黑枕黃鸝Oriolus chinensis是黃鸝科（Oriolidae）鳥種，分布於亞洲東部、南部與東南亞各國，因遷移性或留棲性、繁殖地、外型特徵與鳴聲差異分為20多個亞種，台灣的黑枕黃鸝目前被歸屬於Oriolus chinensis diffusus亞種(以下簡稱黃鸝)。主要棲息於疏林地帶，以植物果實、昆蟲為主食，多於樹林上層活動，築巢於樹梢末端。為了解其繁殖生態與棲地需求，建立本種在台灣的基礎生態學資料，在2004到2006年的繁殖季與2004和2005的非繁殖季，在屏東穎達生態休閒農場與花蓮新光兆豐休閒農場進行定點行為觀察。這三年間共錄製到黃鸝的三種鳴聲類型共22種音節，兩研究地點間有明顯的方言差異。黃鸝繁殖季節在3~7月，以4到6月為高峰，一對黃鸝一年通常生2窩蛋，雌鳥獨立負責築巢與孵卵，而雄鳥負責警戒，幼鳥孵化後則由雙親共同餵食。三年間在穎達共發現43個巢，而觀察到成功離巢之幼鳥10隻，繁殖成功率為23.3%，在兆豐共發現22巢，成功離巢之幼鳥4隻，繁殖成功率為18.2%。巢材均使用附近的草莖、樹皮、葉片及少許人工材料。屏東穎達的築巢樹種以麻六甲合歡(Albizia falcate)為主(81.4%)，花蓮鳳林以黑板樹(Pachira macrocarpa, 63.7%)為主。屏東穎達的繁殖失敗原因包括天敵掠食及氣候造成的損害，花蓮鳳林則以遊客干擾及獵捕為主要威脅。亞成鳥在非繁殖期可能與雌鳥一起活動，繁殖期可能參與繁殖。黃鸝喜好在同一棵樹的不同枝條同一方位築巢。黃鸝的巢附近常有大卷尾(Dicrurus macrocercus)的巢，兩者有共同防禦的行為。

Black-naped Oriole (Oriolus chinensis), Oriolidae, Passeriformes, is a member of old world songbirds. It has a wide distribution all over the eastern Asia, and is divided into 18 to 20 subspecies by differences in breeding sites, residents or migrants, morphological characters and songs. The populations breeding in Taiwan are classified as subspecies Oriolus chinensis diffusus. Black-naped Orioles inhabit in wooded habitats with a preference for tall secondary forests and disturbed wooded habitats and the staple foods of Black-naped Orioles are fruits, larvae, pupae and imagines of insects. This study was intented to understand the habitat preference and to explore the fundamental ecological data of Black-naped Oriole in Taiwan. Breeding seasons of Black-naped Oriole started from March and ended in July, and reached its peak from April to June. Most of the birds had two broods each year. Females built nests and incubated for 17-21 days alone, and males shared feeding and protecting juveniles after hatching. The birds of Pingtung population often built their nests on tall Albizia falcate and those of Fenglin population on Pachira macrocarpa. The breeding success was 23.3% in Pingtung and 18.2% in Fenglin. The breeding failure were due to human disturbance, climate, and poaching. The materials used for nest were bark, grass, leaves, and some artificial materials. Black-naped Orioles prefer to build nests at the same tree but on different branches. The nests were often closed to nests of Dicrurus macrocercus. Cooperative defenses between these two birds were observed.

摘要….…………………………………………………….…..I
Abstract………………………………………………………..III
Index…………………………………………………………..IV
Table index…………………………………………………….V
Figure index…………………………………………………...VI
Appendix index……………………………………………VIII
Introduction….…………………………………………………1
Methods……….………………………………………………..5
Results………….………………………………………………9
Discussion……….…………………………………………….20
References……….…………….………………………………26
Tables..…………….…………………………………………..30
Figures………………………………………………………...32
Appendix………….………………………………………...…52

Bekoff, M., A. C. Scott and D. A. Conner. 1989. Ecological analysis of nesting success in evening grosbeaks. Oecologia 81: 67-74.
Birkhead, T. R. 1998. Sperm competition in birds: mechanisms and functions. Pp. 579-622. In: Sperm Competition and Sexual Selection. T. R. Birkhead and A. P. Møller, eds. Academic Press, San Diego.
Birkhead, T. R. and A. P. Møller. 1992. Sperm Competition in Birds. Evolutionary Causes and Consequences. Academic Press, London.
Blondel, J., P. C. Dias, M. Maistre and P. Perret. 1993. Habitat heterogeneity and life-history variation of Mediterranean Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus). Auk 110: 511-520.
Blondel, J., A. Clamens, P. Cramm, H. Gaubert and P. Isenmann. 1987. Population studies on tits in the Mediterranean region. Ardea 75: 21-34.
Burley, N. 1980. Habitat use and resource overlap by breeding golden plovers and dotterels (Pluvialis apricaria, Charadrius morinellus). Journal of Ornithology 130: 197-206.
Cai, C. K. 1987. Aviauna of Beijing. Natural Museum of Beijing, Beijing. Pp. 374-376.
Catchpole, C. K. and P. J. B. Slater. 1995. Bird Song: Biological Themes and Variations. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Chen, Z. R. 2003. Territorial Behavior and Habitat Use in Plumbeous Water Redstart (Rhyacornis fuliginosus affinis). Master Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Clements, J. F. 2000. Birds of the World: A Checklist. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, CA. Pp. 578-580.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1988. Reproductive Success: Studies of Individual Variation in Contrasting Breeding Systems. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Coates, B. J. and K. D. Bishop. 1997. A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea: Sulawesi, The Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd. Hong Kong. P. 413.
Cody, M. L. 1971. Ecological aspects of reproduction. In: Avian Biology, Vol. 1. D. S. Farner and J. R. King, eds. Acagemic Press, New York.
Cole, L. C. 1954. The population consequences of life history phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology 29: 103-137.
Collins, S. 1983. Geographic variation in habitat structure for the wood warblers in Maine and Minnesota. Oecologia 50: 246-252.
Curio, E. 1988. Relative realized life-span and the delayed cost of parental care. American Naturalist 131: 825-836.
Dickinson, E. C. 2000. Systematic notes on Asian birds. 7. Black-naped oriole Oriolus chinensis Linnaeus, 1766: some old nomenclatural issues explained. Zoologische Verhandelingen 311: 131-139.
Fargallo, J. A. and R. D. Johnston. 1997. Breeding biology of the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus in a montane mediterranean deciduous forest: the interaction of latitude and altitude. Journal of Ornithology 138: 83-92.
Ghalambor, C. K. and T. E. Martin. 2000. Parental investment strategies in two species of nuthatch vary with stage-specific predation risk and reproductive effort. Animal Behaviour 60: 263-267.
Heldén, O. 1965. Habitat selection in birds. Annales Zoologici Fennici 2: 53-75.
Holmes, R. T. and J. C. Schultz. 1988. Food availability for forest birds: Effects of prey distribution and abundance on bird foraging. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 720-728.
Immelmann, K. 1971. Ecological aspects of periodic reproduction. Avian Biology 1: 342-389.
Lack, D. 1954. Population Study of Birds. Clarendon, Oxford.
Lack, D. 1968. Ecological Adaptation for Breeding in Birds. Mechuen, London.
Lindstrome, A. 1990. The role of predation risk in stopover habitat selection in migrating Bramblings, Fringilla montifringilla. Behavioral Ecology 1: 102-106.
Martin, T. E. 1992. Interaction of nest predation and food limitation in reproductive strategies. Current Ornithology 9: 163-197.
Martin, T. E. 1993. Nest predation among vegetation layers and habitat types: revising the dogmas. American Naturalist 141: 897-913.
Martin, T. E. and J. J. Roper. 1988. Nest predation and nest-site selection of a western population of the Hermit Thrush. Condor 90: 51-57.
Meinertzhagen, R. 1923. A Review of Genus Oriolus. Ibis 3: 52-96.
Milwright, R. D. P. 1998. Breeding biology of Golden Oriole Oriolus Oriolus in the fenland basin of eastern Britain. Bird Study 45: 320-330.
Montgomerie, R. D. and P. J. Weatherhead. 1988. Risks and rewards of nest defense by parent birds. Quarterly Review of Biology 63: 167-187.
Mota, P. G. and M. Hoi-Leitner. 2003. Intense extrapair behaviour in a semicolonial passerine does not result in extrapair fertilizations. Animal Behaviour 66: 1019-1026.
Newton, I. 1991. Population limitation in birds of prey: a comparative approach. Pp. 3-21. In: Bird population Studies. C. M. Perrins, J. D. Lebreton and G. J. M. Hirons, eds. Oxford University, Oxford.
Noordwijk, A. J. van, R. H. McCleery and C. M. Perrins. 1995. Selection for the timing of great tit breeding in relation to caterpillar growth and temperature. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 451-458.
Ojeda, V. S. 2004. Breeding biology and social behaviour of Magellanic Woodpeckers (Campephilus magellanicus) in Argentine Patagonia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 50: 18-24.
Perrins, C. M. and R. H. McCleery. 1989. Lying dates and clutch size in the great tit. Wilson Bulletin 101: 236-253.
Robertson, G. J. 1995. Factors affecting nest site selection and nesting success in the common eider Somateria mollissima. Ibis 137: 109-115.
Ściborska, M. 2004. Breeding biology of the citrine wagtail (Motacilla citreola) in the Gdańsk region (N Poland). Journal of Ornithology 145: 41-47.
Sibley, C. G. and B. L. Monroe 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. Pp. 477-479.
Smith, J. N. and D. A. Roff. 1980. Temporal spacing of brood, brood size, and parental care in song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Canadian Journal of Zoology 58: 1007-1015.
Walsberg, G. E. 1985. Physiological consequences of microhabitat selection. Pp. 389-413. In: Habitat Selection in Birds. M. L. Cody, ed. Academic Press, New York.
Wiebe, K. L. and K. Martin. 1998. Costs and benefits of nest cover for ptarmigan: changes within and between years. Animal Behaviour 56: 1137-1144.
Winkler, H. and B. Leisler. 1985. Morphological aspects of habitat selection in birds. Pp. 415-434. In: Habitat Selection in Birds. M. L. Cody, ed. Academic Press, Orlando.
Wu, S. H. 2003. Territory and Habitat Use of Formosa Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius schach formosae) in Hualien. Master Thesis, National Dong Hwa University.
Wu, Z. K. 1986. Avifauna of Guizhou. Guizhou Demos Press, Guizhou. Pp. 232-233.
Yao, Z. D. 2002. Breeding Ecology of Malayan Night Heron (Gorsachius melanophus) in middle of Taiwan. Master Thesis, Tunghai University.
Zhang, S. Q. 2000. Songs and Breeding Behavior of Maroon Oriole (Oriolus traillii). Master Thesis, National Sun Yet-sen University.
Zhao, Z. J. 1985. Avifauna of Mount ChangBai. Jilin Science and Technique Press, Jilin. Pp. 252-254.
Zheng, Z. X. 1973. Avifauna of Qinling Mountains. Science Publishing House, Beijing. Pp. 127-128.