本研究旨在分析比較超低硫高級柴油(D100)、棕櫚油生質柴油( B100)及20%生質柴油混合80%柴油（B20)等三種油品之性能，並探討柴油引擎使用此三種油品之空氣污染物排放狀況。
由油品物化特性分析結果得知，本研究所採用棕櫚油生質柴油之優點為高十六烷值、極低硫含量及芳香烴含量、良好潤滑性，而缺點則為流動點高。D100、B100與B20燃燒排氣中懸浮微粒均以細粒徑為主，屬於年輕氣膠，其中粒徑小於2.5μm之懸浮微粒容易經由上呼吸道進入氣管與支氣管，最終到達肺泡，進而對人體健康造成傷害。
柴油引擎排放粒狀物之SOF (Soluble Organic Fraction,可溶性有機物部份)分別為23.2%(D100)、19.9%(B100)與20.2%(B20) ，其中D100之SOF較B100與B20略高，此結果顯示，添加20%之生質柴油於高級柴油中，確實可以降低排氣中SOF含量，並達到降低柴油引擎排氣對人體健康之危害。
高級柴油(D100)、生質柴油(B100)之引擎排氣中，總PAHs之原始排放濃度分別為241與50.6 μg/m3。然而添加20%生質柴油於高級柴油(B20)中，則總PAHs原始排放濃度為98.8 μg/m3，排放有明顯降低趨勢，其削減率達59.0%。此外，對於高級柴油、生質柴油引擎排氣之總BaPeq而言，原始排氣中總BaPeq濃度分為0.714與0.509 μg/m3，添加20%生質柴油於高級柴油中，則總BaPeq原始排放濃度降至0.570 μg/m3，同樣有降低BaPeq排放之趨勢，其削減率為20.2%。
使用D100、B100與B20為燃料之醛酮類化合物污染排放係數分別為395、1,170與326 mg/BHP-hr。此結果顯示單獨使用生質柴油於柴油引擎會導致更多的醛酮類化合物之排放，而添加20%生質柴油於高級柴油中，便可有效減少17.5%醛酮類化合物之排放。
關鍵字：超低硫柴油、棕櫚油生質柴油、油品特性、可溶性有機物、多環芳香烴、醛酮類化合物。

This study investigated the fuel properties, engine performances, and emissions of two biodiesels and diesel. The fuels examined were D100 (ultra-low sulfur diesel), B20 (20% palm biodiesel +80% ultra-low sulfur diesel) and B100 (palm biodiesel).
The fuel properties analysis results showed that the benefits of biodiesel were high cetane value, extremely low sulfur and aromatic contents, and good lubricity. While the defects of biodiesel were high pour point. The particulates emitted from the burning of D100, B100, B20 were mainly fine particulates, also known as young aerosols. Particles smaller than 2.5 µm easily enter the trachea and bronchus via the upper respiratory tract, finally deposit on the alveolus, which could cause severe injury to human health.
The emission of soluble organic fraction (SOF) from diesel engine using D100, B100 and B20 were 23.2%, 19.9% and 20.2%, respectively. The SOF of D100 is slightly higher than B100 and B20. It suggested that adding biodiesel into diesel can decrease SOF and thus reduce the potential danger to human health.
The original total PAHs concentration of tail gas emitted from engines using D100, B100 and B20 were 241, 50.6 and 98.8 µg/m3, respectively. Adding 20% biodiesel into D100 could reduce 59.0% of PAHs emission. Moreover, the original total BaPeq concentration of tail gas emitted from diesel engines using D100, B100 and B20 were 0.714, 0.509 and 0.570 µg/m3, respectively. Adding 20% biodiesel into D100 could also reduce 20.2% of total BaPeq emission. Hence, adding biodiesel into diesel can effectively reduce the emission of PAHs and the potential danger to human health.
The emission factors of carbonyl compounds from diesel engines using D100, B100 and B20 were 395, 1,170 and 326 mg/BHP-hr, respectively. carbonyl compounds of B100 were obviously higher than D100 and B20. The results indicated that using pure palm biodiesel in diesel engine can increased the emission of carbonyl compounds. However, adding 20% biodiesel into D100 can effectively reduce 17.5% of carbonyl compounds emission.

Keyword: ultra-low sulfur diesel, palm biodiesel, fuel properties、The emission of soluble organic fraction (SOF)、PAHs、carbonyl compounds。

目錄
謝誌 Ⅰ
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 IV
目錄 VI
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 XI
第一章　前言 1-1
1-1 研究緣起 1-1
1-2 研究目的 1-2
1-3研究流程 1-3
第二章　文獻回顧 2-1
2-1 柴油的物化特性 2-1
2-2 柴油車污染及其對人體健康之影響 2-6
2-2-1 粒狀污染物(PM) 2-6
2-2-2 碳氫化合物(HC) 2-7
2-2-3 一氧化碳(CO) 2-8
2-2-4 二氧化碳（CO2） 2-8
2-2-5 氮氧化物(NOx) 2-8
2-2-6 一般空氣污染物測試結果 2-9
2-2-7 硫氧化物 2-10
2-2-8半揮發性有機物 2-11
2-2-9 多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs) 2-15
2-2-9-1 PAHs之性質 2-15
2-2-9-2 PAHs之來源 2-15
2-2-9-3 PAHs之生成機制 2-19
2-2-9-4 PAHs之致癌性及致突變性 2-20
2-2-9-5柴油引擎PAHs之排放特徵 2-21
2-2-10 醛酮類化合物 2-23
2-2-10-1醛酮類化合物之物理化學性質 2-23
2-2-10-2　醛酮類化合物之生物毒性 2-25
2-2-10-3　大氣環境中醛酮類化合物之分佈特性 2-26
2-2-10-4 醛酮類化合物在大氣環境中之化學特性 2-27
2-2-10-5 柴油引擎之醛酮類化合物排放特徵 2-28
2-3 生質柴油發展技術 2-28
2-3-1 生質柴油製造 2-29
2-3-2 生質柴油特性 2-29
2-3-3 生質柴油引擎污染排放物 2-31
第三章 實驗設備與方法 3-1
3-1 油品物化特性分析 3-1
3-2引擎試驗、分析設備與檢測程序 3-1
3-2-1 引擎型式 3-1
3-2-2 引擎測功計 3-2
3-2-3 排氣取樣設備 3-2
3-2-4 操作條件 3-3
3-3 柴油引擎排放採樣設備 3-3
3-3-1 採樣系統 3-3
3-4 PAHs分析方法與設備 3-14
3-4-1 前處理 3-14
3-4-2 分析儀器 3-16
3-4-3 分析方法 3-16
3-5 醛酮類化合物分析方法與設備 3-18
3-5-1 採樣之前處理 3-18
3-5-2 樣品之收集與保存 3-19
3-5-3分析設備及程序 3-19
3-5-4分析設備 3-19
3-5-5分析程序 3-20
第四章　結果與討論 4-1
4-1 油品物化特性分析 4-1
4-2 柴油引擎排放廢氣中傳統污染物之排放情形 4-13
4-3 柴油引擎排放廢氣微粒之粒徑分佈 4-15
4-4 柴油引擎排放廢氣中PAHs之排放情形 4-20
4-5 柴油引擎排氣中醛酮類化合物之排放情形 4-30
4-6 柴油引擎排放廢氣微粒中之可溶性有機成份分析 4-31
第五章　結論與建議 5-1
5-1 結論 5-1
5-2 建議 5-3
參考文獻　 參-1
附錄A　 A-1
附錄B　 B-1
附錄C　 C-1
附錄D　 D-1
表 目 錄
表2-1 引擎使用生質柴油與市售高柴之污染排放比較表 (US-HDD暫態循環測試) 2-10
表2-2 二十一種主要PAHs之分子量、化學式、結構式 2-17
表2-2 二十一種主要PAHs之分子量、化學式與結構式(續) 2-18
表2-3 醛酮類化合物之學名、俗名、分子式、結構式 2-24
表3-1 柴油物化特性分析項目與試驗方法 3-1
表3-2 本研究MOUDI採樣器之氣動粒徑範圍 3-8
表3-3 醛酮類吸附管(DNPH-Cartridge)之規格 3-12
表3-4 二十一種PAHs 依分子量大小及環數之分類表 3-14
表3-5 HPLC之操作條件 3-21
表3-6 Carbonyl-DNPH混合以及單一溶液之濃度與純度 3-22
表3-7 標準品以及溶劑之規格 3-23
表3-8 分析用試劑物理化學性質一覽表 3-23
表4-1 我國高級柴油油品規範 4-3
表4-2 各國生質柴油標準規範(盧文章，工研院能資所，生質柴油示範系統成果發表會) 4-4
表4-3 本研究分析三種油品物化特性之檢驗結果 4-5
表4-4 柴油引擎使用生質柴油與市售高柴之污染排放比較 4-14
表4-5 柴油引擎排放廢氣微粒之MMD(μm)與σg 4-17
表4-6 柴油引擎燃燒三種油品排放廢氣中PAHs之原始排放濃度 4-23
表4-7 國內外生質柴油對於柴油引擎廢氣中PAH之減量百分率 4-28
表4-8 柴油引擎於各種不同油品下排放廢氣中PAHs之原始排放係數 4-31
表4-9 柴油引擎排放廢氣粒狀物之SOF 4-33
表A-1各檢測方法之精密度、準確度及完整性之目標 A-3
表D-1 三種油品物化特性之檢驗結果(圖4-1至9) D-2
表D-2 超低硫柴油(D100)測試結果（表4-4） D-3
表D-3 生質柴油(B100)測試結果（表4-4） D-4
表D-4 B20測試結果（表4-4） D-5
表D-5 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒粒徑分佈(a)D100(圖4-10 ) D-6
表D-6 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒粒徑分佈(b)B100(圖4-10 ) D-7
表D-7 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒粒徑分佈(C)B20(圖4-10) D-8
表D-8 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒之累積百分比(a)D100(圖4-11) D-9
表D-9 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒之累積百分比(b)B100 D-10
表D-10柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒之累積百分比(c)B20 D-11
表D-11柴油引擎排氣中PAHs採樣紀錄 D-12
表D-12柴油引擎排氣PAHs含量 D-12
表D-13柴油引擎排氣中PAHs濃度檢量線 D-13
表D-14柴油引擎排氣中粒狀物相PAHs採樣紀錄 D-14
表D-15柴油引擎排氣中氣相PAHs採樣紀錄 D-15
表D-16柴油引擎排氣中PAHs排放係數 D-16
表D-17柴油引擎排氣中PAHs排放係數 D-17
圖 目 錄
圖3-1 重型柴油引擎煙道廢氣採樣分析設備圖(中油煉研所) 3-5
圖3-2 美國暫態循環測試程序(EPA,USA, Transient Cycle) 3-6
圖3-3 MOUDI懸浮微粒粒徑分析採樣器 3-7
圖3-4 2,4-LpDNPH silica-cartridge構造圖 3-12
圖3-5 酮醛類污染物採樣口與採樣系統 3-13
圖3-6 PAHs前處理步驟流程圖 3-15
圖4-1 三種柴油油品之密度測值 4-6
圖4-2 動力黏度 4-7
圖4-3 閃火點 4-7
圖4-4 含硫量 4-8
圖4-5 多環芳香烴 4-8
圖4-6 總芳香烴 4-9
圖4-7 十六烷值 4-11
圖4-8 三種柴油油品之柴油潤滑性 4-12
圖4-8 三種柴油油品之流動點 4-12
圖4-10 柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒粒徑分佈(a)D100、(c) B20、(b)B100 4-18
圖4-11柴油引擎排氣中懸浮微粒之累積百分比(a)D100、(c) B20、(b)B100 4-19
圖4-12柴油引擎排氣中PAHs分佈特徵剖面圖(a)D100、(c) B20、(b)B100 4-24
圖4-13 柴油引擎排放廢氣中PAHs排放係數 (mg/L) 4-25
圖4-14 柴油引擎排放廢氣中PAHs排放係數 (mg/BHP-hr) 4-25
圖4-15 國內外生質柴油對於柴油引擎廢氣中總PAH之削減率 4-29
圖4-16 國內外生質柴油對於柴油引擎廢氣中總 BaPeq之削減率 4-29
圖4-17柴油引擎於各種不同油品下排放廢氣中PAHs之原始排放係數圖 4-31
圖4-18國內外柴油引擎排放廢氣粒狀物之SOF比較 4-34

Aceves, M.; Grimalt, J., “Seasonally Dependent Size Distribution of Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Aerosols from Densely Populated Areas,” Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 27, No. 13, pp. 2896-2908, 1993.
Akio Kamiya and Youki Ose, “Mutagenic Activity and PAHs Analysis in Muncipal Incinerators,” the Science of Total Environment, Vol. 61, pp. 37-49, 1987.
Al-Widyan, M. I.; Tashtoush, G.; Abu-Qudais, M., “Utilization of Ethyl Ester of Waste Vegetable Oils as Fuel in Diesel Engines,” Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 76, pp. 91-103, 2002.
Bailey, R.A.; Clark H.M.; Krause S.; Strong R.L. “Atmospheric Chemistry” Chemistry of the Environment, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
Barfknecht, T.R., “ Toxicology of Soot,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 9, pp. 199-237, 1983.
Bjorseth A. and Ramahl T., “ Sources and Emission of PAHs ,” Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York and Basel, 1983.
Bottenheim, J.W.; Barrie, L.A.; Atlas, E.; Heidt, L. E.; Niki, H.; Rasmussen, R.A.; Shepson, P.B., “Depletion of Flow Tropospheric Ozone during Arctic Spring: The Polar Sunrise Experiment 1988,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, pp. 18555-18568, 1990.
Brown, W.H., “Introduction to Organic Chemistry,” Saunders College Publishing, Harcourt Brace & Company, FL, USA, 1997.
Cardone, M.; Parti, M.V.; Rocoo, V.; Seggiani, M.; Senatore, A.; Vitolo, S., “Brassica Carinata as an Alternative Oil Crop for the Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emission,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 36, pp. 4656~4662, 2002.
Carlier, D.; Hannachi, H.; Mouvier, G., “The Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds in the Atmosphere—A Review,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 20, pp. 2079, 1986.
Chen, S.J.; Liao, S.H.; Jian, W.J,; Lin, C.C., “Partical Size Distribution of Aerosol Carbons in Ambient Air,” Environmental International, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 475-488, 1997.
Creech, G.; Johnson, R.T.; Stoffer, J.O., “Part I. A Comparison of Three Different High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Systems for the Determination of Aldehydes and Ketones in Diesel Exhaust,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol. 20, pp.67-72, 1982.
Dorado, M.P.; Ballesteros, E.; Arnal, J.M.; Gomez, J.; Lopes, F.J., “Exhaust Emissions from a Diesel Engine Fueled with Transeterified Waste Olive Oil,” Fuel, 82, pp. 1311~1315, 2003.
Durbin, T.D.; Collins, J.R.; Norbeck, J.M.; Smith, M.R., “Effects of Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and a Synthetic Diesel on Emissions from Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 349-355, 2000.
Edwards, J.B., " Combustion and Formation and Emission of Trace Species ," 2nd Printing, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1977.
Falbe, J.; Bach, H., “Methodender Organishen Chemie, Band E3, Aldehyde,” Georg Thieme Verlag, ISBN 3-13-217304-5, Stuttgart, Germany, 1983.E. Merck “Chemicals Reagents” Reagents、Diagnostics Chemical, MERCK, Catalg 1999-2000.
Fessenden, R.J., Fessenden, J.S., Logue M.W. “Organic Chemistry” 6th edition, Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, A Division of International Thomson Publishing Inc, ISBN 0-534-35199-9, CA, USA, 1998.
Finalayson-Pitts, B.J., Pitts, J.N., Atmospheric Chemistry, John Wiley, New York, 1986.
Freedman, B.; Butterfield, R.O.; Pryde, E.H., “Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil,” Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol. 63, pp. 1375-1380, 1986.
Geng, A.C.; Chen, Z.L.; Siu, G.G., “Determination of Low-molecular weight Aldehydes in Stack Gas and Automobile Exhaust Gas by Liquid Chromatography,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 257, pp. 99-104, 1992.
Gertler A.W.; Sagebiel J.C.; Dippel W.A.; Farina, R.J., “Measurements of Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles,” Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 48, pp. 276-278, 1998.
Grimmer, G., “Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”, CRC Press Inc, 1983.
Grosjean, D., “Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyls in Los Angeles Ambient Air” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 16, pp. 254-262, 1982.
Grosjean, D.; Wright, B., “Carbonyls in Urban Fog, Ice Fog, Cloudwater and Rainwater” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 17, pp. 2093, 1983.
Grosjean, E.; Williams, E.; L. II, Grosjean, D., “Ambient Levels of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Atlanta, Georgia,” Air and Waste, Vol. 43, pp. 469-474, 1993.
Harrison, R.M.; Smith, D.J.T.; Luhana, L., “Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected from an Urban Location in Birmingham, U.K.,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 825-832, 1996.
Hewitt, C. N.; Kok, G. L., “Formation and Occurrence of Organic Peroxides in the Troposphere: Laboratory and Field Observations,” Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, Vol. 12, pp. 181, 1991.
Heywood J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McGraw-Hill Book Company. ISBN 0-07-L00499-8, 1988.
Hippelein M.; Kaupp. H.; Dorr G.; Mctachlan, M.S., “Testing of a Sampling System and Analytical Method for Determination of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air,” Chemosphere, Vol. 26, pp. 2255-2263, 1993.
Kalligeros, S.; Zannikos, F.; Stournas, S.; Lois, E.; Anastopoulos, G.; Teas, Ch.; Sakellaropoulos, F., “An Investigation of Using Biodieel/Marine Diesel Blends on the Performance of a Stationary Diesel Engine”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 24, pp. 141-149, 2003.
Kastings, J.F., Singh, H.B., “Non-methane Hydrocarbons in the Troposphere: Impact on the Odd Hydrogen and Odd Nitrogen Chemistry,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, pp. 13239, 1986.
Katz, M. and Chan, C., “Comparative Distribution of Eight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Airbone Particulates Collected by Conventional High-Volume Sampling and by Size Fractionation,” Environmenatl Science and Technology, Vol. 14, pp. 838-843, 1980.
Kaupp, H.; Towara, J.; McLachlan, M.S. “Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Atmospheric Particulate Matter with Respect to Particle Size,” Atmos. environ., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 585-593, 1994.
Kaupp H.; Michael S.; McLachlan M.S., “Atmospheric Particle Size Distributions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Implications for Wet and Dry Deposition,” Atmos. environ.,Vol. 33, pp. 85-95, 1999.
Kerminen V.M.; MÄKELÄ T.E.; Ojanen C.H.; Hillamo R.E.; Vilhunen J. K.; Rantanen. L.; Havers. N., Bohlen, A.V.; Klockow D., “Characterization of the Particulate Phase in the Exhaust from a Diesel Car,” Environmenatl Science and Technology, Vol. 31, pp. 1883-1889, 1997.
Lemaire, J., “Effect of Cerium Fuel Additive on the Emissions Characteristics of a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 942067, pp. 189-205, 1994.
Lowe, D.C.; Schmidt, U., “Formaldehyde Measurements in the Nonurban Atmosphere,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 88, pp. 10844-10858, 1983.
Manahan, S.E. “Environmental Chemistry,” PWS, Publishers.
Masclet P.; Mouvier G.; Nikolaou, K., “Relative Decay Index and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 20, pp. 439-445, 1986.
Menzie, C.A.; Potocki, B.B.; Santodonato, J., “Exposure to Carcinogenic PAHs in the Environment,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 26, pp. 1278-1284, 1992.
Miguel, A.H.; Kirchstetter, T.W.; Harley, R.A., “On-road Emissions of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 450-455, 1998.
Mumford, J.L. et al, “Lung Cancer and Indoor Air Pollution in Xuanwei, China,” Science, Vol. 235, pp. 217-220, 1987.
Mylonas, D.T.; Alien, D.T.; Ehrman, S.H.; Partsinis, S.E., “The Sources and Size Distributions of Organonitrates in Los Angeles Aerosol,” Atmos. environ.,Vol. 25A, No. 12, pp. 2855-2861, 1991.
Pierce R.C.; Katz, M., “Dependency of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Content on Size Distribution of Atmospheric Aersols,” Environ. Sci. Technol.,Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 347-354, 1975.
Pott, P. “Chirurgical Observations Relative to the Cataract, the Polypus of the Nose, the Cancer of the Scrotum, the Different Kinds of Ruptures,and the Mortification of the Toes and Feet,” Hawes, L.; Clarke, W.; Collins, R. London, 1775.
Raber, W.H., Moortgat, G.K. “Photooxidation of Selected Carbonyl Compounds in Air: Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methyl Vinyl Ketone, Methacrolein and Methylglyxal,” Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, Advanced Series in Physical Chemistry- Vol. 3, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, p. 319, 1995.
Ramdahl, R.; Alfheim, I.; Rustad, S.; Olsen, T. Chemosphere, Vol. 11, pp. 601-611, 1982.
Rickeard D.J.; Bonetto R.; Signer M., ”European Programme on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) – Comparison of Light and Heavy Duty Diesel Studies,” SAE 961075, 1996.
Schulam, P.; Newbold, R.; Hull, L.A., “Urban and Rural Ambient Air Aldehyde Levels in Schenectady, New York and on Whiteface Mountain, New York,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 19, pp. 623-626, 1985.
Schumacher, L.G.; Borglet, S.C.; Fosseen, D.; Goetz, W.; Hires, W.G., “Heavy-Duty Engine Exhaust Emission Test Using Methyl Ester Soybean Oil/Diesel Fuel Blends,” Bioresource Technology, 57, pp. 31-36, 1996.
Seinfeld, J.H. “Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Canada, p. 58-59, 1986.
Semdley, J.M.; Williams, A.; Bartle, K.D., ”A Mechanism for the Formation of Soot Particles and Soot Deposits,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 91, pp. 71-82, 1992.
Sidhu, S.; Graham, J.; Striebich R., “Semi-volatile and Particulate Emissions from the Combustion of Alternative Diesel Fuels,” Chemosphere, 42, pp. 681-690, 2001.
Sisovic, A. and Fugas, M., “Smoke Concentration as an Indicator of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Levels in the Air,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 201-207, 1997.
Sitting M., “Aldehydes” Pollution Detection and Monitoring Handbook, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1974.
Soontjens, C.D.; Holmberg, K.; Westerholm, R.N.; Rafter, J.J., “Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Extract Responsible for Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity,” Atmospheric Enviromnent, Vol. 31, pp. 219-225, 1997.
Spotswood, T.M. and Badger, K., “Thin-layer Chromatography Using Partially Acetylated Cellulose as Adsorbent,” Journal of Chemistry Society, 4420, 1960.
Trenholm, A.R. and Beck, L.L. “Assessment of Hazardous Organic Emissions from Slot-Type Coke Oven Batteries,” Internal EPA Report, Durham, N.C. 1978.
University of Idaho (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering). “Biodegradability of Biodiesel in the Aquatic Environment. Development of Rapeseed Biodiesel for Use in High-speed Diesel Engines,” Progress Report, pp. 96-116, 1996.
University of Idaho (Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering). “Acute Toxicity of Biodiesel to Freshwater and Marine Organisms. Development of Rapeseed Biodiesel for Use in High-speed Diesel Engines,” Progress Report, pp. 117-131, 1996.
USA, National Biodiesel Board, 2001.
US EPA “Health Assessment Document for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds”, EPA/600/Bp-92/001c; “Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds”, EPA/600/6- 88/005Cb, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, 1994a.
Vairavamurthy, A.; Roberts, J. M.; Newman, L., “Methods for Determination of Low Molecular Weight Carbonyl Compounds in the Atmosphere: A Review,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 26A, pp. 1965, 1992.
Venkataraman, C.; Lyons, J.M.; Fiiedlander, S.K., “Size Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Elemental Carbon 1. Sampling, Measurement Methods, and Source Characterization,” Environ. Sci. technol.,Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 555-562, 1994.
Warneck, P., “Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere,” International Geophysical Series, Academic, San Diego, Vol. 41, 1988.
Wey, M.Y.; Shi, J.L., “Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on PAHs Emission and Combustion Efficiency during Incineration,” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 61, No. 1-4, pp. 83-98, 1997.
Whitby, K.T., “The Physical Charactenstics of Sulfur Aerosols,” Atmos. Environ.,Vol. 12. pp. 135-159, 1978.
Wintermeyer, D.; Rotard, W., “Dioxin-emission and Deposition in Bundesrepublik Deutschland-versuch einer Bilanzierung. Staub- Reinhaltung der Lull,” Vol. 54, pp. 81-86, 1994.
Wybraniec, S. and De Jong, A.P., “Modified Sampling and Analysis Method for Large Volatility Range Airbone Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( PAH ) Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Feesenius‘Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 356, No. 6, pp. 396-402, 1996.
Zweiding, R.B.; Sigsby, J.E.; Tejada, Jr.S.B.; Stump, F.S.; Dropkin, D.L.; Ray, W.D., “Detailed Hydrocarbon and Aldehyde Mobile Source Emissions from Roadway Studies,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 22, pp. 956-962, 1988.
王琳麒, “石化廢棄物焚化爐排放多環芳香烴特徵之影響”,碩士論文，國立成功大學環境工程研究所, 1997。
王琳麒,”污染源及大氣中戴奧辛/呋喃之特徵”,國立成功大學環境工程學系博士論文，2003。
王雅玢, “交通污染源大氣中多環芳香烴化合物特徵之探討”,碩士論文,國立成功大學環境工程研究所, 1994。
李興旺, “石化柴油及添加生質柴油引擎排放多環芳香烴之特徵”,碩士論文,國立成功大學環境工程研究所, 2004。
何永盛、李文智,”油品品質對車輛排放污染物之影響” ,國立成功大學環境工程學系,1997。
林淵淙, “餐廳廚房排放廢氣及周圍大氣中多環芳香烴化合物之特徵”,碩士論文,國立成功大學環境工程研究所, 2001。
徐明璋, “生質柴油的產製及其在柴油引擎上之可行性研究”,碩士論文, 國立台灣大學生物產業機電工程學研究所,2001。
陳介武, “生化柴油發展與趨勢”, http://www.soybean.org.tw/tech6-3.htm , ASA/Taiwan, 2000。
黃志偉, “柴油車排放廢氣中多環芳香烴化合物之特徵研究”,碩士論文,國立成功大學環境工程研究所, 1999。
鄭清山, “烷化生質柴油對柴油引擎影響之研究”,碩士論文,國立高雄第一科技大學環境與安全衛生工程系,2003。
盧文章,〝生質柴油示範系統成果發表〞,生質柴油示範系統成果發表會, 工研院能資所,2004。