，《人民網》，<http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/15859974.html>。
6. 中央通訊社，2013/03/24。〈習訪坦尚尼亞將簽百億美元合約〉，《中央通訊社》， <http://www.cna.com.tw/News/aCN/201303240232-1.aspx>。
7. 中商情報，2008/05。〈石油價格上漲對我國經濟影響的分析〉，《中商情報網》， <http://www.askci.com/freereports/2008-05/2008598407.html>。
8. 中國互聯網新聞中心，2010/01。〈第四次全國邊海防工作會議在京召開〉，《中國互聯網新聞中心》，<http://big5.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-01/30/content_19333778.htm>。
9. 中國亞太研究，2011/04/28。〈印度洋的海盜威脅與中國的印度洋戰略〉，《中國亞太研究網》，<http://iaps.cass.cn/news/158177.htm>。
10. 中國社會科學，2011/09/22。〈世界海運重心向亞太轉移 中國成為海運強國尚面臨諸多挑戰〉，《中國社會科學雜誌社》，<http://www.csstoday.net/Item/7050.aspx>。
11. 中國科學院，2006/12。〈能源安全：國外經驗的審視與啟示〉，《中國科學院上海生命科學研究院生物資訊中心》，<http://www.biosino.org/news-2006/200612/06125-3816.html >。
12. 中國氣候變化信息網，2011。〈德國能源政策和石油戰略儲備機制〉，《中國氣候變化信息網》，<http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/ >。
13. 中國海事服務網，2013/02/21。〈國際新造船市場評述〉，《中國海事服務網》， <http://www.cnss.com.cn/html/2013/chuanjia_0221/93923.html>。
14. 中國海洋石油，2012/07。〈中海油達成收購尼克森的最終協議〉，《中國海洋石油有限公司》，<http://www.cnoocltd.com/cnoocltd/tzzgx/yjhtjcl/tjcl/images/2012723983.pdf>。
15. 中國能源網，2011。〈綠色發展建設資源節約型環境友好社會〉，《中國能源網》，<http://www.cesd-sass.org/environment/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4149>。
16. 中國能源網，2012/05/31。〈節能減排提高能效 推動能源生產和利用方式變革〉，《中國能源網》， <http://www.china5e.com/show.php?contentid=225947>。
17. 中國評論通訊社，2009/01。〈美專家聲稱中國將成爲下一個超級軍事大國 〉，《中國評論通訊社》，<http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1005/9/7/5/100597542_3.html>。
18. 中國評論通訊社，2009/12。〈海島法凸顯中國成為海洋強國雄心〉，《中國評論通訊社》， <http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1011/8/4/6/101184621.html?coluid=4&kindid=18&docid=101184621>。
19. 中國評論通訊社，2012/03。〈中國怎無“准軍事”海上執法力量〉，《中國評論通訊社》，<http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/mag/docDetail.jsp?coluid=25&docid=102345043>。
20. 中國評論新聞網，2010/03。〈中國用珍珠鏈戰略圍堵印度？〉，《中國評論新聞網》，<http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1025/3/7/4/102537481.html>。
21. 中國經濟景氣月報，2012/06。〈汽車產量169.5萬輛，同比增長13.8%〉，《中國經濟景氣月報》，<http://www.china-economic-data.com/show.php?contentid=2575>。
22. 中國經濟網，2012。〈能源經濟學家林伯強談新能源發展及低碳經濟〉，《中國經濟網》，<http://www.ce.cn/cysc/ztpd/zt/xny/index.shtml>。
23. 中國網，2010/10/13。〈紅寶石"導彈:俄反艦導彈"集大成者〉，《中國網》， <http://www.china.com.cn/military/txt/2010-10/13/content_21115338_2.htm>。
24. 中華人民共和國，2012。〈“十二五”規劃綱要（全文）〉，《中華人民共和國中央人民政府》，<http://www.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2011-03/16/content_22156007.htm>。
25. 中華人民共和國政府，2010/10。〈國務院關於加快培育和發展戰略性新興產業的決定〉，《中華人民共和國中央人民政府》，<http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-10/18/content_1724848.htm>。
26. 中華人民共和國政府，2011。〈中國統計年鑒〉，《中華人民共和國國家統計局》，<http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2011/indexch.htm>。
27. 中華人民共和國政府，2012/08/21。〈國務院關於印發節能減排“十二五”規劃的通知〉，《中央政府門戶網站》，<http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-08/21/content_2207867.htm>。
28. 中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室，2009/01。〈2008年中國的國防〉，《中央政府門戶網站》，< http://military.people.com.cn/BIG5/1076/8704729.html >。
29. 中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室，2011/03。〈“十二五”規劃綱要（全文）〉，《中國評論通訊社》， <http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1016/3/0/8/101630865.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=101630865 >。
30. 中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室，2011/03。〈2010年中國的國防〉，《中央政府門戶網站》，<http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/test/2011-03/31/content_1835465.htm >。
31. 文匯報，2005/01/10。〈中國石油安全形勢堪憂〉，《文匯報》，<http://paper.wenweipo.com/2005/01/10/CH0501100030.htm >。
32. 王靜、李彤、杜燕飛，2011/01/06。〈張國寶：“十二五”末力爭非化石能源占一次能源比重11.4%〉，《人民網》，<http://www.people.com.cn/GB/jingji/1037/2904445.html>。
33. 李兵，2010/03/05。〈環球瞭望：印度的“印度洋戰略”將如何影響中國〉，《人民網》，<http://world.people.com.cn/GB/11078698.html>。
34. 胡光曲，2013/01。〈專家：中國反潛機在軟體上落後美國20年〉，《華夏經緯網》，<http://hk.huaxia.com/thjq/jswz/2013/01/3175489.html>。
35. 胡鞍鋼，2012/03/04。〈解碼“十二五”規劃綱要〉，《新浪香港》，<http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20110305/-1-2035111/1.html>。
36. 徐燕燕，2013/05/03。〈中國海運吞吐量全球第一 須急補軟實力短板〉，《鳳凰網》，<http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/finance.ifeng.com/news/industry/20130503/7987608.shtml>。
37. 能源網，2012。〈中國「十二五計畫」引爆8兆元RMB產業商機〉，《中國能源網》，<http://www.fbblife.com.tw/25152361/article/content.aspx?ArticleID=789>。(2012/11/17)
38. 財團法人中技社，2012。〈大陸十二五計畫能源與環境政策規劃下-兩岸綠色產業發展契機〉，《財團法人中技社2012專題報告》，<http://www.ctci.org.tw/public/Attachment/24915454871.pdf>。
39. 張凱勝，2008/08/02。〈日本《新反恐特別措施法》之綜合評析〉，《遠景基金會》，<http://www.pf.org.tw/FCKM/inter/research/report_detail.jsp?report_id=4664>。
40. 郭博堯，2004/08/10。〈中國大陸石油安全戰略的轉折〉，《財團法人國家政策研究中心》，<http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/SD/093/SD-R-093-002.htm >。
41. 陳柳欽，2012/02/13。〈完善石油儲備體系 保障國家石油安全〉，《中國能源報》，<http://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2012-02/13/content_1005827.htm>。
42. 黃子娟，2010/01。〈解放軍陸航部隊首次執行海防巡邏任務〉，《中國互聯網新聞中心》，<http://military.people.com.cn/GB/17431926.html>。
43. 新華網，2002/03。〈張序三：要把海洋經濟作為國民經濟發展戰略增長點〉，《新華社網路中心》， <http://big5.china.com.cn/policy/txt/2010-01/30/content_19333778.htm>。
44. 新華網，2006/12/16。〈中印日韓美五國能源部長會議在北京舉行〉，《新華網》，<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2006-12/16/content_5496036.htm>。
45. 新華網，2012/05/07。〈印度海軍艦隊將經南海訪華〉，《新華網》， <http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-05/07/c_123085260.htm>。
46. 新華網，2012/05/07。〈專家解析：印度發起多國海軍演習有何目的？〉，《新華網》，<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2010-02/09/content_12956879.htm>。
47. 新華網，2012/08。〈中國軍隊近十年已與30多國軍隊舉行聯合軍演〉，《新華網》<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2012-08/29/c_123646986.htm>。
48. 萬鵬、秦華，2012/10/28。〈軍隊要肩負起“四為”的歷史使命〉，《人民網-理論頻道》，<http://theory.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2012/1028/c350799-19412561.html >。
49. 葛元芬，2012/08/09。〈印度海軍參謀長稱無意部署南海 拒絕追隨美國〉，《人民網》，< http://military.people.com.cn/n/2012/0809/c1011-18700138.html>。
50. 解放軍報，2008/12/21。〈我艦艇將赴亞丁灣、索馬里海域護航〉，《中華人民共和國國防部》，<http://news.mod.gov.cn/diplomacy/2008-12/21/content_3039537.htm>。
51. 鳳凰網，2009/05/15。〈中國自行研發建造的第一艘30萬噸超大油輪將下水〉，《鳳凰網》，<http://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/200905/0515_340_1159966.shtml >。
52. 潘維，2012。〈關於「中國的和平崛起」〉，《中國國關在線》，<http://www.irchina.org/xueren/china/view.asp?id=687>。
53. 蔡明彥，2012/08/17。〈日韓軍事協議與亞太戰略平衡〉，《亞太和平研究基金會》，< http://www.faps.org.tw/issues/subject.aspx?pk=291>。
54. 蔣健蓉、羅雲峰，2012/03/13。〈中國戰略石油儲備困境〉，《新浪財經》，<http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20120313/121111576750.shtml>。
55. 顏昊、李宣良，2009/04。〈中國海軍司令員向各國海軍發出五點倡議 共同維護海洋和平與安全〉，《新華網》，<http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2009-04/21/content_11228606_1.htm >。

英文書籍
1. Armitage, Richard L, Joseph S Nye, 2000. The United States and Japan: Advancing Toward a Mature Partnership. Washington DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies.
2. Baranwal, Jayant, 1993. SP's Military Yearbook 1992-1993. Guide, New Delhi.
3. Brown, Harold, Joseph Prueher, and Adam Segal, 2003. Chinese Military Power. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
4. Clarke, Ryan, 2010/08. Chinese Energy Security: The Myth of the PLAN’s Frontline Status. Carlisle, PA: The Strategic Institute of the U.S. Army War College.
5. Cohen, Saul B., 2008. Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations. New York: Bowman & Littlefield Pub Inc.
6. Cole, Bernard D., 2003/07. The People’s Liberation Army Navy after Half a Century: Lessons Learned In Beijing. Carlisle, PA: The Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.
7. Conant, Melvin A. & Fern Racine Gold, 1978. The geopolitics of energy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
8. Dougherty, James E. & Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., 2008. Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey. US: Addison-Wesley.
9. Downs, Erica S., 2006/12. Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Energy Security Series: China. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
10. Ellings, Richard J. and Aaron L. Friedberg, 2001/10. Strategic Asia: Power and Purpose. Seattle, WA: National Bureau for Asian Research.
11. Goldstein, Avery, 2005. Rising to the Challenge: China’s Grand Strategy and International Security. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
12. Hattendorf, John B., 2004. The evolution of the U.S. Navy's maritime strategy, 1977-1986. Newport, R.I.: Naval War College.
13. Herrick, Robert Waring, 1988. Soviet Naval Theory and Policy: Gorshkov's Inheritance. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
14. Hobson, Rolf, 2002. Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875-1914. Boston & Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, Inc.
15. Holmes, James R. and Toshi Yoshihara, 2008. Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century: The Turn to Mahan. New York: Routledge.
16. Jan van Tol, 2010. AirSea Battle: A Point-of-Departure Operational Concept. Washington: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
17. Jiang, Julie & Jonathan Sinton, 2011/02. Overseas Investments by Chinese National Oil Companies. Paris: International Energy Agency.
18. Johnston, Corey, 2010/06. Transnational Pipelines And Naval Expansion: Examining China’s Oil Insecurities in Indian Ocean. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.
19. Kim, Woodward, 1980. The International Energy Relations of China. CA: Stanford University Press.
20. Krepinevich, Andrew F., 2010. Why AirSea Battle?. Washington: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments.
21. Lieberthal, Kenneth, 1995. Governing China: From Revolution to Reform. New York: W. W.Norton & Company.
22. Lim, Robyn, 2003. The Geopolitics of East Asia: The Search for Equilibrium. New York: Rutledge.
23. Mahan, A. T., 1987. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. New York: Dover Publications.
24. Mark, Burles, 1999. Chinese Policy And The Central Asian Republic. Santa Monica: RAND.
25. Nathan, Andrew J. and Robert S. Ross, 1997. The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress. New York: W. W. Norton.
26. Nixon, Richard, 1980. The Real War. New York: Warner Books.
27. Nye, Joseph S., 2007. Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History. New York: Pearson Education.
28. Parker, Geoffrey, 1985. Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century. Worcester: Routledge.
29. Ram, Talwar Bhagat, 1976. The Talwars of Pathan land and Subhas Chandra's great escape. New Delhi: People's Pub. House.
30. Ramazani, Rouhollah K., 1979. The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff.
31. Ross, Robert S., 1997. East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order. US: M E Sharpe Inc.
32. Singh, Mandip, 2012/05. China's Strategic Petroleum Reserves: A Reality Check. New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
33. Sokolski, Henry & John Stephenson & Peter Tynan, 2007/03/05. Gauging U.S.-Indian Strategic Cooperation. United States: Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College.
34. Sypkman, Nicholas John, 1944. The Geography of the Peace. New York：Harcourt Brace and company.
35. Tangredi, Sam J., 2003. Globalization and Maritime Power. Washington DC: National Defense University Press.
36. Thomas, Raju G.C. & Bennett Ramberg, 1990. Energy & security in the industrializing world. California: University Press of Kentucky.
37. U.S. Department of Defense, 2006. Quadrennial Defense Review Report 2006. Seattle: Praetorian Press.
38. United States Department of Defense, 2009. Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People’s Republic of China, 2009. Washington D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense.
39. Willrich, Mason, 1975. Energy and World Politics. New York: The Free Press.

英文論文
1. Kelley, Stephen Andrew, 2007. Better Lucky Than Good: Operation Earnest Will as Gunboat Diplomacy. Diss., National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, MA, USA.
2. O’Brien, Timothy J., 2007. China’s Decepitv Rise and Us Counter Basing Strategy. Diss., Air War College, Air University, Alabama, USA.
3. Pehrson, Christopher J., 2006. String of Pearls: Meeting the Challenge of China’s Rising Power Across the Asian Littoral. Diss., Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College (SSI), USA.
4. Spinetta, Lawrence, 2006. “The Malacca Dilemma”- Countering China’s “String of Pearls” with Land-Based Airpower. Diss., Advanced Air and Space Studies for Completion, Air University, Alabama, USA.

英文期刊
1. Acharya, Amitav, 2006. “Will ASIA’s past be its future?,” International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 149-164.
2. Agnihotri, Kamlesh Kumar., 2010/Winter. “China's Naval Aviation and its Prospective Role in Blue Water Capabilities of the PLA Navy,” Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, Vol. 6, No.2, pp. 23-48.
3. AlMadi, Mohammad S. & Baosheng Zhang, 2012/03. “China’s Oil Cross Border Pipelines: Implications on Energy Security,” Research Journal of International Studies, Vol. 23, p. 7-14.
4. Banlaoi, Rommel C., 2005/08. “Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia,” Naval War College, Vol. 58 No. 4, pp. 63-80.
5. Blair, Bruce & Chen Yali & Eric Hagt, 2006. “The Oil Weapon: Myth of China’s Vulnerability,” China Security, Vol. 3, pp. 32-63.
6. Blazevi, Jason J., 2009. “Defensive Realism in the Indian Ocean: Oil, Sea Lanes and the Security Dilemma,” China Security, Vol. 5, No.3, pp. 59-71.
7. Bo, Kong, 2010/09. “The Geopolitics of the Myanmar-China Oil and Gas Pipelines,” NBR special report, No. 23, p. 55-65.
8. Brewster, David, 2011. “Indian Strategic Thinking about East Asia,” Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 34, No. 06, pp. 825-852.
9. Calder, Kent E., 2001. “Japan’s Energy Angst and the Caspian Great Game,” NBR Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 5-38.
10. Chase, Michael S. 2010/12. “China’s Growing Naval Power,” Progressive Policy Institute, pp. 1-12.
11. Crist, David B., 2009/06. “Gulf of Conflict: A History of U.S.-Iranian Confrontation at Sea,” Policy Focus, Vol. 95, pp. 9-44.
12. Dadwal, Shebonti Ray, 2007/11. “China's Search for Energy Security: Emerging Dilemmas,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 889-914.
13. Downs, Erica S., 2004/03. “The Chinese Energy Security Debate,” The China Quarterly, Vol. 177, pp. 22-41.
14. Erickson, Andrew S. and Gabriel B. Collins, 2010/spring. “China’s Oil Security Pipe Dream: The Reality, and Strategic Consequences, of Seaborne Imports,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 88-111.
15. Erickson, Andrew, 2009/08. “Pipe Dream: China Seeks Land and Sea Energy Security,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, Vol. 21, No. 8, pp. 54-55.
16. Green, Michael J. and Andrew Shearer, 2012/spring. “Defining U.S. Indian Ocean Strategy,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 175-189.
17. He, Jiankun & Yu Zhiwei & Zhang Da, 2012. “China’s strategy for energy development and climate change mitigation,” Energy Policy, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp. 7-13.
18. Homes, James R. & Toshi Yoshihara, 2008. “China and the United States in the Indian Ocean: An Emerging Strategy Triangle,” Naval war College Review, Vol. 61, No. 3, p. 41-59.
19. Huang, Alexander Chieh-cheng, 1994. “The Chinese Navy’s Offshore Active Defense Strategy: Conceptualization and Implications,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 7-32.
20. Jakobson, Linda & Zha Daojiong, 2006/02. “China and the Worldwide Search for Oil Security,” Asia-Pacific Review, Vol. 13, No .2, pp. 60-73.
21. Jayakumar, S., 1998. “Straits of Malacca and Singapore: Meeting the Challenges Ahead,” Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 2, pp. 427-432.
22. Ji, You, 2007/05. “Dealing with the Malacca Dilemma: China's Effort to Protect its Energy Supply,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 467-489.
23. Kang, David C., 2003. “Getting Asia Wrong: the need for new analytic frameworks,” International Security, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 57-85.
24. Kaplan, Robert D., 2009/03-4. “Center Stage for the Twenty-first Century: Power plays in the Indian Ocean,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 16-32.
25. Kaplan, Robert D., 2009/05/06. “The Revenge of Geography,” Foreign Policy, Vol. 172, pp. 96-105.
26. Kennedy, Andrew B., 2010. “China’s New Energy Security Debate,” Survival, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 137-158.
27. Khurana, Cdr Gurpreet S, 2009/10-12. “China-India Maritime Rivalry,” Indian Defence Review, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1-8.
28. Khurana, Gurpreet S., 2003/01. “China’s ‘String of Pearls’ in the Indian Ocean and Its Security Implications,” Strategic Ana1ysis, Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 1-39.
29. Kopp, Carlo, 2010/02/18. “Advances in PLA C4ISR Capabilities,” China Brief, Vol. X, No. 4, pp.1-14.
30. Kostecka, Daniel J., 2012. “China's Aerospace Power Trajectory in the near Seas,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 105-120.
31. Li, Jun & xinWang, 2012/02. “Energy and climate policy in China’s twelfth five-year plan: A paradigm shift,” Energy Policy, Vol. 41, pp.519-528.
32. Lieberthal, Kenneth and Mikkal Herberg, 2006. “China’s Search for Energy Security: Implications for U.S. Policy,” NBR Analysis, Vol.17, No.1, p. 5-42.
33. Lin, Christina Y., 2008/06/18. “Militarization of China’s Energy Security Policy Defense Cooperation and WMD Proliferation Along its String of Pearls in the Indian Ocean,” Institute for Strategies Politic Sicherheits und Wirtschaftsberatung (ISPSW), pp. 1-11,
34. Lin, Christina Y., 2011/04. “The New Silk Road- China’s Energy Strategy in the Greater Middle East,” Policy Focus (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), Vol. 109, pp. 3-20
35. Maini, Tridivesh, 2012/10. “The ‘New Silk Road’: India's Pivotal Role,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 651-656.
36. Masih, Abul M.M. & Rumi Masih, 1996/07. “Energy consumption, Real Income and Temporal Causality: Results from a Multi-Country Study Based on Cointegration and Error Corection Modeling Techniques,” Energy Economy, Vol.18, No. 3, pp.165-183.
37. Petelin, Evgeny, 2011/10. “China's Energy Monologue in Central Asia,” Security Index: A Russian Journal on International Security, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 29-46.
38. Prabhakar, W. Lawrence, 2008/07. “China’s Hainan Naval Buildup and India’s Response,” Strategic Affairs, Vol.2, No. 11, pp. 5-8.
39. Qi, Xu, 2006. “Maritime Geostrategy and the Development of the Chinese Navy in the Early Twenty-first Century,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 47-67.
40. Rai, Cmde Ranjit B, 2009/10-12. “China’s String of Pearls vs India’s Iron Curtain,” Indian Defence Review, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 42-50.
41. Ross, Robert S., 2009/Fall. “China’s Naval Nationalism,” International Security, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 46-81.
42. Vivekanandan, B., 1981/12. “The Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace: Problems and Prospects,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 12, pp. 1237-1249.
43. Yellen, Greg, 2011/Summer. “Holding the Tiger by Its Tail: Chinese Maritime Expansion and the U.S. ‘Hedge’Strategy in the Indian Ocean,” The Monitor, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 31-49.
44. You, Ji, 2012/05-06. “The Chinese Navy, Its Regional Power and Global Reach, Strategic Analysis,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 477-488.
45. Yuan, Jing dong, 2006/02/06. “China and the Iranian Nuclear Crisis,” China Brief, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp.1-8.
46. Zbigniew, Brzezinski, 1997. “A Geostrategy for Eurasia,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 50-65.
47. Zhai, Kun. & Wang Zaibang, 2007. “Strategic Balance in the Asia-Pacific Region,” Contemporary International Relations, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 10-26.
48. Zhan, Jun, 1994. “China Goes to the Blue Waters: The Navy, Sea power Mentality and the South China Sea,” The Journal of Strategic Studies (Essex, U. K.), Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 180-208.
49. Zubir, Mokhzani, Mohd Nizam Basiron, 2005/04. “The Straits of Malacca: The Rise of China, America's Intentions and the Dilemma of the Littoral States,” Maritime Studies, No. 141, pp. 24-26.

英文研討會報告
1. Guo, Baolei, & Yanjia Wang & Aling Zhang, 2003/11/4-7. “China’s Energy Future: Leap Tool Application in China,” paper presented at the East Asia Energy Futures (EAEF)/Asia Energy Security Project. Canada, Vancouver: Energy Paths Analysis/Methods Training Workshop. pp. 1-41.
2. Naoyuki Agawa, 2010/09/16. “Shaping the Regional Order with Regard to Maritime Security,” paper presented at the The 15th Tokyo Defense Forum Seminar. Japan, Tokyo: Ground Prince Hotel Akasaka. pp. 14-17.
3. Fravel, M. Taylor, 2012/06/18-19. “The United States in the South China Sea Disputes,” paper presented at the 6th Berlin Conference on Asian Security-The U.S. and China in Regional Security. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp.10-18

英文雜誌
1. Kamiol, Robert, 1992/09/12. “New base is boost to naval power,” Jane’s Defense Weekly, pp. 31-32.
2. Lintner, Bertil, 1994/12. “$ 400m deal signed by China and Myanmar,” Jane' s Defense Weekly, pp. 1-5.
3. Brahara Chellaney, 2007/04. “China Covets a Pearl Necklace: Dragon’s Foothold in Gwadar,” Asian Age, pp. 5-9.

英文政府報告
1. Nation Institute for Defense Studies of Japan, 2011. NIDS China Security Report 2011.
2. Nation Institute for Defense Studies of Japan, 2012. NIDS China Security Report 2012.
3. U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2011/02/08. The National Military Strategy of the United States of America 2011, February 08, 2011.

英文網路資料
1. Agence France Presse, 2005/12/14.“China Says Human Rights in Myanmar an Internal Issue,” Agence France Presse, <http://www.afp.com/en/search/site/china/>.
2. Asirwantham, A., 2011/05/19. “MFA Thanks China for the Rebuilding,” Lanka Times, <http://www.lankatimes.com.au/>.
3. Bhalla, Madhu, 2008/12/15. “China Factor in India-ASEAN Relations,” Institute of Peace and Conflict, <http://ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2752>.
4. Bower, Ernest Z., 2012/11/09. “Obama Trip Shows Purposeful Asia Focus in Second Term,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, <http://csis.org/publication/obama-trip-shows-purposeful-asia-focus-second-term>.
5. British Petroleum, 2012. “BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012,” p. 18,<http://www.bp.com/assets/bp_internet/globalbp/ world_energy_report_2012.pdf>.
6. Brown, Peter J., 2009/10/22. “China's navy sails past India's dock,” Asia Times, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/KJ22Ad02.html>.
7. Casey, Michael, 2010/08/07. “UAE says al-Qaeda attacked Japanese tanker in Persian Gulf,” Washington Post, <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/06/AR2010080605936.html>.
8. Chang, Andrei, 2009/02/26. “China's navy goes global to protect its import sea lanes,” Kanwa Defense Review Monthly, <http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/02/26/Chinas-navy-goes-global-to-protect-its-import-sea-lanes/UPI-71981235659779/>.
9. Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 2009/07. “Remarks with Thai Deputy Prime Minister Korbsak Sabhavasu,” U.S. State Department of State, <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/july/126271.htm>.
10. Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 2010/07/12. “Remarks on Regional Architecture in Asia: Principles and Priorities,” U.S. State Department of State, <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135090.htm>.
11. Clinton, Hillary, 2010/10/28. “America's Engagement in the Asia-Pacific,” U.S. State Department of State, <http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/10/150141.htm >.
12. Cordesman, Anthony H. & Arleigh A. Burke, 2012/10. “US and Iranian Strategic Competition: Sanctions, Energy, Arms Control, and Regime Change,” Center for Strategic & International Studies, <http://csis.org/files/publication/120124_Iran_Sanctions.pdf>.
13. Downs, Erica Striker, 2000. “China’s Quest for Energy Security,＂Rand Corporation Monograph Reports, <http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1244/>.
14. Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program “Coco Islands", <http://fas.org/ irp/world/china/facilities/coco.htm>.
15. Feng, 2011/12/17. “Reflecting PLAN in 2011 ,＂Information Dissemination, <http://www.informationdissemination.net/2011/12/refleting-plan-in2011.html>.
16. Fortune, 2011/06/25. “Global 500 2011: Annual ranking of the world's biggest companies,” Fortune, <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/countries/China.html>.
17. Ghosh, P. K., 2011/04/05. “Indian Ocean dynamics: An Indian perspective,” East Asian Bureau of Economic Research, <http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/04/05/indian-ocean-dynamics-an-indian-perspective/>.
18. Goldstein, Avery, 2005/09/27. “China’s Grand Strategy and U.S. Foreign Policy,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, <http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050927.asia.goldstein.chinagrandstrategy.html>.
19. Holmes, James. & Toshi Yoshihara, 2009/10/01. “China Aims for Deterrence at Sea,” The Providence Journal, <http://www.projo.com/opinion/contributors/content/CT_holmes1_10-01-09_A2FSAUI_v8.3f8ca36.html>.
20. Horowitz, Michael C., 2012/08. “How Defense Austerity Will Test U.S. Strategy in Asia,” NBR Analysis Brief, <http://www.nbr.org/publications/issue.aspx?id=264>.
21. Japan Ministry of Defense, 2012/11/12. “Defense of Japan (Annual White Paper),” Japan Ministry of Defense, <http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/index.html>.
22. Kaplan, Robert D., 2011/05/27. “China's Port in Pakistan?,” Foreign Policy, <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/05/27/chinas_port_in_pakistan?page=0,1>.
23. Kazianis, Harry, 2012/06/07. “Deterrence, Not Containment,” The Diplomat, <http://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2012/01/07/deterrence-not-containment/>.
24. Khalid, Matein, 2012/10/01. “The value zones in Asia,” Khaleej Times, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FJ09Ad07.html>.
25. Kocharekar, Rohan, 2012/10/01. “Obama, Gillard and the ‘Special Relationship’ across the Pacific,” St Andrews Foreign Affairs Review, <http://foreignaffairsreview.co.uk/2012/10/obama-gillard/>.
26. Krishnan, Ananth, 2012/09/01. “China’s PoK rail link plan gains traction,” The Hindu, <http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinas-pok-rail-link-plan-gains-traction/article3844993.ece >.
27. Kwong, Ray, 2012/10/08. “New Destroyer Could be Chinese Sea Power Game-Changer,” Asia Security Watch, <http://asw.newpacificinstitute.org/?p=11500>.
28. Kyodo News, 1992/09/17. “Government said helping to build naval base in Burma,” Kyodo News Agency, <http://english.kyodonews.jp/search/naval+base+in+Burma&x=38&y=18 >.
29. Lieberthal, Kenneth, 2011/12/21. “The American Pivot to Asia - Why President Obama's turn to the East is easier said than done,” Foreign Policy, <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/21/the_american_pivot_to_asia>.
30. Malek, Mohammad,“Oil in Iran between the Two World Wars,” Iran Chamber Society, <http://www.iranchamber.com/history/articles/oil_iran_between_world_wars.php>.
31. Mohan, C. Raja, 2013/03/27. “Tanzanian Pearl,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, <http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/03/27/tanzanian-pearl/ftwp>.
32. New Light of Myanmar, 2004/04/02. “Senior General Than Shwe inspects development of Hainggyi Island region,” New Light of Myanmar, <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Myanmar_News/message/6681 >.
33. Niazi, Tarique, 2007/02/28. “Gwadar: China’s Naval Outpost in the Indian Ocean,” The Jamestown Foundation, <http://www.jamestown.org/news.details.php.news.id=93>.
34. Panetta, Leon E., 2012/06/02. “Panetta on New U.S. Defense Strategy, Asia-Pacific Policy,” IIP DIGITAL, <http://iipdigital.ait.org.tw/st/english/texttrans/2012/06/201206026706.html#axzz2ES58lTNs>.
35. Panetta, Leon E., 2012/06/05. “Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense,” U.S. State Department of Defense, pp.1-3, <http://www.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf >.
36. Ronald O'Rourke, 2013/01/26. “China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service, p.11, <http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33153.pdf >.
37. Rozoff, Rick, 2011/11/07. “Southeast Asia: U.S. Completing Asian NATO to Confront China,” Global Research, <http://www.globalresearch.ca/southeast-asia-u-s-completing-asian-nato-to-confront-china/27519 >.
38. Rozoff, Rick, 2012/07/12. “Clinton Engineers Expansion of Asian NATO To Contain China,” Eurasia Review, <http://www.eurasiareview.com/16072012-clinton-engineers-expansion-of-asian-nato-to-contain-china>.
39. Rühl, Christof, 2012. “Energy in 2011- disruptions and continuity,＂Speech for BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012, <http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/BP_Stats_word_Doc_Speech_2012_6_26.pdf>.
40. Scot, Marciel, 2009/07/15. “Maritime Issues and Sovereignty Disputes in East Asia,”2009 East Asian and Pacific Affairs Remarks, Testimony, and Speeches, <http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2009/07/126076.htm>.
41. Security Council, “Resolution 1816 (2008) Adopted Unanimously with Somalia’s Consent; Measures Do Not Affect Rights, Obligations under Law of Sea Convention,” Security Council, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FJ09Ad07.html>.
42. Security Council, 2006/12/23. “Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for Failure to Halt,” Security Council, <http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8928.doc.htm>.
43. Strategic Forecasting, 2005/11/08.“China’s Obsession with the Zoellick Speech,” Strategic Forecasting, <http://www.stratfor.com/sample/analysis/chinas-obsession-zoellick-speech>.
44. Sud, Hari, 2009/03/20. “China’s vulnerability in Malacca Strait,” UPI Asia, <http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/03/20/chinas_vulnerability_in_malacca_strait/7196/>.
45. Sudha, Ramachandran, 2005/03/17. “China’s Pearl in Pakistan’s Water,” Asia Times Online, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GC04Df06.html >.
46. Sudha, Ramachandran, 2005/07/21. “Indian troops poised to enter Myanmar,” Asia Times, <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG21Df04.html >.
47. Surya, Gangadharan, 2013/03/18. “China's nuclear powered aircraft carrier programme rings alarm bells in India,” CNN-IBN, <http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chinas-nuclear-powered-aircraft-carrier-programme-rings-alarm-bells/379516-2.html>.
48. Talev, Margaret, 2011/11/16. “Asia Rise Drives Obama Message as U.S.’s First Pacific President,” Bloomberg News, <http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-16/asia-rise-drives-obama-message-as-u-s-s-first-pacific-president.html>.
49. U.S. Department of Energy, 2012/08/22. “World Oil Transit Chokepoints,”U.S. Department of Energy, <http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics.cfm?fips=WOTC&trk=p3>.
50. U.S. State Department of State, 2012/07/17. “U.S. - Japan - Republic of Korea Trilateral Meeting in Washington,” U.S. State Department of State, Suite 101, <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/01/180995.htm>.
51. United States Department of Defense, 2010/02/01. “2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Report,” United States Department of Defense, <http://www.defense.gov/qdr >.
52. Vaughn, Bruce, “U.S. Strategic and Defense Relationships in the Asia-Pacific Region,” CRS Report for Congress, January 22, 2007, <http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33821.pdf>.
53. Vines, Alex, 2012/02-03. “Mesmerised by Chinese string of pearls theory,” The world today, pp.33-34, <http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/>.
54. Walsh, John, 2007/08/08. “Myanmar Solves Malacca Dilemma: Burma Is Now China’s Main Ally in Southeast Asia,” <http://www.suite101.com/content/myanmar-solves-malacca-dilemma-a28005>.
55. Watkins, Eric, 2005/05/19. “Facing the Terrorist Threat in the Malacca Strait,” The Jamestown Foundation, <http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=26473>.
56. Winkler, David F., 2011/09/03. “Operation Praying Mantis Blows a Hole in Iranian Navy,” Navy League of the United States, <http://www.navyleague.org/sea_power/sep_03_45.php>.
57. Yee, Andy, 2011/07/21. “US deployment of littoral combat ships to Singapore,” East Asia Forum, <http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/07/21/us-deployment-of-littoral-combat-ships-to-singapore/>.