本論文中主要分為三大部分，首先我們利用一個NPB：Alq3混合層插入至NPB- Alq3兩層之間，藉由此層來減緩電洞之傳輸速率，以提昇電子電洞之復合效率，元件結構為ITO/ MTDATA（5 nm）/ NPB（60-Y）nm）/NPB：Alq3 (Z wt%)(Y nm) / Alq3（60 nm）/ LiF(0.7 nm)/ Al(180 nm)，實驗中可以發現加入此層時，整個電流密度明顯的下降，因此可以証明此層的確可以減緩電洞之速率，而此結構之最佳值是在當NPB：Alq3混合層厚度為30 nm，Alq3濃度為30 wt%，可以得到元件最佳特性。接著，我們結合了NPB與Rubrene所發的光來形成白光,其元件結構為：ITO/ MTDATA/ NPB/ NPB:Rubrene/ TPBI/ LiF/ Al藉由調整NPB:Rubrene濃度，我們可以將色度座標(CIE coordinate)調整到白光區域，我們可以得到當NPB掺雜Rubrene濃度在1 wt％且電流密度為20.8mA/cm2 可得到最佳效率9.0 cd/A且光色為綠白光。
為了得到更高效率且更純的白光元件,我們利用漸進式結構來改善元件的復合效率及發光效率，其結構為元件A： ITO/ MTDATA(5nm)/ NPB(10nm)/ NPB:Rubrene1%(25nm)/ NPB:Rubrene0.5%(25nm) / TPBI(60nm)/ LiF(0.7nm)/Al (180nm)；元件B：ITO/ MTDATA(5nm)/ NPB(10nm)/ NPB:Rubrene2%(17nm)/ NPB:Rubrene1%(17nm)/ NPB:Rubrene0.5%(17nm)/ TPBI(60nm)/ LiF(0.7nm)/ Al (180nm)，我們可以發現利用漸近式的結構在亮度的表現上有明顯的改善而且可以得到最大亮度分別為17270 cd/m2及24280 cd/m2 ，我們可以得到元件A與元件B的最佳效率分別為16.1 cd/A及18.5 cd/A ，且色度座標為x=0.35, y=0.36為純白光範圍，因為漸進式的結構可以有效改善薄膜再做混合時的內部損耗(如quenching center的產生),所以利用其優越的特性來製作白光OLED不但可以得到高效率的元件亦可以提高元件的穩定性。

Three subjects on the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been studied. First, We inserted a NPB：Alq3 mixed layer between these two NPB and Alq3 layers to decrease the holes mobility and improve the combined efficiency between the holes and electrons. After inserting the NPB：Alq3 layer, the current density of the device( ITO/ MTDATA（5 nm）/ NPB（60-Y）nm）/NPB：Alq3 (Z wt%)(Y nm) / Alq3（60 nm）/ LiF(0.7 nm)/ Al(180 nm)) is decreased obviously. This result suggests that NPB：Alq3 layer could delay the holes mobility. The optimum concentration in our device is 30 wt% while the total thickness is 30nm. Then we combined NPB and Rubrene to obtaine white emission and fabricate a white organic light emitting diode (WOLED). The structure of WOLEDs is ITO/ MTDATA/ NPB/ NPB:Rubrene/ TPBI/ LiF/ Al. By change the concentration of NPB:Rubrene layer, the WOLED can emit white light. We can get the maximum luminance efficiency of 9.0 cd/A at 20.8mA/cm2 with 1 wt%. And the device emit greenish-white.
In order to get higher efficiency and pure light WOLED, we use the grading structure to prepare OLED. The structures are device A: ITO/ MTDATA(5nm)/ NPB(10nm)/ NPB:Rubrene1%(25nm)/ NPB:Rubrene 0.5%(25nm)/ TPBI(60nm)/ LiF(0.7nm)/Al (180nm); device B: ITO/ MTDATA(5nm)/NPB(10nm)/NPB:Rubrene2%(17nm)/ NPB:Rubrene1% (17nm)/NPB:Rubrene0.5%(17nm)/TPBI(60nm)/ LiF(0.7nm)/ Al (180nm)
We get the maximum luminance of 17270 cd/m2 and 24280 cd/m2 , respectively and the optimum efficiency of 16.1 cd/A and 18.5 cd/A, respectively. The CIE coordinate of the device is x=0.35, y=0.36, which is identical to white light.

總目錄

致 謝 ............................................ Ⅰ
中 文 摘 要 ………………………………………………………… Ⅱ
英 文 摘 要 ………………………………………………………… Ⅳ
總 目 錄 ……………………………………………………………… Ⅵ
表 目 錄 ……………………………………………………………… Ⅸ
圖 目 錄 ……………………………………………………………… Ⅸ

第一章 前言 …………………………………………………… 1
1-1 有機發光二極體的發展 ……………………………………… 1
1-2 不同顯示器之比較 ……………………………………… 4
1-3 研究動機與目的 ……………………………………… 6

第二章 有機發光二極體的物理理論
2-1 OLEDs的操作理論 …………………………………………… 8
2-2 有機電激發光元件的激發機制 ……………………………… 9
2-3 載子的注入與傳輸特性 ……………………………………… 11
2-4 有機發光二極體的分子架構 ………………………………… 12
2-4-1 有機發光二極體之材料 ………………………………… 13
2-5 OLEDs元件的量子效率 ……………………………………… 17
2-6 遷移率之量測 …………………………………………………… 19
2-7 OLEDs元件衰敗之原因 ……………………………………… 19
2-8 顯示器全彩化 …………………………………………………… 21
2-8-1 影像光罩法 ……………………………………………… 21
2-8-2 色轉換法 ………………………………………………… 21
2-8-3 白光元件加彩色濾光片 …………………………… 22

第三章 實驗步驟與系統描述
3-1 實驗材料
3-1-1 有機材料 …………………………………………………… 23
3-1-2 緩衝層 …………………………………………………… 23
3-1-3 金屬陰極 …………………………………………………… 24
3-2 ITO玻璃基板
3-2-1 ITO玻璃蝕刻 ……………………………………………… 25
3-2-2 ITO表面潔淨處理 ……………………………………… 26
3-3 實驗系統
3-3-1 有機薄膜的蒸鍍 …………………………………………… 27
3-3-2 電極的蒸鍍 ………………………………………………… 28
3-3-3 封裝 ……………………………………………………… 29
3-4 量測
3-4-1 IV特性量測 ……………………………………………… 29
3-4-2 亮度特性之量測 ……………………………………… 30
第四章 利用混合層改善OLED之效率
4-1 簡介 ………………………………………………………… 31
4-2 實驗與元件製作 ……………………………………………… 34
4-3 結果與討論 ……………………………………………………… 35
4-4 結論 ………………………………………………………… 37
第五章 利用混合層結構製作白光OLED
5-1 實驗目的 ………………………………………………… 38
5-2 利用不同濃度與厚度的發光層製作白光OLED
5-2-1 (NPB：Rubrene)發光層濃度2wt%元件之探討 ……… 39
5-2-2 (NPB：Rubrene)發光層濃度1wt%元件之探討 ……… 40
5-2-3 (NPB：Rubrene)混合層濃度0.5wt%元件之探討 ……… 42
5-3 利用漸進式結構來增加有機發光二極體之效率 ……… 43

第六章 結論 45

參考文獻 ……………………………………………………… 98

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