無線行動網路是網路未來必然的趨勢。使用者企求在不同無線網域間遊走之際，仍能持續其間服務的連線及品質，此一願景有賴高效能的交遞程序與服務遞送機制來配合。於此，本研究從兩個互補的層面著手，來改善無線行動網路的服務效能。其一是在行動節點端發展改良式的交遞機制，藉以縮短交遞時的服務暫停時間，並減低可能的封包遺失；其二是在伺服器端引入服務遷徙的新概念，藉以提升無線行動網路的服務品質。
交遞期間涉及諸多費時的操作步驟，重複位址偵測是其中最為費時的一環，但卻未受到普遍重視。於此，本研究援引任意點/群組播送的技術，套用於改良式的交遞機制中。新機制在交遞期間將切換至任意點/群組播送定址模式，使行動節點得以持續其封包接收，矣轉交位址驗證成功後再切換回常態的單點播送定址模式，此一作法將可大幅縮短交遞時的服務暫停時間。此外配套的緩衝存儲器控管機制亦為潛在的封包遺失、失序問題提供了有效的解決之道。學理的效能分析及模擬實驗均展現了此新交遞機制的有效性。
此前研究大多聚焦於行動節點端的行動性支援，在伺服器端著墨甚少。事實上，在全域網路服務環境中，服務端與用戶端的網路加權距離將因節點移動、網路拓墣變化等因素而動態改變。本研究將揭櫫服務遷徙之概念，考量系統容量、網路延遲、網路頻寬等要素，機動地將服務程序遷徙至與用戶端最為近接的服務節點上，藉以縮短其間的網路加權距離，進而提升無線行動網路的服務效能。藉此，個別用戶將可享有更好的服務品質，整體網路亦可獲益於較佳的網路使用效率。本文將闡述此新服務架構，並詳究核心模組-服務遷徙模組-之設計與實現，並報告在雛型系統上的成功經驗。

With increased popularity and pervasiveness, mobile networking had become a definite trend for future networks. Users strongly demand the retaining of the connectivity and the QoS (Quality of Service) of ongoing services while roaming across different points of attachment. Efficient handover schemes and service paradigms are essential to the above vision. We will contribute to the QoS provisioning in mobile wireless networks from two complementary perspectives: one is the improved handover schemes at the client end for shorter latency and less packet loss, and the other is the service migration at server end for improved QoS.
There are time-consuming procedures involved in the handover process. Various research works had devoted to the acceleration of movement detection and registration. However, a time-consuming operation, duplicate address detection, was overlooked by most studies. A novel scheme featuring anycast / multicast technique is developed and presented in this dissertation. The proposed approach switches to anycast / multicast addressing during handover and switches back to normal unicast addressing after all required operations are completed. By switching to anycast / multicast addressing, a mobile node can continue the reception of packets from its corresponding node before its new care-of address is actually validated. As a result, transmission disruption can be effectively minimized. In addition, simple but effective buffer control schemes are designed to reduce possible packet loss and to prevent the out-of-order problem. Analytical study reveals that improved performance can be guaranteed, as reflected in the simulation results.
The establishment of mobility-supported Internet protocols, such as IPv4 and IPv6, had made it possible that an ongoing service can be retained while a mobile node is roaming across different access domains. However, limited efforts had been paid to server sides if we consider the topological change due to node mobility. In the global network environment, the weighted network distance between a client and its server could change dramatically for reasons of topology change or node mobility. A new network service framework highlighting the concept of service migration is presented in this dissertation. The proposed framework take into account essential service quality factors, such as server loading, bandwidth, delay, and so on, and then dynamically migrates an ongoing service from a distant server to a new server with shorter “weighted network distance” to the client. As a result, the individual service connection, as well as the global network environment, will benefit from the service migration, in terms of improved service quality and bandwidth utilization.
This dissertation explains the general architecture of the proposed framework and focuses on the technical details of the core component - service migration module. Our experiences on the functional prototypes for service migration are also reported. The success of the prototyping system is an indication of the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

List of Figures iv
List of Tables vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Intended Issues 1
1.2 Research Motivation 4
1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 7
Chapter 2 Literature Review 9
2.1 Mobility Supports in Mobile Wireless Networks 9
2.1.1 Mobile IP 10
2.1.2 Multiple Stream for Seamless Handover 12
2.1.3 Duplicate Address Detection 14
2.1.4 Fast Handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) 16
2.2 Anycast and Multicast 18
2.2.1 Anycast Addressing 18
2.2.2 Multicast Addressing 19
2.3 Content Distribution Systems 20
2.3.1 Service Migration 21
2.4 Process Migration 22
2.4.1 Connection Migration 22
Chapter 3 Improving Handover Performance by Switching between Unicast and Anycast / Multicast Addressing 25
3.1 Anycast-supported Fast Handover Mobile IPv6 (AFMIPv6) 25
3.1.1 Operation of AFMIPv6 27
3.1.2 Discussion on AFMIPv6 30
3.1.3 Performance Analysis 32
3.2 Multicast-supported Fast Handover Mobile IPv6 (MFMIPv6) 44
3.2.1 Operation of MFMIPv6 45
3.2.2 Discussion on MFMIPv6 47
3.2.3 Implementation Issues 50
3.2.4 Performance Analysis 52
3.3 Summary 63
Chapter 4 QoS Provisioning in Mobile Environments by Service Migration 65
4.1 A New Service Framework Featuring Service Migration 65
4.2 System Architecture 69
4.2.1 Proximity Management Module 70
4.2.2 Migration Decision Module 73
4.2.3 Service Migration Module 75
4.2.4 Connection Migration 77
4.3 Light-Weighted Service Migration for TCP-based Services 79
4.3.1 Performance Analysis 82
4.4 Seamless Service Migration for UDP-based Services 85
4.4.1 Performance Analysis 86
4.5 Summary 88
Chapter 5 Simulation and Implementation 89
5.1 Simulations on Anycast-supported Fast Handover Mobile IPv6 (AFMIPv6) 89
5.2 Simulations on Multicast-supported Fast Handover Mobile IPv6 (MFMIPv6) 94
5.3 Design Options for Service Migration 101
5.3.1 Application Layer Implementation 102
5.3.2 Protocol Layer Implementation 103
5.3.3 Collection of QoS Parameters 104
5.4 Implementation of Lighted-weighted Service Migration for TCP-based Services 106
5.5 Implementation of Seamless Service Migration for UDP-based Services 109
5.6 Summary 113
Chapter 6 Conclusions 115
References 117
Publications 127

[1] S. Kashihara, K. Tsukamoto, and Y. Oie, “Service-oriented mobility management architecture for seamless handover in ubiquitous networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 28-34, 2007.
[2] C. Perkins, IP Mobility Support for IPv4, IETF, RFC-3344, 2002.
[3] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, and J. Arkko, Mobility Support in IPv6, IETF, RFC-3775, 2004.
[4] R. Koodli, Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6, IETF, RFC-4068, 2005.
[5] H. Soliman, C. Castelluccia, K. E. Malki, and L. Bellier, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 Mobility Management, IETF, RFC-4140, 2005.
[6] James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking – A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet, 2nd Ed., Addison Wesley, 2002.
[7] Larry L. Peterson and Bruce S. Davie, Computer Networks – A System Approach, 3rd Ed., Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.
[8] J. M. Smith, “A survey of process migration mechanisms,” Operating Systems Review, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 28-40, 1988.
[9] D. S. Milojicic, F. Douglis, Y. Paindaveine, R. Wheeler, and S. Zhou, “Process migration,” ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 241-299, 2000.
[10] Ramon Lawrence, A Survey of Process Migration Mechanisms, Technical report, University of Iowa, 1998.
[11] Po-Cheng Chen, Cheng-I Lin, Sheng-Wei Huang, Jyh-Biau Chang, Ce-Kuen Shieh, and Tyng-Yeu Liang, “A performance study of virtual machine migration vs. thread migration for grid systems,” Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, pp. 86-91, 2008.
[12] G. Lampropoulos, N. Passas, L. Merakos, and A. Kaloxylos, “Handover management architectures in integrated WLAN/cellular networks,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 30-44, 2005.
[13] Q. B. Mussabbir, Wenbing Yao, Zeyun Niu, and Xiaoming Fu, “Optimized FMIPv6 using IEEE 802.21 MIH services in vehicular networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3397-3407, 2007.
[14] D. Saha, A. Mukherjee, I.S. Misra, and M. Chakraborty, “Mobility support in IP: A survey of related protocols,” IEEE Network, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 34-40, 2004.
[15] I.F. Akyildiz, J. Xie, and S. Mohanty, “A survey of mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems,” Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 16-28, 2004.
[16] N. Banerjee, A. Acharya, and S.K. Das, “Seamless SIP-based mobility for multimedia applications,” IEEE Network, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 6-13, 2006.
[17] H. Fathi, S. S. Chakraborty, and R. Prasad, “Optimization of mobile IPv6-based handovers to support VoIP services in wireless heterogeneous networks,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 260-270, 2007.
[18] L. Ma, F. Yu; V.C.M. Leung, T. Randhawa, “A new method to support UMTS/WLAN vertical handover using SCTP,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 44-51, 2004.
[19] Tzu-Chi Huang, Ce-Kuen Shieh, Wen-Huang Lai, and Yu-Ben Miao, “Session splice on multimedia communication for mobile computing,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing (SUTC'06), pp. 166-171, 2006.
[20] S. Thomson and T. Narten, IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration, IETF, RFC-2462, 1998.
[21] W. K. Lai and J.-C. Chiu, “Improving Handoff Performance in Wireless Overlay Networks by Switching Between Two-Layer IPv6 and One-Layer IPv6 Addressing,” IEEE Journals on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 2129-2137, Nov 2005.
[22] C.-C. Tseng, L.-H. Yen, H.-H. Chang, and K.-C. Hsu, “Topology-aided cross-layer fast handoff designs for IEEE 802.11 mobile IP environments,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 43, no. 12, pp. 156-163, Dec 2005.
[23] K. E. Malki and H. Soliman, Simultaneous Bindings for Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers, IETF Internet-Draft, Jul 2005.
[24] T. Takahashi, J. Harju, K. Asatani, and H. Tominaga, “Inter-domain handover scheme based on forwarding router discovery for mobile IP networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, vol. 3, pp. 1409-1414, Mar, 2005.
[25] Li-Der-Chou, Jui-Ming Chen, Hung-Sheng Kao, Shao-Feng Wu, and Wayne Lai, “Seamless streaming media for heterogeneous mobile networks,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 11, pp. 873-887, 2006.
[26] A.A.-G. Helmy, M. Jaseemuddin, and G. Bhaskara, “Multicast-based mobility: a novel architecture for efficient micromobility,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 677-690, 2004.
[27] Panita Pongpaibool, Pahol Sotthivirat, Sukumal I. Kitisin, Chavalit Srisathapornphat, “Fast duplicate address detection for mobile IPv6,” Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Networks, pp. 224-229, 2007.
[28] Dong-cheol Shin and Sung-gi Min, “Simultaneous multi-DAD (SDAD) in mobile IPv6,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM -2008), pp. 192-197, 2008.
[29] N. Moore, Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) for IPv6, IETF RFC-4429, Apr 2006.
[30] C. Partridge, T. Mendez, and W. Milliken, Host Anycasting Service, IETF, RFC-1546, 1993.
[31] K. Miller, Deploying IP Anycast, NANOG 29, 2003. http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0310/pdf/miller.pdf
[32] B. Quinn and K. Almeroth, IP Multicast Applications: Challenges and Solutions, IETF, RFC-3170, 2001.
[33] D. Estrin, D. Farinacci, A. Helmy, D. Thaler, S. Deering, M. Handley, V. Jacobson, C. Liu, P. Sharma, and L. Wei, Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification, IETF, RFC-2117, 1997..
[34] B. Woodcock, Best Practices in IPv4 Anycast Routing, Packet Clearing House, 2002. http://www.pch.net/resources/tutorials/anycast/Anycast-v10.pdf
[35] S. Doi, S. Ata, H. Kitamura, and M. Murata, “IPv6 anycast for simple and effective service-oriented communications,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 163-171, 2004.
[36] S. Weber and Cheng Liang, “A survey of anycast in IPv6 networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 127-132, 2004.
[37] W. Fenner, Internet Group Management Protocol, IETF, RFC-2236, 1997.
[38] P. Vixie, Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System, IETF, RFC-2136, 1997.
[39] M. R. Eskicioglu, “Design issues of process migration facilities in distributed systems,” in B. A. Shirazi, et al., Eds., Scheduling and Load Balancing in Parallel and Distributed Systems, pp. 414-424, IEEE CS Press, 1995.
[40] K. Chanchio and X.-H. Sun, "Communication state transfer for the mobility of concurrent heterogeneous computing," IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 1260-1273, 2004.
[41] V. Olaru and W. F. Tichy, “On the design and performance of kernel-level TCP connection endpoint migration in cluster-based servers,” in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid, pp. 1000-1007, 2005.
[42] J. Stredwick, D., S. Arora, and G. Birchmeier, Socket Shifting, CSE 812 Term Project, Michigan State University, 2003.
[43] B. Kuntz and K. Rajan, MIGSOCK: Migratable TCP socket in Linux, Master's Thesis, Information Networking Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, February 2002.
[44] T. S. Mitrovich, K. M. Ford, and N. Suri, Transparent Redirection of Network Sockets. http://www.ihmc.us/research/projects/nomads/mockets.pdf
[45] Y. Wang, L. Zhang, Z. Han, and W. Yan, “Anycast extensions to OSPFv3,” Proceedings of the 11 th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 1, pp. 223-229, 2005.
[46] Kuang-Ning Chu, Using Anycast to Improve Fast Handover Performance, Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, 2006.
[47] Wei Kuang Lai, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Kuang-Ning Chu, "A novel handover scheme with improved performance by switching between unicast addressing and anycast addressing," Proceedings CD of the Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control (ICICIC-2007), Kumamoto, Japan, September 5-7, 2007.
[48] Wei Kuang Lai, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Kuang-Ning Chu, "Improving handover performance by switching between unicast and anycast addressing," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Accepted.
[49] Yi-Bing Lin, “Reducing location update cost in a PCS network,” IEEE Transaction on Networking, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 25-33, 1997.
[50] Kai-Pei Chou, Improve Handover Performance Using Multicast Technology in Mobile IPv6 Environment, Master Thesis, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, 2006.
[51] Wei Kuang Lai, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Kai-Pei Chou, "A novel handover scheme with improved performance by switching between unicast addressing and multicast addressing," Proceedings of the 2006 National Symposium on Telecommunications, pp. 71, B02/NST-2006-0972, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, December 1-2, 2006.
[52] Wei Kuang Lai, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Kai-Pei Chou, "Improving handover performance by switching between unicast and multicast addressing," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Accepted.
[53] K.-L. Cheng, K.-W. Cheuk, and S.-H. Chan, "Implementation and performance measurement of an island multicast protocol," in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1299-1303, 2005.
[54] T. Blaga, V. Dobrota, K. Steenhaut, I. Trestian, and G. Lazar, "Steps towards native IPv6 multicast: CastGate router with PIM-SM support," Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Workshop on Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 2005.
[55] The Network Simulator - ns-2, http://isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[56] K. Egevang, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT), IETF, RFC-1631, 1994.
[57] MobiWan: NS-2 extensions to study mobility in Wide-Area IPv6 Networks, http://www.inrialpes.fr/planete/mobiwan
[58] NT Kernel Resources: Windows Packet Filter Kit, http://www.ntkernel.com
[59] R. Prasad, C. Dovrolis, M. Murray, and K. Claffy, "Bandwidth estimation: metrics, measurement techniques, and Tools," IEEE Network, November/December 2003, pp. 27-35, 2003.
[60] Sheng-Shuen Wang and Hsu-Feng Hsiao, "Fast end-to-end available bandwidth estimation for real-time multimedia networking," Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE 8th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, pp. 415-418, 2006.
[61] Wei Kuang Lai, Chin-Shiuh Shieh, and Che-Wei Hsu, "Service migration – a new paradigm for content distribution systems," Proceedings CD of the Third International Conference on Communications and Networking in China, Hangzhou, China, August 25-27, 2008.
[62] CentOS -- Community ENTerprise Operating System, http://www.centos.org
[63] Werner Almesberger, “TCP connection passing”, Ottawa Linux Symposium, 2004.
[64] Chin-Shiuh Shieh, Che-Wei Hsu, and Wei Kuang Lai, "Application-layer implementation of service migration," Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIHMSP-2008), pp. 520-525, Harbin, China, August 15-17, 2008.
[65] The Indy Project, http://www.indyproject.org
[66] H. Schulzrinne, S. Casner, R. Frederick, and V. Jacobsonm, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, IETF, RFC 2550, 2003.