摘要
本研究的目的，主要是分析台灣沿近海域產鯨豚體內所蓄積之重金屬濃度來探討其蓄積是否存在種別、捕獲地點、雌雄間差異、不同組織間及不同部位間的差異，同時建立樣品庫及西太平洋鯨豚重金屬濃度之基礎背景值，並且與世界其他海域鯨豚蓄積的濃度比較，藉以瞭解台灣沿近海域重金屬的污染情況。此外，就樣品數量最多的熱帶斑海豚(Stenella attenuata)來探討其肌肉重金屬濃度與其年齡、體長之相關性，同時，亦使用長吻飛旋海豚(Stenella longirostris)及新鼠海豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)來探討其肌肉重金屬濃度與體長及體重之相關性。
本研究與台灣大學動物學系周蓮香教授所主持鯨豚研究室合作，收集1994至1995年誤捕、查扣之鯨豚標本。共分析8種83隻鯨豚動物，分別為真海豚(Delphinus delphis)、瑞氏海豚(Grampus griseus)、弗氏海豚(Lagenodelphis hosei)、熱帶斑海豚(Stenella attenuata)、條紋海豚(Stenella coeruleoalba)、長吻飛旋海豚(Stenella longirostris)、糙齒海豚(Steno bredanensis)、太平洋瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus)。此外，並利用1998年擱淺的一隻侏儒抹香鯨(Kogia simus)及2000年誤捕的二隻新鼠海豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)進行各部位肌肉蓄積差異的研究。分析的組織有肌肉、肝臟、肺臟、腎臟。分析的重金屬元素有銀、砷、鎘、鈷、銅、鐵、總汞、有機汞、錳、鎳、硒及鋅。其中銅、鐵、錳、鎳及鋅以火焰式原子吸收光譜儀(FAAS)測量，銀、砷、鈷及硒以感應偶合電漿質譜儀(ICP-MASS)測量，鎘以石墨爐式原子吸收光譜法(GFAAS)分析。總汞及有機汞則以冷蒸氣式原子吸收光譜法(CVAAS)進行分析。
結果顯示鯨豚肌肉中重金屬濃度在種別間依元素的不同而有差異，其中砷、鐵、總汞、有機汞、硒及鋅存在顯著的種別差異、其中砷以瑞氏海豚的濃度最高(0.997±0.348mg/Kg)、太平洋瓶鼻海豚(0.29±0.10 mg/Kg)最低，鐵以弗氏海豚的濃度(146.84 mg/Kg)最高、真海豚最低(90.13±13.56 mg/Kg)，總汞則以弗氏海豚(16.87 mg/Kg)最高、糙齒海豚(1.01±0.60 mg/Kg)最低，有機汞濃度是弗氏海豚(5.65 mg/Kg)最高、真海豚(0.93±0.42 mg/Kg)最低，硒則以弗氏海豚(4.62 mg/Kg)最高、太平洋瓶鼻海豚(0.76±0.54 mg/Kg)最低，鋅是太平洋瓶鼻海豚(24.05±16.10 mg/Kg)最高，長吻飛旋海豚(10.16±2.90 mg/Kg)最低。而銀、銅、鎘、鈷、錳、鎳則無明顯的種別差異存在。重金屬在組織間的差異，除了有機汞比例在肌肉中最高外，皆呈現肝臟蓄積濃度最高，肺臟次之、肌肉中最低的情形。各種重金屬的蓄積濃度在熱帶斑海豚肌肉中並無明顯的雌雄差異存在。
總汞、有機汞、硒在熱帶斑海豚的肌肉中存在明顯與年齡的正相關係。同時有機汞、硒、鋅亦與體長成正相關係此一現象在長吻飛旋海豚及新鼠海豚亦有相同的趨勢。
本研究的熱帶斑海豚、條紋海豚以及瓶鼻海豚肌肉中所含總汞濃度只比東太洋區同種稍高，但明顯的較法國、大西洋、義大利及日本沿海的海豚為低。至於其他元素，則與世界其他地區相似或較低。因而推測這些誤捕鯨豚體內所含的重金屬濃度為本海域的基礎背景值並無呈現特別污染的情形。

Abstract

The aim of this study investigated the metal bioaccumulation in the cetaceans from the Taiwanese coastal waters. The differences of metal concentrations in the small dolphins between species, sex and sampling location were examined. The results were compared to the data all over the world to understand the pollution status in the western Pacific. Accordingly specimens-bank was established. Furthermore, the correlations between the size/age and metal concentrations were investigated in Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides.
This study cooperated with the Cetacean Research Laboratory leading by the Prof. L. S. Chou, Dept. of Zoology, National Taiwan University. The samples included 8 species of 83 individuals accidentally caught and stranded around Taiwan in 1994-1995. The 8 species included Delphinus delphin, Grampus grieus, Lagenodelphis hoseei, Stenella attenuata, S. coeruleoalba, S. longirostris, Steno bredanensis, Tursiops truncatus. In addition, one Kogia simus stranded in 1998 and two Neophocaena phocaenoides accidentaly caught in 2000 were used to examine the variation of metal bioaccumulation in the muscles at different parts of body. The tissues of muscle, liver and lung were used for analysis of Ag, As, Cd , Co, Cu, Fe, total Hg, organic Hg, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn. The flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was used in analysis of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The cold vapor AAS and graphite furnace AAS were used for determination of Hg and Cd, respectively. ICP-MASS were used in measurements of Ag, As, Co and Se.
The differences of metal bioaccumulation in muscles of different species were element ally depend. As, Fe, total Hg, organic Hg, Se and Zn presented significant species differences. Highest Fe (147 mg/Kg wet wt), total Hg (16.9), organic Hg (5.65), and Se (4.62) were found in Lagenodelpnis hosei, whereas highest As (2.92) and Zn (24.1) were found in Grampus griseus and Tursiops truncatus. However, lowest As (0.29), and Se (0.76) were found in Tursiops truncatus. Lowest Fe (90), organic Hg (0.93), total Hg (1.0) and Zn (10.16) were found in Delphinus delphis, Delphinus delphis, Steno bredanensis, and Stenella longirostris. No species differences were found in the muscle concentrations of Ag, Cu, Cd, Co, Mn and Ni. Except organic Hg found highest in muscle. The concentrations of rest elements were found highest in liver and lowest in muscle. There was no significant difference of metal bioaccumulation found in male and female Stenella attenuata.
The correlations between the size/age and metal concentrations in muscle were found in Stenella attenuata, S. longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides. The relationships were significant in total Hg, oranic Hg and Se of Stenella attenuata, whereas in orangic Hg, Se and Zn of Stenella longirostris and Neophocaena phocaenoides.
The metal concentrations found in this study were mostly equal to or lower than those records all over the world. Furthermore, by comparison the total Hg of Stenella attenuata, S. coeruleoalba and Tursiops truncatus with those data found in elsewhere. The total Hg levels in this study were slightly higher than that of eastern Pacific, but much lower than that of Mediterranean of Italy and France, Atlantic and Japan. These findings suggest that the metal concentrations found in this study representing the baseline metal concentration of western Pacific. Based on this, no specific sight of pollution was found in the coastal waters off Taiwan.

目錄
章次 頁次
中文摘要----------------------------------------------i
英文摘要--------------------------------------------iii
目錄--------------------------------------------------v
圖目錄----------------------------------------------vii
表目錄---------------------------------------------viii
附表目錄---------------------------------------------ix
謝辭--------------------------------------------------x
一、前言--------------------------------------------------1
二、材料與方法--------------------------------------------7
2.1 標本來源--------------------------------------------7
2.2 標本前處--------------------------------------------7
2.3 建檔方式--------------------------------------------8
2.4 分析組織及測定的重金屬------------------------------8
2.5 不同部位肌肉之重金屬濃度比較研究--------------------9
2.6元素分析樣品的處理----------------------------------9
2.7 品保(QA, Quality Assurance )和品管(QC, Quality Control)--13
2.8 重金屬之定量分析-----------------------------------16
2.9 數據處理與統計分析---------------------------------18
三、結果-------------------------------------------------20
3.1 標準樣品及內部查核樣品分析-------------------------20
3.2 侏儒抹香鯨及新鼠海豚不同部位肌肉鎘(Cd)、 銅(Cu)、
鐵(Fe)、總汞(Hg)、錳(Mn)及鋅(Zn)分析結果-----------20
3.3 不同種別鯨豚肌肉中之重金屬濃度比較-----------------21
3.4 擱淺及誤捕查扣之熱帶斑海豚肌肉中重金屬濃度之比較--23
3.5 海豚肌肉中的重金屬濃度的雌雄在比較----------------23
3.6 鯨豚體內重金屬濃度與器官組織間的差異比較----------23
3.7 熱帶斑海豚、長吻飛旋海豚肌肉及新鼠海豚的肌肉、肝
臟及腎臟中重金屬蓄積濃度與體長的關係--------------27
3.8 熱帶斑海豚肌肉中重金屬濃度與年齡的關係-------------28
3.9 南方澳(SU)及東港(TG)產熱帶斑海豚肌肉中重金屬濃度之
比較----------------------------------------------29
3.10總汞、有機汞與硒之關係-----------------------------30
3.11新鼠海豚(PE2000007)與胎兒(PE2000007F)之總汞比
較-----------------------------------------------30
四、討論-------------------------------------------------31
4.1 分析批次間的差異-----------------------------------31
4.2 不同部位海豚肌肉中重金屬濃度的差異-----------------31
4.3 海豚雌雄間肌肉中重金屬濃度的差異-------------------32
4.4 地點間重金屬濃度的差異-----------------------------32
4.5 誤捕及擱淺海豚肌肉中的重金屬之比較-----------------35
4.6 不同鯨豚種別間的重金屬蓄積的差異-------------------35
4.7 重金屬蓄積濃度在組織上的差異-----------------------36
4.8 海豚體內汞元素與體長、年齡的關係-------------------37
4.9 汞的垂直傳遞作用-----------------------------------38
五、參考文獻--------------------------------------------- 40
六、圖---------------------------------------------------49
七、表---------------------------------------------------61
八、附表-------------------------------------------------71

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