近年來，潮汐量測儀器日益進步，不論在時間解析度或精確度上都有很大的改進，使潮位觀測數據品質趨於穩定可靠。但在離岸地區設立潮位儀器受地形、氣候、海況因素及潮位引測等諸多限制，對於潮位變化較大的地區，潮位修正數據之正確性為影響整體水深測量精確度之主要因素。
本研究以Yu(1993)之潮位數值模式輸出結果代表台灣海域潮汐預測數據，與實測潮位數據交互驗證，並利用潮位特性建立潮汐分區，以台中及麥寮驗潮站做為參考基準站，提出四種潮位修正方法分別為直接修正法、潮汐分區修正法、最近模式網格點修正法及內插虛擬驗潮站修正法，透過各潮位修正函數關係式之振幅比與潮時延遲，將推算出之計算潮位值進行精度比較。由研究結果得知，潮汐分區修正法非以潮位基準站與實測點位間直線距離進行潮位修正，所得修正效果佳；且針對不同模式的空間解析度之不同，在潮位修正方面有其改善的空間。
此外，針對港灣潮汐特性部份，由於邊界條件變化較複雜，在有限空間內即有相當大的差異。本研究以高雄港為例，利用高精度雷達式潮位計觀測及一等水準測量高程等方式藉以提高潮位量測精確度，盡量避免誤差累積效應。由研究結果得知，高雄港第二港口潮時較北側第一港口平均約早6 分鐘，潮差平均約差2-3 公分。因此，在港內不同地區進行需要高精度之水深測量時，需注意引用適當驗潮站的潮位資料，並注意任何可能會引起誤差的因素，如氣象潮等。另外，當高雄港第一及第二港口測站拆撤後，仍可利用港內固定式潮位計，透過潮位修正關係式推算得欲知潮位站之潮位資訊。

In recent year, tidal gauge has progressed in temporal resolution or measurement accuracy, so that the quality of observational data tends to stable and reliable. However, setting up tidal gauge in the offshore areas restricts may apply due to many factors such as seabed topography, weather, sea state and leveling survey from land to gauge. Good tidal correction is one of key factors to the accuracy of bathymetric survey and to the area where tidal range is large.
This study tried to use tide prediction data derived from the Yu(1993)’s tide numerical model and verified with actual observed tide data, and further establishing a tidal zone of Taiwan Strait by tidal characteristic. Using Taichung and Mailiao tide stations as a reference tidal station, the direct tide station correction, tidal zone correction, nearest model grid correction, and virtual station correction methods were applied to evaluate the accuracy of tide calculating value by amplitude ratio and tidal phase difference. The tidal zone correction is not totally depending on the spatial distance from reference tidal station, and it is found that correction result of this approach is one of the best. However, further improvement in tide correction may need to explore due to different spatial resolution applied in different numerical models.
In addition, the boundary condition of a harbor for tidal model is very complicated. This is why it is hard to make a numerical model for a harbor. In this study, two additional high accuracy radar tidal gauge were installed in Kaohsiung harbor and first-class leveling survey was performed in order to maintain tidal measurement accuracy, also to avoid the effect of errors propagation. According to the results from experiment, average tidal phase of second entrance of the Kaohsiung harbor is earlier than that of first entrance about 6 minutes, and average difference of tidal height is approximately 2-3cm. For this reason, we should pay attention to decide a proper reference tide station for tidal correction for dredging hydrographic surveying. And any possible tidal observation errors, such as meteorological tide. If two additional tidal gauges of this study are removed in the future, we still can predict tide height from fixed tidal gauge.

摘要............................................................................................................. I
Abstract ......................................................................................................II
誌謝...........................................................................................................III
目錄.......................................................................................................... IV
圖目錄..................................................................................................... VII
表目錄...................................................................................................... IX
第一章 緒論..............................................................................................1
1-1 研究背景......................................................................................1
1-2 文獻回顧......................................................................................3
1-3 研究目的......................................................................................7
1-4 研究方法......................................................................................8
1-5 本文架構......................................................................................9
第二章 以潮汐模式建立潮汐分區........................................................10
2-1 潮汐特性介紹............................................................................10
2-1-1 台灣潮汐特性..................................................................11
2-2 潮汐模式及調和分析t_tide 介紹.............................................14
2-2-1 潮汐模式..........................................................................15
2-2-2 以t_tide 程式進行調和分析...........................................17
2-3 潮汐模式資料處理轉換............................................................20
2-4 潮汐模式之驗證........................................................................23
2-4-1 儀器設備及置放..............................................................23
2-4-2 以沿岸觀測站驗證潮汐模式..........................................28
2-5 等潮位線與等潮時線................................................................32
2-6 潮汐分區....................................................................................35
2-6-1 繪製潮汐分區..................................................................36
第三章 以潮汐分區修正潮位之方法研究............................................39
3-1 以實測數據進行潮位修正方法................................................39
3-1-1 直接修正法......................................................................39
3-2 以模式數據進行潮位修正方法................................................44
3-2-1 潮汐分區修正法..............................................................44
3-2-2 最近模式網格點修正法..................................................46
3-2-3 內插虛擬驗潮站修正法..................................................48
3-3 潮位修正結果............................................................................50
3-4 Yu(1993)潮汐模式與POM 模式結果比較...............................54
3-5 小結............................................................................................56
第四章 高雄港潮性分析研究................................................................58
4-1 儀器設備及安裝........................................................................58
4-1-1 選定點位..........................................................................61
4-1-2 潮位計之水準高程測量..................................................62
4-1-3 高雄港十號碼頭壓力式潮位計......................................63
4-2 高雄港南北側港口潮性分析....................................................64
4-3 高雄港港區之潮性分析............................................................67
4-4 氣壓潮分析................................................................................69
第五章 結論與建議................................................................................72
5-1 結論............................................................................................72
5-2 建議............................................................................................76
參考文獻..................................................................................................78

1. 中央氣象局網站資訊。
2. 交通部高雄港務局全球資訊網。
3. 交通部運輸研究所港灣技術研究中心，海象模擬(TaiCOMS)。
4. 于嘉順、徐月娟、尤皓正、江朕榮、朱啟豪 (2005)，「台灣海域風暴潮模式之發展與應用」，2005台灣海洋年-海洋資訊應用研討會論文彙編，中央氣象局，台北，第125-130頁。
5. 李孟霖 (2007)，「運用潮位模式進行水深測量之潮位修正研究」，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系研究所碩士論文。
6. 李賢文 (1989)，「台灣鄰近海域潮汐預報數值模式」，第二屆海洋數值模式研習會論文集，台灣省交通處港灣技術研究所，第179-195頁。
7. 林茂生 (1967)，「潮汐的理論和預測」，台灣省土地資源開發委員會。
8. 林琿、閻國年、宋志堯 (2000)，「東中國海潮波系統與海岸演變模擬研究」，科學出版社，中國，共266頁。
9. 林勝豐、楊穎堅、唐存勇 (2005)，「北台灣沿海潮流特性分析」，交通部科技顧問室。
10. 姚家琪、黃榮鑑 (1995)，「颱風暴潮三維數值模式研究」，第十七屆海洋工程研討會暨1995兩岸港口及海岸開發研討會論文集，第315-333頁。
11. 郭一羽 (2001)，「海岸工程學」，文山書局。
12. 莊文傑、江中權 (2000)，「台灣四周海域海流數值模擬研究」，MOTC-IOT-IHMT-NA8916 基本研究報告，交通部運輸研究所港灣技術研究中心，共282頁。
13. 莊文傑、江中權 (2005)，「台灣四周海域的潮波系統」，第27屆海洋工程研討會論文集，國立中興大學，第154-161頁。
14. 張國棟、何崇華、沈建全、陳昭憲 (2001)，「台灣西南海域潮汐特性分析」，第23屆海洋工程研討會論文集，第112-119頁。
15. 黃瓊珠 (2005)，「潮位資料補遺及天文潮分潮特性之研究」，國立成功大學水利及海洋工程研究所碩士論文。
16. 劉文俊 (1996)，「台灣的潮汐」，共283頁。
17. 劉肖孔 (1983)，「中國海域三度空間數值模式」，行政院科技顧問組，共156頁。
18. 鍾世強 (2006)，「應用全域搜尋之遺傳演算法於水動力潮位模式之參數校正」，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系研究所碩士論文。
19. 戴益寶 (2005)，「潮位站設置對港灣潮位及水深之影響研究」，國立台灣海洋大學河海工程學系研究所碩士論文。
20. 薛憲文、于嘉順、黃明哲、王韋樺、江朕榮 (2008)，「港灣及海岸之潮汐特性對水深測量影響之研究」，第30屆海洋工程研討會論文集，第757-761頁。
21. Abbott, M. (1973), “System 21” IAHR.
22. Blumberg, A. F. and Mellor, G. L. (1987), “A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model”, Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Vol. 4, pp. 1-16.
23. Cisternelli, M. and Gill, S. (2005), “Implementation of TCARI into NOS Hydrographic Survey Operations”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference 2005.
24. Foreman, M. G.. G.. (1977), Manual for Tidal Heights Analysis and Prediction, Pacific Marine Science Report 77-10, Institute of Ocean Science, Patricia Bay, Sidney, BC, pp.97
25. Foreman, M. G.. G.. (1978), Manual for Tidal Currents Analysis and Prediction, Pacific Marine Science Report 78-6, Institute of Ocean Science, Patricia Bay, Sidney, BC, pp.57
26. Gibson, W. M. and Gill, S. K. (1999), “Tides and Water Level Requirements for NOS Hydrographic Surveys”, International Hydrographic Review, Monaco, LXXVI(2), September 1999.
27. Godin, G.. (1972), The Analysis of Tides, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 264pp.
28. Goring, D. G. (2004), “Tide Models for Hydrographic Surveying: Computer Models Replace Tide Poles”, Hydro International, Vol. 9, No. 10, December 2004.
29. Hansen, W. (1962), “Hydrodynamics Method Applied to Oceanographic Problems”, Proc. of the Symposium on Mathematical Hydrodynamic Methods of Physical Oceanography, IfM, University Hamberg, Hamberg, pp. 25-34
30. Hess, K. W. and Gill, S.K. (2001), “Spatial Interpolation and the Generation and Display of Tidal Regimes in MapInfo”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference 2001.
31. Jan, S., Chern, C. S. and Wang, J. (2002), “Transition of Tidal Waves from the East to South China Seas over the Taiwan Strait; Influence of the Abrupt Step in the Topography”, J. Oceanography, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 837-850.
32. Jan, S., Chern, C. S., Wang, J. and Chao, S. Y. (2004), “The Anomalous Amplification of M2 Tide in the Taiwan Strait”, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, L07308, pp. 1-4.
33. Jay, D. A. and Flinchem, E. P. (1999), “A Comparison of Methods for Analysis of Tidal Records Containing Multi-scale non-tidal background energy”, Continental Shelf Research, 19, pp. 1695-1732
34. Juang, W. J., Lin, M. C. and Liou, W. J. (2001), “Peculiar Appearance of Nearly Symmetrical Flooding Time along the Western Coast of Taiwan”, The Chinese Journal of Mechanics, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 211-220.
35. Kanga, S. K., Leebm S. R. and Lie H. J. (1998), “Fine Grid Tidal Modeling of the Yellow and East China Seas”, Continental Shelf Research, 18, pp. 739-772.
36. Lin, M. C., Juang, W. J. and Tsay, T. K. (2000), “Applications of the Mild-Slope Equation to Tidal Computations in the Taiwan Strait”, J. Oceanography, Vol. 56, pp. 625-642.
37. Lin, M. C., Juang, W. J. and Tsay, T. K. (2001), “Anomalous Amplification of Semidiurnal Tides along the Western Coast of Taiwan”, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 1171-1198.
38. Luther, D. S. and Wunsch, C. (1974), “Tidal Charts of the Central Pacific Ocean”, Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 5, pp. 222-230.
39. National Ocean Service, June 2000, NOS Hydrographic Surveys Specifications and Deliverables, June 2000, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Coast Survey, Silver Spring, Maryland, pp.128
40. Pawlowica, R., Beardsley, B. and Lentz, S. (2002), “Classical Tidal Harmonic Analysis Including Error Estimates in MATLAB Using T_TIDE”, Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 28, pp. 929-937.
41. Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, National Tidal and Sea Level Facility, Sharing Knowledge, website.
42. Richards, R. J., Oswald, J. and Lockhart, D. (1999), “Tidal Zoning of Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference 1999.
43. Stelling, G. S. (1984), “On the construction of computational methods for shallow water flow problems”, Rijkswaterstaat Communications, No 35. 1984.
44. Sundermann, J. (1966), Numerical Simulation of the Storm Surges in the North Sea, Ph.D dissertation, IfM, Univ. Hamberg, Hamberg.Leendertse (1967).
45. Tronvig, K. A. and Gill, S. K. (2001), “Complexities of Tidal Zoning for Key West, FL”, U.S. Hydrographic Conference 2001.
46. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), “Engineering and Design：Hydrographic Surveying”, Manual, EM- 1110-2-1003, 2002.
47. Werner, F.E. and D.R. Lynch (1988), “Tides in the southern North Sea and the English Channel”, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover.
48. Yanagi, T., Morimoto, A. and Ichikawa, A. (1997), “Co-tidal and Co-range Charts for the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea Derived from Satellite Altimetric Data”, Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 53, pp. 303-309.
49. Yin, F. and S.H. Chen (1982), “Tidal computation on Taiwan Strait”, ASCE, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coast and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 108, WW4, pp. 539-553.
50. Yu, C.S., Z.W. Song, D. Roose and J. Berlamont (1992), “Implementation of tidal flow equations on distributed parallel computers”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. on Parallel Computing and Transputers Applications (PACTA’92), Barcelona, pp. 21 - 25.
51. Yu, C.S. (1993), “Modelling Shelf Sea Dynamics and Estuarine Circulations”, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Eng., K.U.Leuven.
52. Yu, C.S., Marcus M. and Monbaliu J. (1994), “Numerical Modelling of Storm Surges along the Belgium Coast”, In : Computational Methods in Water Resources X, Peter et al. (eds), Water Science Technology Library, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 1331 - 1338.
53. Yu, C.S., H.Y. Chang, S.C. Tcheng and K.K. Huang (2000), “Modeling tidal flow currents in the Taiwan Strait on parallel computers”, Proceedings of the High Performance Computing Symposium – HPC 2000, Adrian Tentner (ed), SCS, Washington D.C., April 16-20, 2000, pp. 308-312.