資訊與通訊科技的連續創新與電子商務的發展對全球經濟體系與社會皆產生深遠的影響。本研究從經濟成長理論的觀點，提出以成長理論為基礎的理論模式來解釋國家電子商務的發展，並透過兩個實證研究驗證所我們所提出的理論架構。第一個探索性研究提出三個成長理論架構，首先，內生成長理論(endogenous growth theory)假定一個國家的電子商務成長主要的驅動力來自於此國家內部的經濟體。再者，外生成長理論(exogenous growth theory)則假定一個國家的電子商務成長主要的驅動力來自於此國家外部的經濟體系，換句話說，可能來自於鄰近的強國。之後更進一步提出混合內生與外生成長模式(mixed endogenous-exogenous growth model)來探討這些內生與外生因素對一國電子商務發展的影響。此研究中探討的主要因素為網路使用者的普及率、電信基礎建設投資、創投資金充裕度、信用卡普及率及教育程度。從以上所提出的三個理論模式假設與檢定影響國家電子商務成長的相關因素，並以歐洲十七個國家在2000年到2004年等五年的資料來進行實證分析。研究結果顯示在不同的模式底下，國家的電子商務成長分別受到不同因素的影響，國與國之間的電子商務成長也存在區域性的傳染性效果。第二個實證研究更進一步將理論架構的修正並提出結合科技基礎建設的混合成長理論模式(a hybrid growth-theoretic embedded technology infrastructure theory)，並針對二十四個不同區域的國家在2001年到2004年的資料進行實証分析，目的在以更多國的資料來驗證網際網路科技基礎建設在電子商務成長所扮演的角色。第二個實証研究主要在驗證電子商務相關的科技基礎建設對電子商務成長的直接影響、間接影響以及交互影響。研究發現科技基礎建設對電子商務成長除了有直接正向的影響之外，更進一步的產生雙向影響，也就是說，當科技基礎建設增加時會促進ㄧ國電子商務的成長，電子商務的成長也會反饋到該國的電子商務相關的科技基礎建設，形成了回雙向的交互影響。本研究從成長理論的觀點，建立了不同的電子商務成長模式來解釋國家電子商務的發展，我們期望提出新的理論架構能做為後續跨國電子商務相關研究的理論基礎，並希望我們的研究發現能提供國家政策的制定者做為策略制定的依據。

Empowered by information and communication technologies (ICTs), e-commerce has radically transformed the global economic landscape over the past decade. The diffusion of e-commerce so far has mostly been limited to developed countries and has been relatively slow in the rest of the world. To alleviate the digital divide, the United Nations has sponsored research results and given financial support to help developing countries.
This dissertation applies growth theory from developmental economics and macroeconomics to analyze B2C e-commerce growth and diffusion across countries. There are two empirical studies in this dissertation. An initial exploratory study proposes three models for the growth of e-commerce revenues for European countries. An endogenous growth model proposes that e-commerce growth in a country is primary driven by internal factors. A contrasting exogenous growth model argues that e-commerce growth in a country is externally driven by leading countries. A third model, a mixed endogenous and exogenous growth model, argues that e-commerce growth is both internally and externally driven. This study tests data for 17 European countries from 2000 to 2004. The findings demonstrate that B2C e-commerce growth is driven by internal factors and external factors from a leading country, in support of the proposed explanatory growth theories.
The second empirical study further proposes a hybrid growth-theoretic embedded technology infrastructure theory to investigate the role of Internet-based technology infrastructure in affecting e-commerce growth in a country. Its main purpose is to investigate whether there are simultaneous effects between Internet-based selling technology infrastructure and e-commerce growth. The findings show that there are two-way interactions between e-commerce growth and technology infrastructure. The overall objective of this dissertation is to open up a dialogue about the efficacy of alternative theoretical perspectives that will help to align IS and e-commerce research with theoretical and methodological developments from economic research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Research Objective 4
1.3 Scope of Dissertation 5
1.4 Dissertation Structure 10
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1 Global E-commerce Growth 12
2.1.1 Definitions of E-Commerce 12
2.1.2 Background on Global Internet Diffusion 14
2.1.3 Perspectives on the Growth and Diffusion of Global E-Commerce 15
2.2 Technology Adoption and Cross-Country E-commerce 18
2.2.1 Cross-Country Technology Adoption and Innovation Diffusion Studies 18
2.2.2 Technology Adoption, Diffusion, and Economy-Level Performance 22
2.2.3 Technology Adoption and Cross-National Electronic Commerce 23
2.3 Alternative Theories for Cross-Country Studies 26
2.3.1 Innovation Diffusion Theory 26
2.3.2 Cross-Cultural Theories 27
2.3.3 Political Economy Theories 28
2.4 Growth Theory Explanations for E-commerce Growth 28
2.4.1 Theories of Economic Growth 29
2.4.2 Exogenous Growth Theory and E-Commerce 30
2.4.3 Endogenous Growth Theory and E-Commerce 32
CHAPTER 3 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPLORATORY STUDY 36
3.1 Proposed Theoretical Framework 36
3.1.1 Assessment of Production Models with Contextual Factors 36
3.1.2. Preliminaries and Definitions 38
3.1.3. Endogenous Growth Model: Pure Internal Effects Specification 39
3.1.4. Exogenous Growth Model: A Base Case for E-Commerce Growth 42
3.1.5. A Mixed Endogenous and Exogenous Growth Model 46
3.2 Study Variables and Data 47
3.2.1. Study Variables 47
3.2.2. Data Sources and Data Collection 49
3.3 Empirical Modeling Preliminaries 49
3.3.1 Correlation and Multicollinearity 50
3.3.2 Functional Form 51
3.3.3 Heteroskedasticity and a Regression with Robust Standard Errors 51
3.3.4 Estimation Procedures 52
3.4 Estimation Results 52
3.4.1 Endogenous Growth Model Results 54
3.4.2 Exogenous Growth Model Results 54
3.4.3 Mixed Effects Growth Model Results 56
3.5 Discussion: The Efficacy of Growth Theory for E-commerce Growth 56
3.6 Summary 59

CHAPTER 4 GROWTH THEORY AND CROSS-NATIONAL E-COMMERCE WITH EMBEDED TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE 65
4.1 Refined Theoretical Model 65
4.1.1 A Hybrid Growth-Theoretic Embedded Technology Infrastructure View of E-Commerce Growth 65
4.1.2 Modeling a Direct Relationship between IT Infrastructure and E-Commerce Growth 67
4.1.3 Adding Realism to the Basic and Technology Infrastructure Models 72
4.1.4 Synthesis: A Full Model for E-Commerce Growth with Technology Infrastructure 74
4.2 Data and Variables 75
4.2.1 Data Collection and Sources 75
4.2.2 Variables, Definitions and Measurement Issues 76
4.2.3 Descriptive Statistics and Pre-Empirical Analysis 78
4.3 Explaining Cross-Country E-commerce Growth with Panel Data 78
4.3.1. Statistical Diagnostics 80
4.3.2 The Panel Data Model and Specification Tests 81
4.3.3 Panel Data Estimation Results 82
4.3.4 Interpretation of the Panel Data Results 84
4.4 Time-Series Cross-Sectional Analysis with FGLS 85
4.4.1 TSCS Data Diagnostics 85
4.4.2 FGLS Regression Estimation and Results 86
4.5 Incorporating Simultaneity with Simultaneous Equations 87
4.5.1 Endogenous Technology Infrastructure and the Need for Instrumental Variables 88
4.5.2 Motivation for a Simultaneous Equations Model 91
4.5.3 Interpretation of the Simultaneous Effects 92
4.6 Discussion and Evaluation of Proposed Theory 94
4.6.1 Overall Assessment of Findings for the Proposed Theory 94
4.6.2 Assessment of the Modeling and Statistical Methodologies Used 95
4.7 Augmented hybrid growth model 97
4.7.1 Conceptual model 97
4.7.2 Specification of Leading and Following Country 99
4.7.3 Statistic diagnostics 101
4.7.4 Interpretation of the Augmented Hybrid Growth Model 102
4.8 Summary 104
4.8.1 Contribution to Theory and Policy-Making Practice 104
4.8.2 Limitations and Future Research 106
CHAPTER 5 FUTURE RESEARCH 109
5.1 Overview 109
5.2 Research Objectives and Questions for Future Research 110
5.3 Current Progress towards a Theory of E-Commerce Growth Convergence 110
5.4 The Role of Technology in Explaining Convergence 113
5.5 General Purpose Technology in Global E-Commerce 116
5.6 Next Steps 118

CHAPTER 6 RESEARCH PRACTICE: WORKING AT THE STAGE OF THE INTERNALIZATION OF IS RESEARCH IN TAIWAN 119
6.1 The Next Wave: Widespread Internationalization of IS Research in Asia 119
6.2 My Long-Term Game Plan: Getting Trained for the Internationalization of IS Research in Taiwan 122
6.3 My Experience: Visiting Project Research Associate at the MISRC 124
6.4 My Accomplishments: Skill Development, Personal Growth, Research Work -- How I Made Contributions to New Knowledge 129
6.5 My Recommendations: On Succeeding in International Collaborations at the PH.D. Level 132
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION 136
7.1 Overall Summary 136
7.2 Contribution 140
7.2.1 Theoretical Contribution 140
7.2.2 Contribution to Policy-Making Practice 141
REFERENCES 143


Table Index

Table 1 Internet User by Region and by Level of Development, 2000-2003 (000s) 14
Table 2 Cross-Country E-Commerce Adoption and Diffusion Studies 17
Table 3 A Comparison of Exogenous and Endogenous Growth Theory 35
Table 4 Leading and Following Countries 44
Table 5 Definitions of Variables and Sources of Data 48
Table 6 Descriptive Statistics and Correlation 49
Table 7 Correlations 50
Table 8 Results for Several Full and Reduced E-Commerce Growth Models 53
Table 9 Countries Represented in the Data Set 76
Table 10 Variables, Definitions, and Data Sources 77
Table 11 Descriptive Statistics 78
Table 12 Correlation of Main Variables in the Study 78
Table 13 Fixed Effects Model Results 83
Table 14 FGLS Results 87
Table 15 2SLS Estimation Results 91
Table 16 Simultaneous Equations Estimation Results 93
Table 17 Model Comparison of Model Results 94
Table 18 Variables in the Augmented Hybrid Growth Model 98
Table 19 Leading and Following Country 101
Table 20 Pair-wise Correlation 102
Table 21 Simultaneous Effects of the Augmented Hybrid Growth Model 104


Figure Index

Figure 1 Dissertation Scope 7
Figure 2 Sample Factors Affecting Cross-Country Technology Adoption 19
Figure 3 Internet User Growth in 24 Countries, 2000-2005 25
Figure 4 Secure Sever Penetration in 24 Countries, 2000-2004 25
Figure 5 An Endogenous Growth Theory Model for E-Commerce Growth 42
Figure 6 Exogenous Growth Model 43
Figure 7 Mixed Effects Growth Model for E-Commerce Growth 47
Figure 8 Internet Technology Infrastructure 100

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