過去關於蝴蝶防禦領域的研究，多半是探討那些因素會影響領主與入侵者的競爭結果。但是領主偵測入侵者的能力，對於防禦領域上也很重要。領主的偵測能力和視覺系統有程度上的關聯，針對蝴蝶視覺系統的研究，過去以複眼結構及視神經電生理為主，只有少部分在探討環境因子如何影響領主對入侵者的判斷能力。視覺偵測的能力可能受到距離、入侵者大小及背景影響，但在背景因素方面並沒有詳細探討。本研究藉由設計兩種尺寸的黑色蝴蝶模型（原倍大及兩倍大），以及四種不同深淺的球體模型對琉球紫蛺蝶進行四項測試：1.領主偵測模型的能力是否受距離遠近而影響。2.領主是否有視覺敏感區的存在。3.領主偵測模型的反應是否符合視角假說。4.領主偵測模型的反應是否與背景有關。結果顯示琉球紫蛺蝶在偵測模型時，反應率會隨著模型距離越遠而減少，但會隨著模型變大而增加。另外，領主的視覺敏感區以前方為主，也就是模型位在領主前方時，比較容易被偵測到。至於在背景方面，結果顯示領主對於越深色的模型有較佳的反應率，此外當模型的亮度比所在的背景深時，領主的反應率也會提升，意味著領主偵測模型的能力，會受模型與背景的明亮度差異而影響。過去學者提出當入侵者位在複雜背景時，領主偵測的能力會比在單純背景下要困難。然而在本實驗中卻顯示出，只要是深色模型不論是否位在複雜的背景，甚至是位在無反差的背景時，領主還是可以偵測到深色模型的存在。

Early studies about territory defense of territorial male butterflies were focused on factors that may affect the outcome of contest. But rapid detection was so critical for territorial defense. The detection ability was correlated to visual system. Studies had focused on visual system such as the structure of eye optics and electrophysiology. However, it still existed one question about how do the owner detect intruder in the field. Some factors may affect the probability of detecting intruders from an owner, such as the distance, the size of the intruder, and background contrast. To determine what factor might affect detection ability of territorial male butterfly Hypolimnas bolina, two different sized butterfly models and four different luminance models were used to determine: 1. The reaction rate of the owner with differrent distances; 2. Test the detection ability at different relative position between intruders and owner (acute zone). 3. To test the visual angle hypothesis; 4. Test the luminance contrast effect. The results showed that the response rate decreased with distance but increased with model size. The owner had greater detection ability when the model was presented in the front rather than it on the side. Finally, the response rate was increased with model’s low luminance. Besides, if the model was darker than its background, the owner’s detection ability was greater. Previous studies indicated that a complex background may let the owner spend more time in detection. However, it was quite different with Hypolimnas bolina. In fact, the owner could quickly detect the model when the model was in a complex background, even there was without luminance contrast between the model and background.

致謝
中文摘要
Abstract
Index I
Introduction 1
Methods and Materials 6
Results 11
Discussion 16
Literature Cited 23
Tables 27
Figures 34

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