關於概念化的旅居者文化適應仍然主要集中在留學海外接受高等教育的學者。然而，對於海外求學的文化適應情形有相關聯的研究為數並不多。而這類族群是可以成為潛在的永久居民，因此對於這類族群不論是從個人以及專業層面上來了解他們的文化適應情形是不可或缺的。Lysgaard的U型理論說明了這些移民在接觸外國文化時的文化調整模式。此理論由動態的自我轉化組成，其中包括了興奮、壓力、衝擊以及適應。本研究主要研究非英國籍學者在英國的文化適應情形，此外具體的參與者是正在諾丁漢特倫特大學的非英國籍學者。除此之外，本研究的次要目的為通過半結構式調查來對Lysgaard的U型理論進行驗證。最後，為了瞭解如何促進外籍員工的文化適應以及優化其專業表現外，同時也改善與本國同事之間的互動模式，因此大學內部組織的相關幫助將會被檢視(相關幫助是指對非英國學者所提供的幫助)。從分析中發現到，Lysgaard的U型理論的第一階段(幸福感)並不是顯而易見的。考慮到文獻中的多樣模組，並結合了Lysgaard的U型理論，第一階段可以被劃分為三個獨立情況:幸福感、壓力，幸福與壓力。此外，Berry的多維度文化適應模式對於Lysgaard理論的最後階段(獨立階段)的理解非常有幫助。因此，為了能突破最後的獨立階段，並同時了解參與者在結束文化適應階段時的過程，Berry的理論也被應用在此模型中。

Conceptualisations of sojourners cultural adjustment remain mostly focused on students studying at a foreign Higher Education institution. However, limited amounts of studies have researched the cultural adjustment journey of academics in a foreign country. As they can be potential permanent resident, it is important to understand their cultural adjustment journey on a personal and professional level. Lysgaard’s U-curve theory illustrates a model of cultural adjustment for immigrants as they are exposed to a foreign culture. This theory comprises dynamic self-transformation growth which involves excitement, stress, shock and adaptation. This study aims to understand non-UK academics cultural adjustment journey in Britain and in this specific case with the help of participants who are current non-British academics at Nottingham Trent University. Additionally, the secondary purpose of the study is also to check the validation of Lysgaard’s U-curve theory by pursuing semi-structured interviews with participants. Finally, organisational support within the university, in this case support provided to non-UK academics, will be investigated to understand how to facilitate cultural adaptation of foreign staff to optimise their professional performance and improve interactions between native and foreign colleagues. From the analysis it was found that the first stage of Lysgaard’s U-curve theory (Euphoria) was not always apparent in the study. By considering multiple models in the literature, in conjunction with Lysgaard’s U-curve theory, the first stage can be partitioned into three separate cases: Euphoria, Stress, Euphoria and Stress. Additionally, Berry’s multidimensional acculturation model appeared to be useful in understanding the final stage of Lysgaard’s theory, the Independent stage. As a result, Berry’s theory was also used in the model in order to breakout the Independent stage and understand what kind of acculturation the participants have developed at the end of their cultural adjustment journey.

Aknowledgements iii
摘 要 iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
Table of Figures ix
Table of Tables x
Abbreviations 1
Introduction 2
Critical Literature Review 6
Culture 6
Culture shock 7
Cultural adjustment 8
Cultural adjustment theories 9
Acculturation 10
International academics 11
Social and organisational support 12
Research questions 13
Research Context 14
Research Methodology and Methods 16
Philosophical Underpinning 16
Research Approach & Research Design 17
Research Methods 17
Sampling Methods 18
Access Issues 19
Data Analysis Methods 20
Considerations on Validity and Reliability 20
Data Analysis and Illustration 22
Demographic questions 22
Semi-structured Interviews 28
Pre-Arrival 29
Arrival 32
British Environment 35
Language and Socialisation 38
University Experience 39
Living in Britain 42
Culture Shock 45
Acculturation 46
Organisational Support 47
Discussion, Conclusion & Recommendations 49
Challenges & Limitations of the Study 51
References 53
Appendices 57
Appendix #1: NBS Ethics 03 #1 and #2 57
Appendix #2: Participants Ethics Consent Form 70
Appendix #3: Interview Questions 73
Appendix #4: Participant 1 Interview 75
Appendix #5: Participant 2 Interview 80
Appendix #6: Participant 3 Interview 87
Appendix #7: Participant 4 Interview 94
Appendix #8: Participant 5 Interview 100
Appendix #9: Participant 6 Interview 107
Appendix #10: Participant 7 Interview 115
Appendix #11: Participant 8 Interview 121
Appendix #12: Participant 9 Interview 129
Appendix #13: Participant 10 Interview 135
Appendix #14: Participant 11 Interview 140
Appendix #15: Participant 12 Interview 149
Appendix #16: Participant 13 Interview 155

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