世界各國都意識到大量的海洋捕撈將會威脅到漁業的永續發展，海洋養殖未來逐漸取代捕撈業，成為海洋漁業的主體，成為解決漁業資源枯竭與人口成長所造成糧食供應不足的最佳方法。快速發展海洋養殖產業，若無完整的環境背景資料以及完善的規劃與管理制度，對於整個養殖生態及環境勢必造成嚴重惡化。為維持永續利用的海洋養殖環境，本研究在探討合適之環境監測指標，提供未來發展養殖業更完整的環境資訊體系，建構一個良好的預測模式，以有效率與簡易的方式評估海洋環境衝擊。本研究採用之方法，有環境監測方案（EMP）、養殖環境沉積物之金屬元素、有機碳、氧化還原電位與硫化物等環境分析指標。
在澎湖竹灣、二崁海域箱網養殖環境研究，利用量測氧化還原電位、硫化物及底泥金屬分析，作為養殖環境指標之標的，實驗中發現金屬元素並無顯著變異，氧化還原電位與硫化物對於環境變化顯示具有指標作用，在水下攝影與探勘後發現，澎湖竹灣、二崁箱網養殖環境之沉積物，並不似國外箱網養殖之沉積物累積在網下周圍；分析竹灣、二崁海流與地形條件下，從沉積物不累積原因及其衝擊方向發現，相異原因是由於海流流向下游海域，金屬元素指標亦不顯明。本研究之數據顯示，澎湖箱網養殖環境與其他養殖環境之沉積狀況不同，包含地質化學成分、底泥均不同，可知澎湖研究結果及指標分佈現象與國外研究結果比較更為複雜，主因為不同海洋環境條件有相關連。因此，輔以地理資訊系統（GIS）之協助，評估箱網養殖環境狀況與衝擊。本研究成果有助於養殖業者及管理者規劃環境承載量、規劃合適養殖環境、輪耕養殖時機，協助業者或管理者瞭解箱網養殖的環境負荷與環境承載量，並減少養殖業者的風險。更進一步，訂定完善的海域整合之管理指導原則（Guidelines），達成海洋環境永續發展之目標。
本研究亦列舉澎湖主要養殖戶之管理經濟成效分析，利用資料包絡分析法(DEA)，量測產入與產出的效率，評估變數間之關係，協助養殖營運及資訊管理。配合養殖政策法規及策略，本研究參酌挪威、美國、日本、中國、加拿大箱網養殖相關法規及應有之配套措施，作為規範海洋環境永續之參考。

Marine aquaculture has become one of tendencies as many countries aware of that the marine resources are not in the sustainable development from the threat of over fishing. Marine aquaculture will eventually replace the world fishing harvest as being a major stream industry in the future. Meanwhile, fast growing marine aquaculture has caused the potential problems in marine environment. A successful marine aquaculture must rely on comprehensive environmental information and monitoring, including well-designed planning and management scheme. This study research the suitable environmental indicators to predict the impact of marine environment related to marine aquaculture including comprehensive environmental data information and suitable modeling. The use of approaches consists of environmental monitoring program (EMP), sediment metals, organic carbon, redox potential, and sulfide as indicators.
The survey results at Chuwan and Erkan of Penghu Island showed that sediment, redox potential, and sulfide are important environmental indicators with exception of metals. Under water survey showed that Chuwan and Erkan sites have no major accumulation of wastes from cage aquaculture operation. The current flow of these sites is downstream outward to the sea that results no serious deposition of wastes. These influence the geochemical composition and sediment, suggesting the complexity of marine environmental problems on the use of environmental indicators for monitoring and assessing the impacts. Because of the special environmental condition, we have used the geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the affect and condition of marine cage sites. The survey results will be useful for farming management strategies and environmental carrying capacity to reduce the risk of cage farming or to accomplish the guidelines and sustainable development of marine aquaculture.
This research also reports the economic effective analysis on major farming operators in Penghu, include the data envelopment analysis (DEA), to measure the variables of production inputs and outputs related to farming operation. The evaluation on the relationship of variable products should be useful in the operation and data management of cage farming. The regulations on marine aquaculture are also made to compare with Norway, United States, Japan, China, and Canada.

摘 要
第1章 緒論
1.1 研究背景與動機.................................1-2
1.2 研究問題與目的.................................1-5
1.3 研究大綱.............................................1-7
第2章 文獻探討
2.1 箱網養殖發展之研究..........................2-1
2.2 箱網養殖工程技術研究......................2-2
2.3 有關箱網養殖產業養殖技術..............2-2
2.4 箱網養殖產業經濟分析之研究..........2-3
2.5 箱網養殖魚種之研發..........................2-3
2.6 養殖餌料之開發研究..........................2-4
2.7 箱網養殖與環境之研究......................2-4
2.8 環境與重金屬之研究..........................2-5
2.9 海洋養殖管理模式方面......................2-5
2.10 養殖環境承載量方面........................2-7
2.11 選址部份之研究................................2-10
2.12 養殖環境衝擊之研究........................2-11
2.13 海水養殖對環境的衝擊....................2-11
2.14 地理資訊系統與養殖之應用............2-13
2.15 養殖政策方面.....................................2-13
第3 章 研究方法
3.1 文獻分析法...........................................3-1
3.2 訪談法...................................................3-1
3.3 統計方法應用.......................................3-2
3.4 地理資訊系統分析...............................3-6
3.5 環境監測方案.......................................3-7
3.6 研究架構與問題..................................3-11
3.7 採樣與實驗設計..................................3-16
第4 章 養殖環境監測之執行與發展
4.1 環境監測概述與方案..........................4-2
4.2 箱網養殖的環境衝擊..........................4-8
4.3 養殖環境指標......................................4-14
4.4 養殖環境承載量指標之建立..............4-44
4.5 主要研究發現......................................4-49
4.6 小結......................................................4-64
4.7 後續精進研究......................................4-66
第5 章 台澎箱網養殖發展之檢討
5.1 箱網養殖之沿革...................................5-1
5.2 台灣箱網養殖發展...............................5-3
5.3 養殖環境...............................................5-8
5.4 箱網養殖場址評選標準.......................5-14
5.5 澎湖箱網養殖概況...............................5-17
5.6 澎湖內灣箱網養殖績效分析...............5-22
第6 章 養殖法政管理制度及其改進
6.1 各國養殖政策與規定...........................6-1
6.2 台灣的養殖規範...................................6-17
6.3 養殖管理制度之建立與改善...............6-24
6.4 小結.......................................................6-26
第7 章 結論與建議
7.1 結論.......................................................7-1
7.2 研究限制...............................................7-3
7.3 主題建議...............................................7-3
7.4 總體政策建議.......................................7-6
7.5 後續研究建議.......................................7-7
附錄A...................................................... 附錄-1

中文文獻:
丁得祿（2003）。「台灣海上箱網養殖管理制度之研究」。台灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士學位論文。
王清要（2008）。日本2007年的水產基本計畫內容概要。「漁業推廣」，251，20-26。
王維賢、劉尚艾（1992）。台南縣河口養殖區重金屬含量之調查研究。「漁業推廣工作專刊」，3，10-12。高雄：中山大學漁業推廣委員會。
古鎮鈞、董明澄（1997）。海上箱網養殖魚類疾病防治研究。行政院農委會，計畫編號：86科技-1.12-漁-07(11)。
冉繁華（2004）。調整養殖漁業產業結構－提升養殖漁業競爭力。「優良水產養殖場安全管理制度研討論論文集」。台北：行政院農業委員會漁業署。
田文敏（1999）。海床底質調查。「澎湖適正箱網發展規模調查規劃報告書」，182-220。高雄：中山大學海洋科技研究中心。
田其云、羅永剛（2006）。源技術法律規範初探。「海洋開發與管理」，3，26-30。北京：海洋出版社。
行政院農業委員會漁業署漁業年報（2007）。網址：http://www.fa.gov.tw/chnn/statistics_publish/statistics/year_book/2007yb.php
台灣海洋箱網養殖季刊（2002）。台灣箱網養殖實施要點，第10期，屏東：台灣海洋箱網養殖發展協會。
江志兵、曾江寧、陳全震、廖一波、劉菁菁、鄭平（2006）。美國海域使用管理及對我國的啟示。「海洋開發與管理」，4，57-63。北京：海洋出版社。
沈士新（2001）。海上箱網養殖海鱺人工飼料的開發-低污染高能量飼料。海洋大學水產養殖學系，行政院農業委員會委託研究計畫。
李召利（2006）。海域使用權與養殖權的關係。「海洋開發與管理」，3，78-82。北京：海洋出版社。
李宗霖、楊磊（1999）。海域水質與底質分析。「澎湖適正箱網發展規模調查規劃報告書」，221-241。高雄：中山大學海洋科技研究中心。
李德尚、李祺等（1994）。水庫對投餌網箱養魚的負荷力。「水生生物學報」，18，223-229。
李賢華（1999）。張力繫纜式箱網受風浪之動力行動，漁業推廣工作專刊，17，33-38。
李珊銘（2006）。澎湖海鱺箱網養殖漁業建置永續發展指標系統之研究。台灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文。
呂台生、黃將修、陸國光、楊任微、駱承利 (1992)。專家系統應用於場址評選探討，澎湖地區海洋資源研討會論文集。澎湖：台灣。p11-1-9。
邵廣昭（1998）。海洋生態學，台北：明文出版社。
季如寶、毛興華、朱明遠（1998）。貝類養殖對海灣生態系統的影響。「海洋科學進展期刊」，16(1)：21-27。
林志勳（2005）。台日主要漁業管理制度之比較研究。台灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文。
邱文彥、尚榮康（1999）。箱網養殖相關法規探討，箱網養殖研討會論文集，高雄市：中山大學海科院，6-17。
俞克儉、周耀休（1998）。世界各國海域箱網養殖之介紹與比較。高雄海技學報，13。高雄：高雄海洋技術學院。
俞克儉、呂學信、周耀杰（1999）。箱網結構設計與分析之研究。漁業推廣工作專刊，海上箱網養殖要輯，17，39-56。
胡志全（2005)。「巴斯德桿菌對養殖海鱺致病性研究」。台灣海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士論文。
胡興華（2000）。「箱網養殖之發展導向」，海上箱網養殖之整體規劃研討會，台灣海洋箱網養殖發展協會，1-11。
胡興華（1999）。台灣箱網養殖發展現況與展望，漁業推廣工作專刊，17，中山大學漁業推廣委員會，台灣高雄。1-8。
徐君卓（1999）。關於我國海水養殖業發展中若干關係問題的探討。「現代漁業訊息」，14（12），4-8。
徐君卓（2007）。「海水網箱及網圍養殖」。 北京：中國農業出版社。
徐承堉（2004）。「箱網養殖產業國際競爭力之分析與比較－以挪威、日本及台灣為研究對象」。台灣海洋大學應用經濟研究所碩士論文。
唐宏結（2001）。箱網容積變形改善研究。國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系研究所碩士論文。
翁平勝（2000）。台灣海鱺箱網養殖現況與問題。「中國水產」，573，3-20。
翁平勝、于錫亮（2000）。澎湖箱網養殖漁業。「澎專學報」，3，177-188。
高振會（2006）。發展海洋科技強化海洋環境監測。「海洋開發與管理」，5。北京：海洋出版社。
馬國鼎（2000）。模糊集理論應用於箱網養殖場址評選之研究。中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文。
陸知慧、林瑞著、楊仕喜（1990）。台灣地區養殖魚類重金屬之調查。藥物食品檢驗局調查研究年報8：209-227。
張崇瑜（1999）。台灣箱網養殖產業經濟分析，國立台灣海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士論文。
張賜玲、謝介士、陳紫媖（2003）。鮪魚之箱網養殖及種魚培育技術之建立。行政院農業委員會水產試驗所。
張賜玲、蘇茂森（1997）。外海箱網養殖魚種的開發研究。行政院農委會委託研究。
張崑雄、楊海寧、陳春暉、詹榮桂、戴昌鳳、鄭明修（1993）。「澎湖內海海域海洋生態資源調查研究」。交通部觀光局澎湖風景特定管理籌備處，中華民國環境溪流環境協會。
陳光烈（2001）。台灣海域箱網養殖規劃之研究。台灣海洋大學漁業科學系碩士論文。
陳宏遠（2002）。有效降低海鱺飼料魚粉使用量研究，中山大學海洋生物研究所。行政院農業委員會委託研究。
陳汾蘭（2002）。「台灣箱網養殖競爭力與策略之分析」。台灣海洋大學水產養殖研究所碩士論文。
陳汾蘭（2001）。「推動海上箱網養殖之成果」，農政與農情，344, 28-29。
陳秉弘（1999）。「箱網上附著生物之研究」。中山大學海洋資源研究所碩士論文。
陳秉正、陳秉弘（1999）。台灣箱網養殖產業面臨之問題。「中國水產」，561，25-37。
陳建初（1983）。水質管理。台北：九大圖書公司。
陳春、于錫亮、施志昀、翁進坪、徐振豐（2000）。澎湖地區相網養殖之水質調查研究。「第十五屆全國技術及職業教育研討會論文集海事類」。台中：嶺東技術學院。
陳昭倫（2007）。澎湖內灣底泥堆積調查研究計畫。「澎湖縣政府農漁局委託計畫期末報告」。
陳郁蕙、李武忠（2005）。兼顧生態維護下的養殖漁業發展策略。「中國水產」，627，25-38。
陳陽益、劉黃宗隆、莊曜陽（1999）。海上箱網養殖的整體規劃。「漁業推廣工作專刊」，17。高雄：中山大學漁業推廣委員會。
陳筱華（2000）。箱網養殖區水質及底質污染趨勢。「漁業推廣工作專刊」，18，7-29。
陳薏卉（2004）。「台灣箱網水產養殖產業之技術效率分析」。台灣海洋大學應用經濟研究所碩士論文。
郭仁政（2003）。澎湖地區海水箱網養殖魚類疾病之疫情調查。屏東科技大學獸醫學系碩士論文。
曾憲郎（2000）。箱網養殖行銷策略。「漁業推廣工作專刊：海上箱網養殖要輯(下) 」，18，31-35。
曾憲郎、陳建州（2000）。箱網養殖的水產品物流。「台灣經濟金融月刊」，421，67-80。
董正釱、陳秋妏(2003)。九十二年度澎湖縣海域環境品質調查監測，澎湖縣環境保護局。
董正釱、陳秋妏(2004)。九十三年度澎湖縣、金門縣及馬祖海域環境品質調查監測，澎湖縣環境保護局。
董正釱、陳秋妏(2005)。九十四年度金門縣海域環境品質調查監測，金門縣環境保護局。
華鼎可（1999）。「海水魚箱網養殖及其疾病防治」。基隆：養魚世界、水產出版社。
黃友義（1998）。台灣箱網養殖輔導。「漁業推廣」，141，13-22。
黃友義（1999）。海上箱網養殖推廣。「中國畜牧」，567，108-111。
黃友義（2000）。海上箱網養殖推廣。「中國水產」，567，51-56。
黃材成，(1999)。箱網養殖工程風險探討。「漁業推廣工作專刊：海上箱網養殖要輯(上) 」，17，23-32。
黃材成、唐宏結（2002）。「可沈式海上箱網養殖系統研究(II)」，第二十四屆海洋工程研討會，743~750。
黃春蘭（2003）。「水質學」。台北：藝軒圖書出版社。
新漁業（2007）。「巴西與美國合作以箱網成功繁殖海鱺」，234，27-28。台北市：新漁業雜誌社。
楊紅生（1999）。淺海筏式養殖系統貝類養殖容量研究進展。「水產學報」，23，84-90。
董雙林、齊振雄、李德尚、張曼平（1998）。對蝦養殖池塘氮磷收支的實驗研究。「水產學報」，22，124-128。
劉家壽、崔奕波、劉建康（1997）。網箱養魚對環境影響的研究進展。水生生物學報，21(2)，174-184。
劉劍昭（2000）。「對蝦池封閉式綜合養殖的容量和效果」。青島海洋大學碩士論文。
劉繼源（2000）。「於海洋箱網養殖海域進行大型實用藻類養殖以降搭該海域優氧化增加業者就並兼具海中造林效果之研究」。高雄海洋技術學院碩士論文。
劉繼源（1995）。箱網養殖。台灣農家要覽－漁業篇，行政院農業委員會，P178-289。
廖文亮（2002）。海鱺飼料之開發研究---飼料中添加植物性蛋白源對海鱺成長之影響。台灣大學漁業科學研究所。行政院農業委員會委託研究。
潘竫一（1998）。「澎湖海上箱網養殖發展策略之研究」。台北：華泰書局。
潘竫一（2000）。影響澎湖箱網養殖決策相關因素之研究。「澎專學報」，3，89-120。
鄭火元、劉春城（2005）。結合地理資訊系統建構定置漁場基礎資料庫。「漁業推廣專刊」，22，6-15。高雄：高雄海洋科技大學漁業推廣委員會。
鄭佳慧（2005）。「台灣地區養殖池金屬元素之研究」。台灣海洋大學海洋環境資訊學系碩士論文。
鄭敬善、蘇茂森（1997）。開發外海箱網養殖技術。行政院農委會委託研究，計畫編號：86科技-1.12-漁-03(1)。
歐慶賢、陳懸弧、劉繼源、陳添喜、黃漢津、黃燦星等譯（1999）；Malcolm C.M. Beveridge。箱網養殖，基隆：水產出版社。
錢薇薇、朱鑫華（2000）。海水養殖業的發展及前景。「中國水產」，2，18-19。
賴仲義、蔡添財、黃世鈴、陳榮華、白志年（2002）。吳郭魚育種與保種試。行政院農業委員會水產試驗所鹿港分所。
蕭再安（1998）。海洋牧場區位評選模式之研究。國科會專題研究計畫。台灣海洋大學河海工程系。
謝銘輝（2004）。養殖環境對於魚病的影響。「中國水產」，624。台北市：中國水產協會。
鍾志堅（2005）。挪威漁業管理培訓考察報告。廣西水產科技。
蘇茂森（2005）。明日之星的箱網養殖。「科學發展月刊 」，385，12-17。
暨衛東（1998）。廈門馬鑾灣有機污染富營養化狀況下的生化關係．「海洋學報」，20 (1)：134-143。

英文文獻:
Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Ross, L.G.（1995）Environmental modelling and management of complex datasets for aquaculture: progress in using GIS. GIS Enhances Aquaculture Development. No. 20: 21-24.
Anon. (2001a). Aquaculture Waste Control Regulation. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Pollution: Aquaculture Waste Control Regulation. Available at: http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/main/newsrel/fisc0102/ january/nr38b.htm.
Anon. (2001b). Stateof Environment Norway: Discharges of Nutrients from the Fish Farming Industry: Better Feed Quality, Feeding Routines a Dmonitoring. Available:http://www.environment.no/Topics/Water/eutrophication/fish_farms/fishfarms2.stm.
Asche, F. A., Guttormsen, G., and Tveteraas, R. (1999). Environmental Problems, Productivity and Innovation in Norwegian Salmon Aquaculture, Aquaculture Economics and Management 3(1): 19-29.
Aure, J., Ervik, A., Johannesen, P. J., Ordemann, T. (1988). The Environmental effects of sea water fish farms. In Norwegian-abstract, conclusions and legends to tables and figures in English. Fisken of Havet no.1, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway. 94 pp.
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., and Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. Management Science 30: 1078–1092.
Barg, U. W. (1992).Guidelines for the Promotion of Environmental Management of Coastal Aquaculture Development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Fisheries Technical Paper, vol.328. FAO, Rome, Italy, pp.1–122.
Bebianno, M. J. (1998). Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments, (Eds.), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 415-438.
Beveridge, M. C. M. (1984). Cage and Pen Fish Farming: Carrying Capacity Models and Environmental Impact. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 255: 131.
Beveridge, M. C. M., Ross, L. G.., and Mendoza, A. Q. M. (1994). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Coastal Aquaculture Site Selection and Planning. In: Ecology of Marine Aquaculture (ed. K. Koop), pp. 26-47. International Foundation for Science, Stockholm.
Beveridge, M. C. M. (1996). Cage Aquaculture, 2nd ed. Fishing News Books, Oxford. Pp. 346.
Black, K. D. (2001). Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture. (Ed.), Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, England, UK. 228 pp.
Body, C. E. Bottom Soils, Sediment and Pond Aquaculture, Champan & Hall, New York, 1995, 341 pp.
Bowen, H. J. M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the Element. Academic Press.
Braaten, B., Aure, J., Ervik A., Boge, E. （1983）. Pollution problems in Norwegian arming. ICES C.M. 26, 11 pp.
Brennan, W. J. (1995). Background in Formation and Recommendations for New England Fishery Management Council Development of an Aquaculture Policy and Management Strategy. Saugus, New England Fishery Management Council: 21 plus Appendices.
Burbridge, P. R., Gavine, F. M. and Kelly, L. A. (1993) Control and regulation of the environmental impact of fish farming in Scotland. In: Workshop on Fish Farm Effluents and Their Controls in EC Countries (ed. H. Rosenthal, V. Hilge and A. Kamstra), pp. 146-180. University of Kiel, Germany.
Burroughs, P. A. (1986).Principles of Geographic Information System for Land Resources Assessment. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Carver, C. E. A. and Mallet, A.L., (1990). Estimating the carrying capacity of a coastal inlet for mussel culture. Aquaculture 88:39-53.
Chapman, G.A., Stevens D.G., "Acutely lethal levels of cadmium, copper, and zinc to ale coho salmon and steelhead", Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Volume: 107, (1978), 7-840.
Chan, H. M. (1998). Metal accumulation and detoxification in humans. In：Langston, W. J., Bebianno, M. J. (Eds). Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 415-438.
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., and Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units. European Journal of Operational Research 2: 429-444.
Chiau, W. Y., Chou., C. L., and Shih, Y. C.（2004）.Marine Aquaculture in Chinese Taipei: Status, Institutions and Challenges. APEC bulletin on Marine Resources Conservation and Fisheries, September 2004, Volume VI, Issue 2, pp. 15-20.
Chou, C.L., Haya, K., Paon., and Moffatt, J. D. (2004). A Regression Model Using Sediment Chemistry for the Evaluation of Marine Environmental Impacts Associated with Salmon Aquaculture Cage Wastes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49: 465-472.
Chou, C. L., Haya, K., Paon, L. A., Burridge, L., and Moffatt. J. D. (2002). Aquaculture-related Trace Metals in Sediments and Lobsters and Relevance to Environmental Monitoring Program Ratings for Near-field Effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44: 1259-1268.
Chou, C. L., Paon, L. A., Moffatt, J. D., Zwicker, B. (2002). Copper contamination and Cadmium, silver, and zinc concentrations in the digestive glands of American lobster ( Homarus americanus) from the inner Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada. Bull. Env. Cont. Tox. 65: 470-477.
Clark, J. R. (1996). Coastal Zone Management Handbook, Lewis Publishers.
Colbourne D. B. and J. H. Allen. (2001). Observation on motions and loads in Aquaculture cages from full scale and model scale measurements. Aquaculture Engineering 24: 129-148.
Cowell, P. J., and Zeng, T. Q. (2003).Integrating Uncertainty Theories with GIS for Modeling Coastal Hazards of Climate Change. Marine Geodesy 26: 5–18.
Crawford, C. M. (2003). Environmental management of marine aquaculture in Tasmania, Australia. Aquaculture 226: 129 –138.
Cripps, S., and Martin, K. (2003). Environmental and Other Impact of Aquaculture. In: Auqaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Fishing News Books, pp. 74-99.
Crown, E.（1987）. Fish Farming: Guidelines on Siting and Design of Marine Fish Farms in Scotland Crown Estate Guideline, 13 p.
Dao, H. G.., Yang Y., and Amararatne Y. (2005). GIS for Land Evaluation for Shrimp Farming in Haiphong of Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 51-63.
DeVoe, M. R. (1997). Marine Aquaculture Regulations in the United States: Environmental Policy and Management Issues. In: Proc. Twenty-Fourth U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium ( ed. B. Jane Keller), pp. 1-15.
Donovan, D. J. (1997). Environmental Code of Conduct for Australian Prawn Farmers. Australian Prawn Farmers Association, Bribe Island, Queensland, Australia. 32pp.
DPIWE. (2000). Marine Farming Development Plan, Tamar Estuary, July 2000. Tasmania Department of Primary Industries, Water and Envrionment, 44 pp. Available on http://www.dpif.tas.gov.au/dpif.html.
Dudley, R., Panchang, V., and Newell, C. (2000).Application of a Comprehensive Modeling Strategy for the Management of Net-pen Aquaculture Waste Transport. Aquaculture 187: 319-349.
ESRI Inc. (2005). ESRI Inc., New York, U.S.A. Available from www.esri.com.
Ervik, A., Hansen, P. K., Aure, J., Stigebrandt, A., Johannessen, P., and Jahnsen, T.(1997).Regulating the Local Environmental Impact of Intensive Marine Fish Farming. The Concept of the MOM System (Modelling On Growing Fish Farm_Monitoring). Aquaculture 158: 85-94.
European Commission (EC), (1995). Aquaculture and the Environment in the European Community. Directorate General of Fisheries. Office for Official Publications of the European Community. Luxembourg. 89 pp.
FAO, 2007. Available on http://www.fao.org
FAO, The state of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture. (2001). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The Measurement of Productive Efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society l, no.120: 254-281.
Framk, A., Atle, G., and Ragnar, T. (1999). Environmental Problems, Produc -tivity and Innovations in Norwegian Salmon Aquaculture. Aquaculture Economics and Management 3 (1): 19-29.
Frodge, J.d., Thamas, G.L., and Pauley, G.. B. (1990). Effects of Canopy Formation by Floating and Submergent Aquatic Macrophytes on the Water Quality of Two Shallow Pacific Northwest lakes. Aquat. Botany 38: 231-248.
Ganley, J. A., and Cubbin, J. S. (1992). Public Sector Efficiency Measure -ment-Application of Data Envelopment Analysis. Amsterdam: Netherlands.
GESAMP(IMO/FAO/UNESCO-O/WHL/IAEAI/UN/UNEP) Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (2001). Planning and management for sustainable coastal aquaculture development. Rep.Stud. Available at http://www.un.org/earthwatch/about/docs/scpGESAMP.htm
Goldburg, R. J., Elliot, M. S., and Naylor, R. L. (2001). Marine Aquaculture in the United States: Environmental Impacts and Policy Options. Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, VA. Pp. 33.
Gowen, R. J., and Bradbury, N. B. (1987). The Ecological Impact of Salmonid Farming in Coastal Waters: A Review. Oceanogr. Mar.Biol. Annu.Rev. 25: 563-575.
Gowen, R., Brown, J. Bradbury, N., McLusky, D. S. (1988). Investigations into benthic enrichment, hypernutrification and eutrophication associated with mariculture in Scottish coastal water (1984-1988). Report, Dep. Biol. Sci., University of Stirling, Scotland. 289 pp.
Guneroglu, A., Kose, E., Eruz, C., Basar, E., Erkebay, S., and Karsli, F.(2005). Use of Geographic Information System (GIS) to Select fish Cage Farming Sites in Surmene Bay, Black Sea. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh, 57(2): 81-89.
Hansen, Pia Kupka. (1994). Benthic Impact of Marine Fish Farming. Proceedings of the Canada-Norway Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture. pp. 77-81.
Hatcher, A., Grant, J., Schofield, B. (1994). Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay, Marine Ecology Progress Series 115: 219-235.
Holmes, B.（1996）. Blue Revolution, New Scientist, p. 34.
Hu, B. T. (1994). Cage culture development and its role in aquaculture in China. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 25: 305-310.
Ibrekk, H. O., Kryvi, H., and Elvestad, S. (1991). Nationwide assessment of the suitability of the Norwegian coastal zone and rivers for aquaculture (LENKA). P.419-439 in De pauw, N. and J. Joyce (Eds). Aquaculture and the environment. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No. 16. Gent, Belgium.
Jahncke M. L., and Schwarz M. H. (2002). Public, Animal, and Environmental Aquaculture Health Issues in Industrialized Countries. (ed. Jahncke M. L., E. Spencer Garrett, Alan Reilly, Roy E. Martin, and Emille Cole) . pp. 67-102.
Janowicz, M., and Ross, J. (2001). Monitoring for Benthic Impacts in the Southwest Neew Brunswick Salmon Aquaculture Industry. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58: 453-476.
Jiang, C., and Ting, Y. Y. (1984). Acute Toxicity of Heavy Metals to the Larval Shrimp, Metapenaeus Monoceros. Bull. Taiwan. Fish. Res. Inst. 36: 93-98.
Kaspar, H. F. (1985). Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kencpru Sounds, New Zealand. Mar Biol. 85: 127-136.
Kaspar, H. F., Hall, G. H., and Holland, A. J. (1988). Effects of Sea Cage Salmon Farming on Sediment Nitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reductions. Aquaculture 70: 333-344.
Keizer, Paul D. (1994). An Integrated Approach to Aquaculture Site Selection and Management. Proceedings of the Canada-Norway Workshop on Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture. pp. 53-60.
Kelly, L. A. (1992). Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus Release from Sediments Beneath a Freshwater Cage Aquaculture Development in West Scotland. Hyfrobiologia, 235: 569-572.
Kishi,M.J., Iwata, Y., and Uchiyama, M. (1994). Numerical Simulation Model for Quantitative Management of Aquaculture. Ecological Modelling 72: 21-40.
Kryvi, H., Ibrekk, H. O., and Elvestad, S. (1991). LENKA-a Method for a Nation-wide Analysis of the Suitability of the Norwegian Coast for Aquaculture. Marine Pollution Bulletion 23: 785-788.
Kupka-Hansen, P., Pittman, K. and Ervik, A. (1991). Organic Waste from Marine Fish Farms-effects on the Seabed. In: Marine Aquaculture and Environment, pp. 105-119. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
Lee, J.Y., and Tett, P. (2002). The PROWQM Physical Biological Model with Benthic Pelagic Coupling Applied to the Northern North Sea. Journal of Sea Research, 48: 287-233.
Lee. J. H. W., and Choi. K.W. (2003). Environmental Management of Marine Fish Culture in Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin 47: 202-210.
Liao, I. C., Huang, T. S., Tsai, W. S., Hsueh, C. M., Chang, S. L., Leano, E. M., (2004). Cobia culture in Taiwan: current status and problems. Aquaculture 237: 155-165.
Loring, D. H., and Rantala, R.T.T. (1977). Geochemical Analyses of Marine Sediments and Suspended Particulate Matter. Canadian Fisheries and Marine Service Research and Development Directorate Technical Report 700, xii + 58 pp
Lucus J. S., and Paul C. S. (2003). Auqaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Publication Xompany.
Macleod, C., Crawford, C., Mitchell, I., and Connell, R. (2002). An Evaluation of the Rate of Recovery of Gun Powder Jetty.Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Hobart, Tasmania.
McClelland, J.W., and Valiela, I. (1998). Changes in Food Web Structure Under the Influence of Increased Anthropogenic Nitrogen Inputs to Estuaries. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 168: 259–271.
Meaden, G.. J., and Kapetsky, J. M. (1991). Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing in Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical paper, 318. FAO, Rome.
Michael, N. (1969). Sustainable Global Aquaculture. World Aquaculture. 27(2): 4-6.
Michio, K., Masato, U., and Yoshiyasu, I. (1994). Numerical Imulation Model for Quantitative Management of Aquaculture, Ecological Modelling, Elsevier Science B’V; Amsterdam.
Midlen, A., and Redding, T.（1998）. Environmental management for aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Milne, P. H.（1974）. A visit to Japan’s fish farming industry. Fish Farming International, 1(2): 38-55.
National Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2005（2005）available on http://aquaculture.noaa.gov/us/2005.html
Naylor, S.J., Moccia R.D., Durant G. M.（1999）. The chemical composition of eable solid fish waste (manure) from commercial rainbow trout farms in Ontario, ada, North Am. J. Aquacult., Vol. 61: 21-26.
NCC. (1990). Fish Farming and the Scottish Freshwater Environment. Report Prepared for the Nature Conservancy Council by the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Penicuik and the Institute of Terrestial Ecology, Banchory. NCC, Edinburgh.
Panchang, V., Cheng, G.., and Newell, C. (1997). Modeling hydrodynamics and aquaculture waste transport in coastal Maine. Estuaries, 20(1): 14-41.
Pearson, K. (1901). On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space.” Philos Mag 2: 559-572.
Pérez, O.M., Ross, L.G.., Telfer, T.C., and del Campo Barquin, L. M. (2003). Water Quality Requirements for Marine Fish Cage Site Selection in Tenerife (Canary Islands): Predictive Modelling and Analysis Using GIS. Aquaculture 224: 51–68.
Pillay, T. V. R. (1992). Aquaculture and the Environment, Fishing News Books.
Poole, N. J., Wildish, D. J., and Kristmanson, D.D. (1978). The Effects of the Pulp and Paper Industry on the Aquatic Environment. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control 8: 153-195.
Rabalais, N.N., Turner, R.E., Justic, d., Dortch, Q., Wiseman Jr., W.J., Gupta, B.K. (1996). Nutrient Changes in the Mississippi River and System Responses on the Adjacent Continental Shelf. Estuaries 19: 386-407.
Rosenberg, R. & Loo, L.-O. (1983). Energy-flow in a Mytilus edulis culture in western Sweden. Aquaculture 35:151-161.
Ross, L. G.., Mendoza, E. A. Q. M., and Beveridge, M. C. M.（1993）. The Application of Geographical Information Systems to Site Selection for Coastal Aquaculture: an Example Based on Salmonid Cage Culture. Aquaculture 112: 165-178.
Rudi, H., and Dragsund, E. (1993). Localization Strategies. (ed. H. Reiner -sten, L. A. Dahle, L. Jorgensen and K. Tvinnereim), pp. 169-176. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Scheinberg, I. H. (1991). Copper. In: E. Merian (ed.) Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. VCH, New York. P. 893-908.
Shih, Y. C., C. L. Chou, W. Y. Chiau. (2009). Geographic information system applied to measuring benthic environmental impact with chemical measures on mariculture at Penghu Islet in Taiwan, Science of the Total Environment. （In press）
Silvert, W. (1992). Assessing Environmental Impacts of Finfish Aquaculture in Marine Waters. Aquaculture 107: 67-79.
Sowles, J. W., Churchill, L., and Silvert, W. (1994). The Effect of Benthic Carbon Loading on the Degradation of Bottom Conditions Under Farm Sites. In: Modelling Benthic Impacts of Organic Enrichment from Marine Aquaculture. Canadian Technical Report on Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1949(ed. B. T. Hargrave): 31-46.
Stephen, J. H. (1996).Aquaculture Sustainability: Avoiding the Pitfalls of the Green Revolution. World Aquaculture. 27(2): 13-15.
Tacon, A. G. J., Forster, I. P. (2003). Aquafeeds and the environment: policy implications. Aquaculture 226: 181–189.
Thonney, J. H., and Garnier, E. (1994). Bay of Fundy Salmon Aquaculture Morning Programs, 1992-1993. In Washburn and Gills Associates, Ltd.
Thorne-Miller, B., Earle, S.（1999）. The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity. 2nd edition, Washington, D.C. : Island Press.
Telfer, Trevor and Robinson, Karen (2003). Environmental Quality and Carrying Capacity for Aquaculture in Mulroy Bay Co. Donegal. Marine Environment and Health Series, No.9. 99 pp.
Tseng, C.T., Chen, S-C., Huang, C-S., and Liu, C-C.(2001). GIS-assisted Site Selection for Artificial Reefs. Fisheries Science 67: 1015–1022.
USEPA. (1999). Draft Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater): Cape Cod to Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras, Office of Water 4304, EPA 822-D-99-002, pp. 55.
Walkey, A. (1947). A Critical Examination of a Rapid Method for Determining Organic Carbon in Soil. Soil Sci. 63: 251-263.
Washburn and Gills Associateds, Ltd. (1995). Environmental Management Plan for the Marine Finfish Aquaculture Industry in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Final report for N.B. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Frederiction, N.B.
Wedepohl, W.（1991）. The Composition of the Upper Earth’s Crust and the Natural Cycles of Selected Metals. Metals in Natural Raw Materials. Natural Resources. P.3-17. In E. Merian (ed.) Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. VCH New York.
Weston, D. P. (1991). The Effects of Aquaculture on Indigenous Biota. In: Aquaculture and Water Quality. Advances in World Aquaculture, vol. 3 (ed. D.E. Brune and J. R. Tomasso), pp. 534-567. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge.
Weston, D. P. (1996). Environmental Considerations in the Use of Antibacterial Drugs in Aquaculture. In: Baird, D.J., Beveridge, M.C.M., Kelly, L.A., Muir, J.F. (Eds.), Aquaculture and Water Resource Management. Blackwell Science, UK, p.219.
Wetzel, R. G.. (1983). Limnology. Second ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Wilber, P., and Iocco, L. E. (2003). Using a GIS to Examine Changes in the Bathymetry of Borrow Pits and in Lower Bay, New York Harbor, USA. Marine Geodesy 26: 49–61.
Wildish, D. J., Akagi, H. M., Hargrave, B. T., Strain, P. M. (2004). Iarter-laboratoy Calibration of Redox Potential and Total Sulfide Measurements in Interfacial Marine Sediments and the Implications for Organic Enrichment Assessment. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aqua. Sci. 2546: 1 –25.
Wildish, D., Hargrave, B.T., and Pohle, G. (2001). Cost Effective Monitor -ing of Organic Enrichment Resulting from Salmon Mariculture. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58: 469-476.
Wildish, D. J., Akagi, H. M., Hamilton, N., and Hargrave, B. T. (1999). A recommended Method for Monitoring Sediments to Detect Organic Enrichment from Mariculture in the Bay of Fundy. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2286: 1–31.
Wu, R.S.S.（1995）. The environmental impact of marine fish culture: towards a sustainable future. Marine Pollution Bulletin 31: 159–166.
Wu, R.S.S., Shin, P. K. S., MacKay, D.W., Mollowney, M., and Johnson, D. (1999). Management of Marine Fish Farming in the Sub-tropical Environment: a Modelling Approach. Aquaculture 174: 279–298.
Wu, R.S.S. (2001). Environmental impacts of marine fish farming and their mitigation. In: Garcia, L. M. B. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Seminar-Workshop on Responsible Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia organized by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, 12-14 October 1999, Iloilo City, Philippines. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo City, Philippines. Pp. 157-172.
Wypyszinski, A. W. (1994). Governmental Regulation of Growth and Develop -ment: Improving the Legal Framework for Aquaculture in the Northeastern United States. New Jersey Sea Grant Advisory Service.